naturally attracted towards the northeast, first by the islands that lay before the Hellespont, and then by the shores of the Propontis and its two straits. Their successive colonies, or spots signalized either by hostilities or peaceful transactions, would become the landing-places of the Argonauts.-If, however, it should be asked, in what light the hero and heroine of the legend are to be viewed on this hypothesis, it must be answered that both are most probably purely ideal personages, connected with the religion of the people to whose poetry they belong. Jason was per Ac the fleece, and the sleepless dragon which watched | course of their earliest naval expeditions. They were over it, into their commander Draco: but yet not more satisfactory; for it explains a casual, immaterial circumstance, while it leaves the essential point in the legend wholly untouched. The epithet golden, to which it relates, is merely poetical and ornamental, and signified nothing more, as to the nature of the fleece, than the epithets white or purple, which were also applied to it by early poets. (Schol. ad Apoll. Rh., 4, 177.) According to the original and genuine tradition, the fleece was a sacred relic, and its importance arose out of its connexion with the tragical story of Phrixus, the main feature of which is the hu-haps no other than the Samothracian god or hero Jaman sacrifice which the gods had required from the sion, whose name was sometimes written in the same house of Athamas. This legend was not a mere po- manner, the favourite of Ceres, as his namesake was etic fiction, but was grounded on a peculiar form of of Juno, and the protector of mariners, as the Thesreligion, which prevailed in that part of Greece from salian hero was the chief of the Argonauts. Medea which the Argonauts are said to have set out on their seems to have been originally another form of Juno expedition, and which remained in vigour even down herself, and to have descended, by a common transito the Persian wars. Herodotus informs us, that tion, from the rank of a goddess into that of a heroine, when Xerxes, on his march to Greece, had come to when an epithet had been mistaken for a distinct Alus, a town of the Thessalian Achaia, situate near name. The Corinthian tradition claimed her as bethe Gulf of Pagasæ, in a tract sometimes called the longing properly to Corinth, one of the principal seats Athamantian plain, his guides described to him the of the Minyan race. The tragical scenes, which renrites belonging to the temple of the Laphystian Jupi- dered her story there so celebrated, were commemoter, an epithet equivalent to that under which Phrixus rated by religious rites, which continued to be observis said to have sacrificed the ram to the same deity, ed until the city was destroyed by the Romans. as the god who had favoured his escape. (Zevs cording to the local legend, she had not murdered her Þúfios.-Muller, Orchomenus, p. 164.) The eldest children; they had been killed by the Corinthians; among the descendants of Phrixus was forbidden to and the public guilt was expiated by annual sacrifices enter the council-house at Alus, though their ancestor offered to Juno, in whose temple fourteen boys, chosen Athamas was the founder of the city. If the head of every twelvemonth from noble families, were appointthe family was detected on the forbidden ground, he ed to spend a year in all the ceremonies of solemn was led in solemn procession, covered with garlands, mourning. The historical side of the legend seems to like an ordinary victim, and sacrificed. Many of the exhibit an opening intercourse between the opposite devoted race were said to have quitted their country to shores of the Egean. If, however, it was begun by avoid this danger, and to have fallen into the snare the northern Greeks, it was probably not long conwhen they returned after a long absence. The origin fined to them, but was early shared by those of Peloponassigned to this rite was, that, after the escape of nesus. It would be inconsistent with the piratical Phrixus, the Achæans had been on the point of sac- habits of the early navigators to suppose, that this inrificing Athamas himself to appease the anger of the tercourse was always of a friendly nature; and it may gods; but that he was rescued by the timely interfe- therefore not have been without a real ground that rence of Cytissorus, son of Phrixus, who had returned the Argonautic expedition was sometimes represented from the Colchian Ea, the land of his father's exile: as the occasion of the first conflict between the Greeks hence the curse, unfulfilled, was transmitted for ever and the Trojans. (Thirlwall's History of Greece, vol. to the posterity of Phrixus. This story, strange as 1, p. 142, segg.