ARIOVISTUS, a king of the Germans, who invaded Gaul, conquered a considerable part of the country, and subjected the inhabitants to the most cruel and oppressive treatment. Cæsar marched against him, brought him to an action, and gained so complete a victory, that only a few of the army of Ariovistus, among whom was the king himself, effected their escape. He died soon after in Germany, either of his wounds, or through chagrin at his defeat. The name is probably derived from the German words Heer, an army, and Fürst, a leader or prince. (Cæs., Bell. Gall., 131, seqq.-Id. ibid., 5, 29.)

lived and wrote in the Peloponnesus, among Dorian | offspring of Neptune and Erinnys, who had in like nations. It was at Corinth, in the reign of Periander, manner changed herself into a mare. (Schol. ad It., that he first practised a cyclic chorus in the perform-23, 346.) Others again related, that he was produced ance of a dithyramb; where he probably took advan- from the ground by a blow of Neptune's trident, in the tage of some local accidents and made beginnings, contest of that deity with Minerva for the possession which alone could justify Pindar in considering Co- of Athens. (Serv. ad Virg., Georg., 1, 12.) Eustarinth as the native city of the Dithyramb. (Herod., thius mentions a still different origin for this fabled 1, 23.-Compare Hellanic., ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. animal, namely, from Neptune and one of the Harpies. Av., 1403.-Aristot., ap. Procl., Chrestom., p. 382, (Eustath. ad Il., 1. c.) Quintus Calaber (4, 570), ed. Gaisf.-Pind., Olymp., 13, 18.)-A curious fable from one of the Harpies and Zephyrus. Arion was is related by Herodotus (l. c.) of this same Arion. trained up by Neptune himself, and was often yoked He was accustomed to spend the most of his time to the chariot of his parent, which he drew over the with Periander, king of Corinth. On a sudden, how- seas with amazing swiftness. (Stat., Theb., 6, 303, ever, feeling desirous of visiting Italy and Sicily, he seqq.) Neptune gave him as a present to Copreus, sailed to those countries, and amassed there great king of Haliartus, in Boeotia. Haliartus bestowed riches. He set sail from Tarentum after this, in or- him on Hercules, who distanced with him Cycnus, in der to return to Corinth, but the mariners formed a the Hippodrome of the Pagasean Apollo, and afterplot against him, when they were at sea, to throw him ward also made use of him in his car when contendoverboard and seize his riches. Arion, having ascer- ing with Cycnus in fight. From Hercules he came to tained this, offered them all his treasure, only begging Ardrastus, who was alone saved by his means from that they would spare his life. But the seamen, being the Theban war. (Schol. ad Il., 23, 346.-Hesiod, inflexible, commanded him either to kill himself, that Scut. Herc., 120, seqq.-Compare Müller, Dorier, vol. he might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into 2, p. 480.)—The name of this fabled animal manifestly the sea. Arion, reduced to this hard choice, earnestly relates to his superiority over all other coursers desired them to allow him to dress in his richest appa- ('Apeiwv, superior), and the legend itself is only one rel, and to sing a measure, standing at the time on the of the many forms, in which the physical fact of earth poop of the ship. The mariners assented, pleased with and water being the cause of growth and increase in the idea of their being about to hear the best singer of the natural world has been enveloped by the ancient the day, and retired from the stern to the middle of the mythologists. (Völcker, Myth. der Jap., p. 165, seqq.) vessel. In the mean time, Arion, having put on all his robes, took his harp and performed the Orthian strain, as it was termed. At the end of the air he leaped into the sea, and the Corinthians continued their voyage homeward. A dolphin, however, attracted by the music, received Arion on its back, and bore him in safety to Tænarus. On reaching this place, his story was disbelieved by Periander; but an examination of the seamen, when they also arrived, removed all the monarch's suspicions about Arion's veracity, and the mariners were put to death. In commemoration of this event, a statue was made of brass, representing a man on a dolphin's back, and was consecrated at Tænarus. Such is the story told by Herodotus. Larcher's explanation is a very tame and improbable one. He thinks that Arion threw himself into the sea in or near the harbour of Tarentum; that the Corinthians, without troubling themselves any farther, set sail; that Arion gained the shore, met with another vessel ready to depart, which had the figure-head of a dolphin, and that this vessel outstripped the Corinthian ship. (Larcher, ad loc.) The solution which Müller gives is far more ingenious, though not much in accordance with the simplicity of early fable. It is as follows: The colony which went to Tarentum under Phalanthus, sailed from Tænarus to Italy, with the rites and under the protection of Neptune. The mythic mode of indicating this was by a statue, representing Taras, the son of Neptune, and original founder of the place, seated on a dolphin's back, as if in the act of crossing the sea from Tænarus to Tarentum. This was placed on the Tænarian promontory. In process of time, however, the legend ceased to be applied to Taras, and Arion became the hero of the tale, the order of the voyage being reversed; and the love of music, which the dolphin was fabled by the ancients to possess, became a means of adding to the wonders of the story. (Müller, Dorier, vol. 2, p. 369, not.-Plehn, Lesbiac., p. 166.)-II. A celebrated steed, often mentioned in fable, which not only possessed a human voice (Propert., 2, 25, 37), but also the power of prophecy. (Stat., Theb., 6, 424.) According to one legend, he sprang from Ceres and Neptune, the goddess having fruitlessly assumed the shape of a mare, in order to avoid the addresses of Neptune, who immediately transformed himself into a steed. (Pausan., 8, 25.Apollod., 3, 6, 8.) Another account made him the

ARISBA, I. a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. (Plin., 5, 39.) Herodotus states that it was conquered by the people of Methymna (1, 151.— Compare Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Apiobn).-II. A city of Troas, southeast of Abydus, and founded by a colony of Mytileneans, in whose island there was a town of the same name. (Vid. No. I.) Various traditions respecting the place are to be found in Stephanus of Byzantium. Homer makes mention of the place, together with the river Selleis. (Il., 2, 835.) It was here, according to Arrian (1, 12), that Alexander stationed his army immediately after crossing the Hellespont at Abydus. When the Gauls passed over into Asia, some centuries after, they also occupied Arisba, but were totally defeated by King Prusias. (Polyb., 5, 3.) Its ruins are supposed to be those at Gangerlee. (Walpole's Turkey, vol. 1, p. 92.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 71.)

ARISTENĒTUS, a Greek writer, a native of Nicæa. He is supposed by some to have been the same with that friend of Libanius who perished in the earthquake which destroyed the city of Nicomedia, A.D. 358, and to whom are addressed many of the letters of this sophist that remain to us. If this opinion be correct, it must be confessed that the work of Aristænetus, which we at present possess, does not justify the eulogiums which Libanius passes on the talents of his friend: the identity of the two individuals, therefore, appears at best extremely doubtful. The only historical fact that occurs in Aristanetus seems to place him towards the close of the fifth century: it is a eulogium on the female dancer Panareta, where it is said that she imitated the pantomime Caramallus. Now this Caramallus lived in the time of Sidonius Apollinaris, who died A.D. 484. A third view of the

ARISTAGORAS, I. a writer who composed a history of Egypt, and who lived in the third century before our era. (Plin., 36, 12.)-II. A son-in-law and nephew of Histiæus, tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians and Eretrians against Persia. An expedition, planned though not commanded by him, burned the city of Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening, before supper, he ordered his attendants to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C. 499. (Herodot., 5, 30.-Id., 5, 101, seqq.)