-Müller, Orchomenus, p. 258, seqq. it may sound, not only rests on unquestionable author--Id. ibid., p. 302, 357.-For other, but far less satity, but might be confirmed by parallel instances of Greek superstition; and it scarcely leaves room to doubt, that it was from this religious belief of the people, among whom the Argonautic legend sprang up, that it derived its peculiar character; and that the ex-chichte der Hellenen, vol. 1, p. 414, seqq.) Apollonius pedition, so far as it was the adventure of the golden fleece, was equally unconnected with piracy, commerce, and discovery. It closely resembled one of the romantic enterprises celebrated in the poetry of the middle ages, the object of which was imaginary, and the direction uncertain. And so Pindar represents it as undertaken for the purpose of bringing back, with the golden fleece, the soul of Phrixus, which could not rest in the foreign land to which it had been banished. But the tradition must also have had an historical foundation in some real voyages and adventures, without which it would scarcely have arisen at all, or become so generally credited. The voyage of the Argonauts must no doubt be regarded, like the expedition of the Tyrian Hercules, as representing a succession of enterprises, which may have been the employment of several generations. And this is perfectly consistent with the manner in which the adventurers are most properly described. They are Minyans, a branch of the Greek nation whose attention was very early drawn by their situation, not perhaps without some influence from the example and intercourse of the Phoenicians, to maritime pursuits. The form which the legend assumed was probably determined by the isfactory theories on the subject, consult Bryant's Mythology, vol. 3, p. 362, seqq.-Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 420, seqq.-Knight, Inquiry, &c., § 220, Class. Journ., No. 53, p. 75.-Plass, Vor-,und Urges Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upward of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measure, and conveyed his ship in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death; and soon after, the beam of Dodona (vid. Argo) gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of Ea, where Circe, who was the sister of Æëtes, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains, that they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of Asia. ARGOS (sing. neut. et ARGI, masc. plur.), I. the capital of Argolis, situate on the river Inachus, and generally regarded as the most ancient city of Greece. (Diod. Sic., 1, 17.) Its early prosperity and commercial connexion with the Phoenicians are - in their own hands, till the sons of their former mas- attested by Herodotus (1, 1). The walls of the city were constructed of massive blocks of stone, a mode of building which was generally attributed to the Cyclopes (Euripides, Troad., 1087.- Id., Herc. Fur, 15), but which evidently shows the Pelasgic origin of the place. It was also protected by two citadels, situated on towering rocks, and surrounded by fortifications equally strong. The principal one was named Larissa. (Strabo, 370.-Livy, 34, 25.) In the time of Strabo, Argos was inferior only to Sparta in extent and population, and from the description of Pausanias, it is evident that, when he visited this celebrated town, it was adorned with many sumptuous buildings and noble works of art. Argos produced some of the first sculptors of Greece, among whom were Ageladas, the master of Phidias, and Polycletus, who surpassed all the artists of antiquity in correctness of design. Music also was highly cultivated in this city; and, as early as the reign of Da-tally routed. The following year, the hostile armies rius, the Argives, according to Herodotus, were ac- met in the plains of Mantinea, where a decisive battle counted the first musicians of the age. (Herodot., 3, was fought, whic ended in the total defeat of the Ar131.)-Argos, if we follow the common tradition, was gives and their allies. This event dissolved the confounded by Inachus, B.C. 1856. On the arrival of federacy against the Lacedæmonians; and the Argives Danaus, who is said to have come from Egypt, the in- not only made peace with that people, but were even habitants changed their ancient appellation of Pelasgi persuaded by them to convert their hitherto democratto that of Danai. (Eurip., Archel., frag. 2.