ARISTANDER, a statuary, native of the Island of Paros, flourished about the time of the battle of Egos Potamos, in Olmyp. 93, 4. He constructed the brazen tripod, which the Lacedæmonians dedicated at Amycle, out of the spoils taken by them. (Pausan., 3, 18, 5.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

subject would seem to favour the supposition that the author of the work in question never bore the name of Aristænetus; this being the appellation given by the writer to the fictitious personage who is supposed to have written the first letter in the collection. And it may so have happened, that the copyists mistook this name for that of the author himself. This last opinion has been adopted by Mercier, Bergler, Pauw, and Boissonade.-The work of Aristanetus is a collection of Erotic Epistles, entitled 'EmiσTоhai kρwrtKai. The greater part of these pieces are only, in fact, so far to be regarded as letters, as bearing a superscription which gives them somewhat of an epistolary form; they are, in truth, a species of tales, or exercises on imaginary subjects. In one of them, a lover draws the portrait of his mistress; in another, we have a description of the artifices practised by a coquet; in a third, a tale after the manner of Boc- ARISTARCHUS, I. a tragic poet, a native of Tegea. cacio, &c. These letters are divided into two books, He was the contemporary of Sophocles and Euripides, of which the first contains twenty-eight pieces; and and lived upward of a hundred years. He exhibited the second, which is not complete, twenty-two. The seventy tragedies, but was only twice successful. Of style of Aristænetus, which is almost uniformly of a all these seventy plays only one line is left us. Acdeclamatory character, is frequently wanting in nature cording to Festus, his Achilles was imitated by Enand taste. It is filled with phrases borrowed from nius, and also by Plautus in his Panulus. (Theatre the poets. The best editions of this writer are, that of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 151.)-II. A native of Samoof Abresch, Zwolle, 3 vols. 12mo, the third volume thrace, and preceptor to the children of Ptolemy VI. containing the notes and conjectures of various schol- (Philometor). He is regarded as the most celebrated ars; and that of Boissonade, Paris, 1822, 8vo. This critic of all antiquity. The number of pupils formed latter edition is, on the whole, the better one of the by him was so great, that at one time forty distintwo. On the merits of Abresch's edition consult the guished professors or grammarians might be counted remarks of Bast, in his Specimen ed. nov. Epist. Ar- at Alexandrea and Rome, who had been trained up in istan., p. 9, seqq., and on those of Boissonade's the his school. All these disciples vied with each other observations of Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl., vol. 1, p. 253. in extolling the superiority and genius of their com(Compare Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 248, seqq.) mon master; and hence the name of Aristarchus was ARISTEUS, Son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, not only perpetuated in the classical tongues, but has was born in the part of Libya afterward named from passed into the modern languages, as indicative of an his mother, and brought up by the Seasons, who fed accomplished critic. Aristarchus quitted Egypt when him on nectar and ambrosia, and thus rendered him Euergetes II., his pupil, ascended the throne and beimmortal. According to the prediction of the centaur gan to display his true character in driving men of letChiron, as made to Apollo respecting him, he was to ters from Alexandrea. The grammarian, upon this, be called "Jove," and "holy Apollo," and "Agreus" retired to Cyprus, where he died at the age of seventy(Hunter), and "Nomios" (Herdsman); and also Aris-two, B.C. 157. In his old age he became dropsical, tæus. (Pind., Pyth., 9, 104, seqq.) The invention upon which he is said to have starved himself to death. of the culture of the olive, and of the art of managing Aristarchus was the author of a new recension of Hobees, was ascribed to him; and Aristotle (ap. Schol. mer, which, though altered by subsequent grammaad Theocr., 5, 63) says he was taught them by the rians, is nevertheless the basis of our common text at nymphs who had reared him. Tradition also related, the present day. It is this primitive recension of Arthat one time, when the isle of Ceos was afflicted by istarchus' which Wolf undertook to restore by the aid a drought, caused by the excessive heat of the dog- of the scholia that Villoison published. To Arisdays, the inhabitants invited Aristaus thither; and, tarchus is also attributed the division of the Iliad and on his erecting an altar to Jupiter Icmæus (the Moist- Odyssey into twenty-four cantos or books. He wrote ener), the Etesian breezes breathed over the isle, and likewise commentaries on Archilochus, Alcæus, Anacthe evil departed. After his death he was deified by reon, Eschylus, Sophocles, Ion, Pindar, Aristophanes, the people of Ceos. (Apoll. Rh., 2, 506, seqq. Aratus, and other poets; and composed in all, it is Schol. ad Apoll. Rh., 2, 498.-Serv., ad Virg., Georg., said, eight hundred different works. Of all the pro1, 14.) Virgil has elegantly related the story of the ductions, however, of this industrious writer, we have love of Aristaus for Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, only remaining at the present day some grammatical his pursuit of her, and her unfortunate death by the remarks cited by the scholiasts. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. sting of the serpent; on which the Napaan nymphs Gr., vol. 3, p. 188, seqq.)-III. An astronomer of destroyed all his bees; and the mode adopted by him, Samos, who flourished about the middle of the third on the advice of his mother, to stock once more his century before Christ. He is well known to have hives. (Georg., 4, 282, seqq.-Compare Ovid, Fast., maintained the modern opinion with regard to the 1,363, seqq.) Aristaus married Autonoë, daughter motion of the earth round the sun, and its revolution of Cadmus, by whom he became the father of Acteon. about its own centre or axis. He also taught that the (Keightley's Mythology, 2d ed., p. 330.) Thus much annual orbit of the earth is but a point, compared with for the legend. Aristaus would seem in reality to have the distance of the fixed stars. He estimated the apbeen an early deity of Arcadia, whence the Parrhasii parent diameter of the sun at the 720th part of the carried his worship into the island of Ceos; of Thes-zodiac. He found also that the diameter of the moon saly, whence the same worship was brought to Cyrene; bears a greater proportion to that of the earth than and finally of Boeotia, where he was enrolled in the that of 43 to 108, but less than that of 19 to 60; so Cadmean genealogy. He appears to have been identical, originally, with Zeus Aptoros, and subsequently with Arrow Noutos, and to have been the god who presided over flocks and herds, over the propagation of bees, the rearing of the olive, &c. (Müller, Orchom., p. 348.)