-Com-ical constitution into an aristocracy. (Thucyd., 5, pare Strabo, 371.) At that time the whole of what 65, seqq.) Not long after, however, a counter-revowas afterward called Argolis acknowledged the au- lution took place, when the people revolted, and, after thority of one sovereign; but, after the lapse of two overpowering the oligarchical party, entered once generations, a division took place, by which Argos and more into an alliance with Athens. Having obtained its territory were allotted to Acrisius, the lineal de- the assistance of that power, they now erected long scendant of Danaus, while Tiryns and the maritime walls, extending from the city to the sea, which ensured country became the inheritance of his brother Prœtus. to them a constant communication with their allies by A third kingdom was subsequently established by Per- means of that element. (Thucyd., 5, 82.) The Arseus, son of the former, who founded Mycena; but gives, induced by gratitude for the interest which Althese were all finally reunited in the person of At-cibiades had taken in their affairs, joined the Sicilian reus, son of Pelops; who, having been left regent by expedition (Thucyd., 6, 29); and, even after the dishis nephew Eurystheus, during his expedition against astrous termination of that enterprise, they continued the Heraclidæ, naturally assumed the sovereign power to support the Athenian cause, till the defeat they susafter his death. Atreus thus acquired, in right of the tained near Miletus obliged them to recall their forces. houses of Pelops and Perseus, which he represented, Argos, adhering to the principle of opposing the agpossession of nearly the whole of Peloponnesus, which grandizement of Sparta, joined the league which was ample territory he transmitted to his son Agamemnon, afterward set on foot against that power by the influwho is called by Homer sovereign of all Argos and the ence of Persia; and furnished troops for the battles of islands. (Il., 2, 107.-Compare Thucyd., 1, 9.- Nemea, Coronea, and the other engagements which Strabo, 372.) After the death of Agamemnon the took place during what is usually termed the Corinthicrown descended to Orestes, and subsequently to his an war, which was concluded by the peace of Antalson Tisamenes, who was forced to evacuate the throne cidas. On the renewal of hostilities between the by the invasion of the Dorians and Heraclidæ eighty Baotians and Lacedæmonians, the Argives again years after the siege of Troy. (Pausan., 2, 18.) Te-joined the former, and fought at the battle of Mantimenus, the lineal descendant of Hercules, now became the founder of a new dynasty; but the Argives, having acquired a taste for liberty, curtailed so much the power of their sovereigns as to leave them but the name and semblance of kings: at length, having deposed Meltas, the last of the Temenic dynasty, they changed the constitution into a republican government. (Pausan., 2, 19.) As regards the inward organization of this government, we only know, that in Argos, a senate, a college of eighty men, and magistrates, stood at the head. In the time of the Achæan league the first officer of the state appears to have been elected by the people. (Liv., 32, 25.) The Argives, after the establishment of their republican form of government, were engaged in frequent hostilities with the Spartans, each people claiming the possession of the small district of Cynuria. In the reign of Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the Argives met with a total defeat, and Argos itself was only saved from the enemy by the daring courage of a female, Telesilla, who incited the rest of the population, and even those of her own sex, to take up arms in defence of their city. (Pausan., 2, 20.) Subsequently, however, the slaves of Argos, taking advantage of the enfeebled state of the country, openly rebelled, and, overturning the existing government, retained the sovereign power nea. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 5.) After this period, no event of interest or importance occurs in the history of Argos until the unsuccessful attempt made to surprise and capture that city by Pyrrhus. This prince, being then at war with Antigonus Gonatas, whom he had driven from Macedonia, having failed in the enterprise he meditated against Sparta, marched rapidly on Argos, which he reached during the night, and had already penetrated into the town, when succours arrived from Antigonus. Pyrrhus being slain, his troops were all destroyed or made prisoners. (Plut., Vit. Pyrrh.-Pausanias, 1, 13.-Strabo, 377.) Argos, like other Peloponnesian states, became afterward subject to the domination of a tyrant; but when, by the talents and energy of Aratus, Corinth and Sicyon had been emancipated, Aristomachus, who then reigned in Argos, voluntarily abdicated his authority, and persuaded the Argives to join the Achæan league. (Polyb., 2, 44.) During the momentary success obtained by Cleomenes, Argos fell into the hands of that prince, but it was presently recovered by the Achæans, and continued to form part of their confederacy till its final dissolution by the Romans. (Polyb., 2, 52, seqq.-Strabo, l. c.) The population of Argolis was divided into three classes, consisting of citizens, inhabitants of the country, or reploikot, and slaves or vassals, called youvñtes. (Aristot., Rep., 5, | body (Apollod., l. c.). Ovid, however, gives him the 2, 8-Pollux, 3, 83.) The number of the first class poetic number of a hundred, of which only two were might amount to 16,000, being nearly equal to that of asleep at a time. (Met., 1, 625.) The strength of the Athenian citizens. (Lys., ap. Dion. Hal., p. 531.) Argus was prodigious and Arcadia being at the time The free part of the population may therefore be esti- infested with a wild bull, he attacked and slew the animated at 65,000 souls, to which, if we add the ɛpiot- mal, and afterward wore its hide. He also killed a Ko and slaves, we shall have an aggregate of nearly satyr, who carried off the cattle of the Arcadians; and 110,000 persons. (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., watching an opportunity, when he found the Echidna vol. 1, p. 426.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 9, p. (the daughter of Tartarus and Earth) asleep, he de226, seqq.)-II. Pelasgicum, a city of Thessaly, of prived her of life. When lo had been changed into a Pelasgic origin, as its name indicates. It is generally cow, Juno gave the charge of watching her to Argus. supposed to have been identical with Larissa on the He thereupon bound her to an olive-tree in the grove Peneus. Strabo (440) informs us that there was once of Mycena, and kept guard over her. Jupiter, pitying a city named Argos close to Larissa. (Compare her condition, sent Mercury to steal her away; but a Heyne, ad l., 6, 457.)-III. Oresticum, a city of vulture always gave Argus warning of his projects, and Macedonia, in the district Orestis and territory of the the god found it impossible to succeed. Nothing Oresta. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to then remaining but open force, he killed Argus with a Orestes, son of Agamemnon. (Strabo, 326-Com- stone, and hence obtained the name of Argus-slayer, pare Theag. Maced., ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Opéσraι, or Argicide ('Apyɛɩpóvτng). Thus far Apollodorus. et 'Apyoç.)-IV. A city of Acarnania, situate at the Ovid, however, varies the fable in several particulars, southeastern extremity of the Ambracian Gulf, in the and, among other things, makes Mercury to have slain territory of the Amphilochi. It was founded, as Thu-Argus with a harpé, or short curved sword. Accordcydides reports (2, 68), by Amphilochus, son of Am-ing to the same poet also, Juno transferred the eyes phiaraus, on his return from Troy, who named it after of Argus, after death, to the tail of her favourite bird his native city, the more celebrated Argos of Pelopon- the peacock.-An explanation of the whole legend will nesus. Ephorus, however, who is cited by Strabo be given under the article Io. (Apollod. l. c.-Keight(326), gave a somewhat different account, affirming ley's Mythology, p. 406, 2d ed.)-II. A son of Jupithat Argos in Acarnania owed its origin to Alemæon, ter and Niobe daughter of Phoroneus. According to by whom it was named Amphilochium, after his brother one account he succeeded Phoroneus on the Argive Amphilochus. (Compare Apollod., 3, 7.—Dicæarch., throne, and gave the name of Argos to the whole PelStat. Græc., v. 46.) Argos was originally by far the oponnesus. Another statement, however, makes him largest and most powerful town of the country; but its to have been the successor of Apis. (Apollod., 2, 1, citizens, having experienced many calamities, admit-1-Heyne, ad loc.-Schol. ad Eurip., Orest., 1247.)