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that the diameter of the moon, according to his statement, should be somewhat less than a third part of the earth. The only one of his works now extant is a treatise on the magnitudes and distances of the sun and moon. The best edition is that of Wallis, Oxon., 1688, 8vo. The following work may also be consult

absence; but this very thing happened during the sixth year of his exile, when Xerxes invaded Greece. He was then recalled, and was associated with Themistocles in the command of the Athenian forces. He took part in the battle of Salamis, and also shared with Pausanias the glory of the field of Platea. After the total defeat of the Persian forces, he played an important part in the affairs of Athens and Greece, and by his wise counsels and successful negotiations he secured to his native city a decided pre-eminence over the neighbouring republics. When the Greek confederacy were to have the quotas regulated which they paid towards a common fund for the purposes of defence, Aristides was chosen to execute this commission, which he did to the satisfaction of all. Although having the control of large sums of money, in the management of the public finances, he notwithstanding died so poor, that the people had to pay the ex

ed with advantage in relation to this astronomer: | Aristides, without betraying who he was, asked the Histoire d'Aristarque de Samos, suivie de la traduc- peasant what harm Aristides had done him. "None," tion de son ouvrage sur les distances du soleil de la replied the man, “nor do I even know him; but I am lune, &c., par M. de F(ortia d'Urban). Paris, tired with hearing him called the Just." Aristides 1810, 8vo. quitted his native city, praying the gods that nothing ARISTEAS, I. a poet of Proconnesus, who, as Herod-might occur to induce his countrymen to regret his otus relates, appeared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and composed a poem on the Arimaspians. He then disappeared a second time, and, after the lapse of three hundred and forty years, appeared in the city of Metapontum in Magna Græcia, and directed the inhabitants to erect an altar to Apollo, and a statue by that altar, which should bear the name of Aristeas the Proconnesian. He informed them also that he attended this god, and was at such times a crow, though now he went under the name of Aristeas. Having uttered these words he vanished. (Herod., 4, 15.-Compare the somewhat different account given by Pliny, 7, 52.) The poem alluded to above was epic in its character, and in three books. The subject of it was the wars between Griffons and Arimaspians. Longinus (§ 10) has recorded six of the verses of Aristeas, which he justly considers more florid than sublime; and Tzetzes (Chil., 7, 688) has preserved six more. (Larcher, ad Herod., . c.)-Rit-penses of his funeral, and furnish marriage-portions to ter has made this singular legend the basis of some profound investigations. He sees in Aristeas a priest of the Sun (the Koros or Buddha of the early nations of India); and he compares with this the remark of Porphyry (de Abstin., 4, p. 399, ed. Lugd. Bat., 1620), that, among the magi, a crow was the symbol | of a priest of the sun. He discovers also in the earher name of that part of Italy where Metapontum was situate, namely, Bottica, an obscure reference to the worship of Buddha. Whatever our opinion of his theory may be, the legend of Aristeas certainly involves the doctrines of the metempsychosis. (Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 278, seqq.)-II. An officer under Ptolemy Philadelphus, to whom is ascribed a Greek work still extant, entitled, "A History of the Interpreters of Scripture," giving an account of the manner in which the Septuagint was written. The best edition is that printed at Oxford in 1692, in 8vo. It is found also, with a very learned refutation, in a work entitled Hodii de Bibliorum textibus originalibus libri iv., Oxon., 1705, fol.; and likewise in the second volume of Havercamp's edition of Josephus; and at the end of Van Dale's Dissertation, de LXX. Interpretibus super Aristeam, Amstelod., 1705, 4to. As to other works by Aristeas, consult Schard (Arg., sub fin.-Joseph., | ed. Hav., vol. 2. p. 102).

his two daughters. The Athenians, on one occasion, rendered a singular homage to the virtues of this distinguished man. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Eschylus, a passage occurred having reference to the character of a virtuous and upright man, whereupon the whole audience, with one common impulse, turned their eyes upon Aristides, and applied the passage to him alone of all who were present. When he sat as judge in a certain cause, the accuser began to make mention of injuries which had been done by the accused to Aristides himself. "Tell me," exclaimed the upright Athenian, "of the wrongs which he has done to you; for I sit here to dispense justice to you, not unto myself." (Plut., in Vit.— Corn. Nep., in Vit.)-II. An historian of Miletus, frequently quoted by Plutarch in his Parallels. (Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 216, seqq.) He was anterior to Sylla, and composed a history of Italy, in forty books, and Sicilian and Persian Annals. He was the inventor, also, of what were called "Milesian Tales," ingenious fictions, but too free in their character, which Lucian and Apuleius imitated, the former in his Lucius sive Asinus, and the latter in his Asinus Aureus. The Milesian Tales of Aristides were translated into Latin in the time of Sylla. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 157.)-III. A statuary, one of the pupils of Polycletus, celebrated on account of the chariots for two and for four horses which he constructed. (Plin., 34, 8.)-IV. A very celebrated painter, rather older ARISTIDES, I. a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysim- than Apelles, but contemporary with him. He was achus, and a contemporary of Themistocles. He a native of Thebes. The refinements of the art were entered upon public affairs at a comparatively early applied by him to the mind. "Primus animum age, and distinguished himself so much by his integ-pinxit," says Pliny, "et sensus hominum expressit, rity, that, although inclined to the aristocracy, he nev-quæ vocant Græci on, item perturbationes" (35, 10). ertheless received from the people the remarkable appellation of the Just. His conduct at Marathon did no less honour to his military talents than to his dis interestedness. Of the ten Athenian generals, he was the only one who agreed with Miltiades upon the propriety of risking a battle; and, renouncing his day of command in favour of this commander, he prevailed upon the other generals to do the same. After services so important as these, he was, nevertheless, finally banished through the intrigues of Themistocles, and it was on this occasion that a singular circumstance is related to have taken place. While the shells were getting inscribed at the assembly that passed upon him the sentence of ostracism, a peasant approached Aristides, and taking him for a person of ordinary stamp, requested him to write upon his shell the name of Aristides, he himself being too illiterate to do so.