— ted the Ambraciots, their neighbours, into their society, from whom they acquired the knowledge of the Grecian language, as it was spoken at that time. The Ambraciots, however, at length gaining the ascendency, proceeded to expel the original inhabitants, who, too weak to avenge their wrongs, placed themselves under the protection of the Acarnanians. These, with the aid of the Athenians, commanded by Phormio, recovered Argos by force, and reduced to slavery all the Ambraciots who fell into their hands. The Ambraciots made several attempts to retrieve their loss, but without effect. Many years subsequent to this we find Argos, together with Ambracia, in the possession of the Etolians; and, on the surrender of the latter town to the Romans, we are informed by Livy, that the consul M. Fulvius removed his army to Argos, where, being met by the Ætolian deputies, a treaty was concluded, subject to the approbation of the senate. (Liv., 38, 9.-Polyb., fragm., 22, 13.) Argos, at a later period, contributed to the formation of the colony of Nicopolis, and became itself deserted. The ruins of the city have been visited by several travellers, but Dr. Holland's account is perhaps the most circumstantial. He describes them as situated at the southeastern extremity of the Gulf of Arta, on one of the hills which form an insulated ridge running back in a southeast direction from the bay. The walls, forming the principal object in these ruins, skirt along nearly the whole extent of the ridge, including an oblong irregular area, about a mile in its greatest length, but of much smaller breadth. The structure of these walls is Cyclopian; they are of great thickness, and on the eastern side, where built with the most regularity, are still perfect to the height of more than twenty feet. (Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 224. -Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 10, seqq.) ARGUS, I. a son of Arestor, according to one account (Asclep., ap. Apollod., 2, 1, 3), and hence called by Ovid Arestorides. (Met., 1, 624.) Others, however, make him a son of Inachus. (Pherecyd., ap. eund.) Acusilaus and Eschylus (Supp., 318.Prom. V., 698) call him Earth-born. He was named All-seeing (mavónтn), as having eyes all over his III. The builder of the Argo. His parentage is differently given by different writers, and he is often confounded with Argus the son of Phrixus (IV.). Both he and this latter were in the number of the Argonauts. (Consult the remarks of Burmann in the list of the Argonauts appended to his edition of Valerius Flaccus, s. v. Argus.)-IV. Son of Phrixus and Chalciope daughter of Eetes. He is often confounded with the preceding, for example by Apollodorus (1, 9, 16) and Pherecydes (ap. Schol. ad Apoll. Rh., 1, 4). He and his brothers were found by the Argonauts on the island of Aretias, in the Euxine, having been cast on it by a storm when on their way to Greece to claim their father's kingdom; and he guided the Argonauts to Colchis. (Schol. ad Apoll. Řh., 2, 309, 384.) Valerius Flaccus, on the other hand, makes the Argonauts to have found Argus in Colchis, at the palace of etes (5, 461), and with this the account of the pseudo-Orpheus substantially agrees (v. 858, seqq.). Compare the remarks of Burmann, as cited in the previous paragraph (III.).—V. A guest of Evander's, who conspired against that monarch, and was slain in consequence by the followers of the latter without his knowledge. The spot where he was interred was called, according to some, Argiletum. (Vid. Argiletum.-Virg., En., 8, 345.-Serv., ad loc.)— VI. A hound of Ulysses', that recognised its master after an absence on the part of the latter of nearly twenty years. (Od., 17, 301.) ARGYRASPIDES, a name given to the troops of Alexander, from the silver plates added by him to their shields when about to invade India. (Compare Quintus Curtius, 8, 5, 4, and Justin, 12, 7.) There is some doubt whether the name in question was confined to a particular corps of Alexander's invading army or to the whole. The latter opinion appears to be the more correct one. (Consult on this point the remarks of Schmieder, ad Curt., 4, 13, 27, and 8, 5, 4.) ARGYRA, a town of Achaia, a little to the southeast of Patræ. The river Selemnus flowed in its vicinity, and near it also was the fountain of Argyra. (Pausan., 7, 23.)-II. A sea-nymph, of whom Selemnus, a young shepherd, was enamoured. She eventually slighted She bore him his love, and he pined away until Venus changed him | leave her behind and make sail for Athens. While into a river. The Selemnus thereupon, like the Alpheus Ariadne was weeping at this abandonment, Venus in the case of Arethusa, sought to blend its waters with came and consoled her by the assurance that she those of the fountain Argyra, over which the incon- should be the bride of Bacchus. The god then prestant nymph presided. According to another legend, sented himself, and gave her a golden crown, which however, Venus, again moved with pity, exerted her di- was afterward placed among the stars. vine power anew, and caused him to forget Argyra. a son named Enopion. (Pherecyd., ap. Sturz., fr. The waters of the Selemnus became, in consequence, 59.-Ovid, A. A., 1, 527, seqq.—Catull., 64, 76, seqq. a remedy for love, inducing oblivion on all who bathed Keightley's Mythology, p. 457.-Vollmer, Worin them. (Pausan., 7, 23.)-III. A name given by the terb. der Mythol., p. 309, seqq.)—Ariadne evidently ancients to the silver region of the East, and the posi- belongs to the mythology of Bacchus, with whom he tion of which tract of country varied with the progress was associated in the Naxian worship. The Atheof geographical discovery. At first Argyra was an isl-nians, always ready to enlarge their own narrow cycle and immediately beyond the mouths of the Indus. When, however, under the first Ptolemies, the navigation of the Greeks extended to the Ganges, the silverisland was placed near this latter stream. Afterward another change took place, and Argyra, now no longer an island, became part of the region occupied in modern times by the kingdom of Arracan. (Ptol., 7, 2.Gossellin, Recherches, &c., vol. 3, p. 280.) ARGYRIPA, the more ancient name of Arpi. (Vid.ed as a late addition. (Il., 18, 591.—Knight, ad loc. Arpi.) at the expense of others, seem to have joined her with their Theseus, and it was thus perhaps that she became the daughter of Minos. The passage in the Odyssey would be decisive on this point, were it not that the Athenians were such tamperers with the works of the old poets, that we cannot help being suspicious of all passages relating to them. The passage of the Iliad in which Ariadne is mentioned is justly regard ARIA, the name given to a country of large extent, answering in some degree to the present Khorasin. It comprised several provinces, and was bounded on the west by Media, on the north by Hyrcania and Parthia, on the east by Bactria, and on the south by Carmania and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoāna, now Heral. From Aria, however, in this acceptation of the term, we must carefully distinguish another and much earlier use of the name. In this latter sense the appellation belongs to a region which formed the primitive abode of the Medes and Persians, and very probably of our whole race. It appears to indicate a country where civilization commenced, and where the rites of religion were first instituted. In the Schah-vol. 4, p. 116, seqq.) nameh it is called Erman (i. e., Ariman), and in the Zend books Irman or Iran (i. e., Arian). Its position would appear to coincide in some degree with that of ancient Bactria, though some writers, Rhode for example, make it include a much wider tract of country. The name of Arii, given to its early inhabitants, is said by Bohlen to be equivalent to the Latin "venerandi," and reminds us (with the change of the liquid into the sibilant) of the far-famed Asi, who play so conspicuous a part in the early Asiatic as well as in the Scandinavian mythology. From these data we may account for the statement of Herodotus (7, 62), that the ARIANTAS, a king of Scythia, who, in order to asMedes were anciently called Arii (Aptol, or "Apeiot). certain the number of the Scythians, commanded each The same writer places in the neighbourhood of Sog- of his subjects, on pain of death, to bring him the diana a people whom he calls Arii ("Apelot). Diodo- point of an arrow. So great a number was collected, rus Siculus (1, 94) makes mention of this same people that, resolving to leave a monument of the act, he under the name of Arimaspi ('Apiaσñol), where we caused a large bowl of brass to be made out of them, ought to read Ariaspi ('Apiaonoi), or else Ariani and dedicated this in a spot of land between the Bo(Apeiavo). He also speaks of their lawgiver Zath- rysthenes and the Hypanis, called Exampæus. (Heraustes, meaning evidently Zoroaster (i. e., Zeretosch- rodot., 4, 81.)-Ritter ascribes this work to an early tré)-Consult on this curious subject the following Cimmerian, or Buddhist colony, migrating from India authorities: Von Hammer (Wien. Jahrb., vol. 9, p. to the countries of the West He sees in the name 33)-Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 21, seqq.