ARISTERA, an island lying to the southeast of the peninsula of Argolis, in the Sinus Hermionicus. (Pausan., 2, 34).

The passions which tradition had organized for Timanthes, Aristides caught as they rose from the breast, or escaped from the lips of Nature herself. His volume was man, his scene society: he drew the subtile discriminations of mind in every stage of life, the whispers, the simple cry of passion, and its most complex accents. Such, as history informs us, was his suppliant, whose voice you seemed to hear; such his sick man's half-extinguished eye and labouring breast: such, above all, the half-slain mother, shuddering lest the eager babe should suck the blood from her palsied nipple. This picture was probably at Thebes when Alexander sacked that town; what his feelings were when he saw it, we may guess from his sending it to Pella. (Fuseli, Lectures on Painting, vol. 2 p. 64.) Attalus is said to have given a hundred talents for a single painting by this artist. (Plin.,. c.) Some o!

the ancients assigned to Aristides, the invention of trolled by them. (Horat., Ep., 1, 18.—Diog. Laert., 4, painting on wax. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)—IV. A 66, seqq.) Aristippus was the first disciple of the Greek orator, born at Hadrianopolis in Bithynia, about Socratic school who took money for teaching. He A.D. 129, according to the common opinion; but more afterward was compelled to leave Athens, in consecorrectly in A.D. 117. After having applied himself, quence of the freedom of his manners, and visited, with extraordinary ardour, to the study of eloquence, among other parts, the island of Sicily. Here he behe travelled in Asia, Greece, and Egypt, leaving be- came one of the flatterers of Dionysius, and gained a hind him everywhere a high opinion of his talents and large share of royal favour. He left Syracuse before virtues. Many cities erected statues to him, one of the expulsion of the tyrant, and appears, in his old which is still preserved in the Vatican. On finishing age, to have returned to Cyrene, where we find his his travels, he took up his residence at Smyrna, where family and school. (Diog. Laert., 2, 86.) Aristiphe continued to live until his death, holding a station pus taught, that good is pleasure, and pain is evil; in a temple of Esculapius. Aristides, by a diligent but, at the same time, he appears to have maintained, perusal of Demosthenes and Plato, was able to avoid that, in true pleasure, the soul must still preserve its the errors of the declaimers of his time. His com- authority; his true pleasure was, consequently, nothing patriots ranked him equal to the Athenian orator; an more than the Socratic temperance. He taught also honour, however, to which he had no just claims. that a man ought not to desire more than he already His discourses are distinguished for thought and argu-possesses; for all pleasures are similar, and none more ment. His style is strong, but often wanting in grace. agreeable than another, and that he ought not to sufWe have fifty-four declamations of Aristides remain- fer himself to be overcome by sensual enjoyment. ing at the present day, most of them celebrating some (Diog. Laert., 2, 87.-Consult Ritter, Hist. Ant. divinity, or else the Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Phil., vol. 2, p. 88, seqq., where a luminous account other personages. One of these discourses is in the is given of the doctrines of the Cyrenaic school.)—II. form of a letter to the emperor, on the destruction of His grandson of the same name, called the Younger, Smyrna by an earthquake, A.D. 178. The monarch was a warm defender of his opinions. He flourished was so much affected by it, that he immediately gave about 363 years B.C.-III. A tyrant of Argos, proorders for rebuilding the city. There exists also, from tected by Antigonus Gonatas, whose life was one conthe pen of this orator, a work on the style that is adapt- tinued series of apprehensions. He was slain by a ed to public affairs, and that suited to plain and sim- Cretan, in a battle with Aratus, near Mycena, B.C. ple topics (περὶ πολιτικοῦ καὶ ἀφελους λόγου). Among | 242. the discourses of Aristides there are five, and the be- ARISTO. Vid. Ariston. ginning of a sixth, which were regarded by the an- ARISTOBULUS, I. a name common to some of the cients as the fruit of imposture, or of a credulity un-high priests and kings of Judæa, &c. (Joseph.)—II. worthy a man of so much general merit. Some of A brother of Epicurus.-III. A native of Potidæa, one them appear to touch on animal magnetism.—The Abbé Mai found, not many years ago, a palimpsest manuscript of Aristides in the Vatican Library, containing some unedited fragments of this orator. The best editions of Aristides are that of Jebb, Oxon., 1722-30, 4to; and that of Dindorf, Lips., 3 vols. 8vo. The latter is decidedly the better of the two, the text having been more carefully corrected by MSS.. Reiske complains heavily of the former, on account of the want of care in collating MSS., &c.-V. A platonic philosopher, born at Athens. He became a convert to Christianity, and presented to the Emperor Hadrian an "Apology" for the new religion, which, it is said, induced the monarch to pass his edict, by which no one was to be put to death without a regular accusation and conviction. This edict was directly favourable to the Christians. The Apology is lost, but is highly praised by St. Jerome, who had read it.-VI. A Greek writer on music. He is supposed to have lived about the commencement of the second century of our era. His work is in three books, and the best edition of it is that contained in the collection of Meibomius, Antiqua Musica Scriptores, Amstel., 1652, 4to.