-Vorhalle, Ariantas, moreover, a reference to Aria, the early home p. 303) Anquetil (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. of our species, and the native country of the Buddhist 31, p. 376) Bohlen (De Orig. ling. Zend., p. 51)—faith. In confirmation of his opinion, he indulges in Bahr (ad Herod., 7, 62). -Keightley, l. c.)-Creuzer gives a peculiar version to this ancient legend. He sees in Ariadne, as represented in ancient sculpture, now sunk in mournful slumber, and again awakened, joyous, and raised to the skies, an emblem of immortality. But Ariadne, according to the same beautiful conception of her character, is not merely the symbol of consolation in death; the clew in her hand, with which she guided Theseus through the mazes of the labyrinth, ranks her also among the class of the Parcæ. She is Proserpina-Venus." She presides over the death and the birth of our species. She guides the soul through the winding labyrinth of life: she leads it forth again to freedom and a new existence. (Creuzer's Symbolik, ARIUS, an officer in the army of Cyrus the Younger, the next in command to that prince over the Asiatic portion of his forces. After the battle of Cunaxa, the Greeks in the army of Cyrus offered to place him on the throne of Persia, but he declined it, and went over to Artaxerxes with his troops. (Xen., Anab., 1, 8, 3.) The Eton MS. has 'Apioralos (Aristaæus) in place of 'Apiałos (Ariaus). The copyist intended, perhaps, to write 'Apidatos (Aridæus), as Diodorus Siculus (14, 22) has it. (Compare Wesseling, ad Diod., l. c., and Sturz., Lex. Xen., vol. 1, p. 395, s. v. 'Apiałos.) some very learned and curious speculations concerning the early usage, among both Greeks and barbarians, of consecrating colossal bowls or caldrons to the sun. (Vorhalle, p. 345, seqq.) ARIADNE, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, by Pasiphae. She fell in love with Theseus, and gave him a clew of thread, which enabled him to penetrate the windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the ARIARATHES, a name common to many kings of Minotaur lay, whom he caught by the hair and slew. Cappadocia. They appear to have been originally noAriadne thereupon fled with Theseus from Crete. Ac- thing more than satraps of Persia, and, according to cording to Homer (Od., 11, 323) she was slain by Di- Diodorus, in a passage preserved by Photius (Cod., ana when they had reached the island of Dia or Naxos, 244, p. 1157), were descended from one of the seven on their way to Athens. (Compare Schol. ad loc. as conspirators who slew the false Smerdis. This Perto the reading KTα or toxe.) Another legend, how-sian nobleman was named Anaphus, and his grandson ever, makes her to have been deserted by Theseus on the shores of this same island, Minerva having appeared to him as he slept, and having ordered him to Datames was the first sovereign of the Cappadocian dynasty. After him and his son Ariamnes, we have a long list of princes, all bearing the name of Ariarathes cruel and ambitious Laodice. (Justin, l. c.)-VI, for several generations. (Compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 2, Appendix, p. 429.) Although, however, the governors or satraps of Cappadocia held their government in hereditary succession, and are dignified by Diodorus with the title of kings, yet they could have possessed only a precarious and permitted authority till the death of Seleucus, the last of the successors of Alexander, in January, B.C. 281, removed the power by which the whole of western Asia was commanded. (Clinton, l. c.)—I. The first of the name was son of Ariamnes. He had a brother named Holophernes, whom he advanced to the highest offices in the kingdom, and who commanded the auxiliaries that were sent from Cappadocia when Ochus made his expedition into Egypt, B.C. 350. Holophernes acquired great glory in this war, and on his return home lived in a private station, leaving two sons at his death, Ariarathes and Aruses. Ariarathes, the reigning monarch, having no children of his own, adopted the former of these, who was also the elder of the two. Ariarathes was on the throne when Alexander invaded the Persian dominions, and he probably fled with Darius, since we learn from Arrian that the Macedonian prince appointed Sabictas governor of Cappadocia before the battle of Issus. (Exp. Alex., 2, 4, 2.) After the death of Alexander, Ariarathes, then at the advanced age of eighty-two, attempted to recover his dominions, but he was defeated by Perdiccas, the Macedonian general, and, being taken, was put to a most cruel death. (Diod. Sic., Exc., 18, 10.Arrian, ap. Phot., Cod., 92, p. 217.)