of the generals of Alexander, who wrote a history of the expedition of that monarch into Asia. His work, which has not reached us, was more remarkable for adulation than truth.-IV. An Alexandrean Jew, preceptor of Ptolemy Euergetes, flourished about 145 B.C. He was an admirer of the Greek philosophy, and united the study of the Aristotelian system with that of the Mosaic law. He endeavoured to identify, in some degree, the traditions of the sacred books with those of the Greeks; to explain Scripture and mythology by the aid of each other; and in this design he even went so far as to forge and interpolate verses of Orpheus, Linus, Homer, and Hesiod. His writings have not come down to us. (Clem. Alex., Strom., 1, 305.-Enfield's History of Philos., vol. 2, p. 154.)

ARISTOCLES, I. a peripatetic philosopher of Messene, who composed a critical examination of the different sects of philosophy, and wrote also on rhetoric and morals. He vigorously attacked the scepticism of Timon and Ænesidemus, showing that this doctrine contradicted itself, and led to the most deplorable results. We have nothing remaining of his works, ARISTIPPUS, I. a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to except a single fragment preserved by Eusebius.-II. Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect, who flour- A native of Pergamus, who applied himself first to the ished about 392 B.C. Socrates, however, with whom peripatetic philosophy, and afterward to eloquence, he remained till his execution (Plat., Phæd., p. 59), which last he studied under Herodes Atticus. He bedoes not appear to have cured him of his inclination came one of the ablest rhetoricians of his time, though for pleasure. For although there is little consistency he is censured as having been deficient in energy. in the notices we have of his life and conduct, it is-III. The earlier name of Plato.-IV. A statuary, nevertheless clear, from a variety of anecdotes, that, a native of Cydon in Crete, who flourished, according notwithstanding he was able to endure privations and to Pausanias (5, 25), before Zancle was termed Messufferings with equanimity and dignity, his serenity of sana, that is, before Olymp. 71, 3. (Sillig, Dict. mind arose principally from the readiness with which Art., 8. v.)-V. A grandson of the former, also a stathe could extract pleasures and gratifications from the uary, born at Sicyon. He made a statue of Jupiter most difficult situations of life. Hence he never with Ganymede, which was dedicated at Olympia. avoided the society of the courtesan, or of the tyrant, (Plin., 5, 24.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) or satrap, in full and calm reliance upon his tact in the management of men. Many anecdotes are told of him, which would seem to imply that Aristippus endeavoured to observe faithfully his own maxim, that a man ought to control circumstances, and not be con

ARISTOCRATES, I. a king of Arcadia, who ascended the throne B.C. 720. He was stoned to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. (Pausan., 8, 5.)—II. A grandson of the preceding. He was stoned to death for taking bribes,