-II. The second of the name was the son of Holophernes, and was adopted by his uncle Ariarathes 1. He recovered Cappadocia after the death of Eumenes, and during the contest between Antigonus and the other MaceARICIA, a city of Latium, a little to the west of donian chiefs. He was aided in the attempt by Ardo- Lanuvium. According to Strabo (239), Aricia was atus, king of Armenia, who furnished him with troops. situated on the Appian Way, but its citadel was placed This Ariarathes transmitted the crown to his son Ari- on the hill above. The origin of this city, which was amnes. (Diod. Sic., ap. Phot., l. c.)-III. The third apparently as ancient as any in Latium, is enveloped of the name was the son of the preceding Ariamnes, in too great a mythological obscurity to be now asand his successor on the throne. Nothing more is re- certained. Some have ascribed its foundation to a corded of him, except that on his death he left a son chief of the Siculi (Solinus, c. 13); others to Hippolyof the same name in his infancy. (Diod. Sic., ap. tus, who, under the name of Virbius, was worshipped Phot., l. c.)-IV. The fourth of the name, son of the in common with Diana in the neighbourhood of this preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos, town. (Virg., En., 7, 774.) The name of Aricia ofwas a child at his accession. He married the daugh- ten occurs in the history of Rome, and as early as the ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved reign of Tarquinius Superbus. It must have been no him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and mean city to merit the splendid character which Ciceconsequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved ro gives of it in the third Philippic. What rendered from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a this city, however, more particularly celebrated throughtimely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-out Italy, was the worship of Diana, whose sacred temlius, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we ple, grove, and lake lay at no great distance from find him allied to Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who thence. The latter is now known by the name of Lamarried his daughter; and by means of this monarch he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the Romans. (Liv., 38, 39.) He was also the ally of Eumenes against Pharnaces, B.C. 183-179. After a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his crown to his son Ariarathes V.—V. The fifth of the name, son of the preceding, was surnamed Philopator. He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria, who brought forward Holophernes, the supposititious son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom, he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was restored; in which restoration Attalus II., of Pergamus, ARIDEUS, I. a commander in the army of Cyrus assisted. According to Appian (Bell. Syr., 47), the the Younger, otherwise and more correctly called Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophernes to Ariæus. (Vid. Ariæus.)-II. A natural son of Philip reign conjointly. This joint government, however, of Macedon, and Philinna a female dancer and courtedid not last long, since Polybius, about B.C. 154, de- san of Larissa. He showed in early life so much scribes Ariarathes as sole king. (Polyb., ap. Athen., promise of ability, that Olympias, fearing lest he might 10, p. 440, b.-Id., 33, 12.-Id., fragm. Vat., p. 440.) one day deprive Alexander of the crown, stultified In return for this service he devoted himself to the in-him by means of secret potions. After the death of terests of the Romans, and fell in the war they were carrying on against Aristonicus, the pretender to the throne of Pergamus. (Justin, 37, 1.) He left six sons, five of whom were murdered by his wife, the go di Nemi. Strabo tells us (239) that the worship of Diana resembled that which was paid to the same goddess in the Tauric Chersonese; and that the priest of the temple was obliged to defend himself by force of arms against all who aspired to the office; for whosoever could slay him succeeded to the dignity. This barbarous custom seems to have afforded a subject of diversion to Caligula. (Suet., Vit. Calig., 35.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 31.) ARICĪNA, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. (Vid. Aricia.) Alexander, he was chosen to succeed that monarch, with the proviso that, if Roxana, who was then pregnant, should be delivered of a son, a portion of the kingdom should be given to the latter. As the weak |