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Dardi), of Illyrian origin. (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., | identical with the Apis of Egyptian worship. (Pau&c., vol. 18, p. 75.)

APION, I. a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. (Vid. Ptolemæus, XIV.) --II. A grammarian and historical writer, born at Oasis Magna in Egypt, during the first century of the Christian era. He was surnamed Plistonices (IIλetoTovíkηs), from his frequent successes over his literary opponents, but called himself the Alexandrean, from his having passed a part of his life in the ancient capital of the Ptolemies. Apion subsequently travelled into Greece, and finally established himself at Rome, where he taught grammar, or philological science, during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. He attained to great celebrity. Although unquestionably a man of learning and research, he was in many respects an arrogant boaster, and in others a mere pretender; and it was in allusion, no doubt, to his vanity and noisy assumption of merit, that the Emperor Tiberius gave him in derision the name of Cymbalum mundi. He is renowned for much trifling on the subject of Homer, in order to trace whose family and country he had recourse even to magic, asserting that he had successfully invoked the appearance of shades to satisfy his curiosity, whose answers he was not allowed to make public. (Plin., 30, 2.-Compare Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att., 5, 14.) These pretensions, silly as they were, made him very popular in Greece, although something might be owing to his commentaries on the same great poet, which are mentioned by Eustathius and Hesychius. Pliny makes particular mention of the ostentatious character of this critic, who used to boast that he bestowed immortality on those to whom he dedicated his works; whereas it is only by the mention of others that these works are now known to have actually existed. One of the chief of them was, "On the Antiquity of the Jews," to which people he opposed himself with the hereditary resentment of an Egyptian. The reply of Josephus," Against Apion," has survived the attack, the author of which attack showed his enmity to the Jewish people by other means besides writing against them; for he was employed by his fellow-citizens of Alexandrea to head a deputation to the Emperor Caligula, complaining of the Jews who inhabited that city. Apion also wrote an account of the antiquities of Egypt, in which work he is supposed to have treated largely on the Pyramids, Pliny quoting him as the principal authority on the subject. After having ridiculed the rite of circumcision, he was compelled by a malady to submit to it, and, by a divine punishment, says Josephus, died soon after from the consequences of the operation. It is in allusion to Apion that Bayle observes, how easily the generality of people may be deceived by a man of some learning, with a great share of vanity and impudence." Extracts from Apion's commentary on Homer are given in the Etymologicum Gudianum, published by Sturz. (Joseph., contr. Ap. -Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 16, seqq.)

san., 2, 5.-Apollod., 2, 1.-Augustin., Civ. D., 18, 5.) And yet there is reason to believe, that the name Apis is connected with that of a very early people, who dwelt along the European shores of the Mediterranean, and of whom the Italian Opici formed a part. (Vid. Apia.)-II. The same with Epaphus, the fabled son of Jupiter and Io. Such at least is the statement of Herodotus, ó dè 'Aris karà thu 'E22ývwv yλwooάv lori "Enapos (2, 153). Wesseling is inclined to regard the passage as spurious, but consult Elian (Hist. An., 11, 10), where the same thing is stated. Jablonski makes Epaphus mean "giant" (Voc. Egypt., p. 65). Zoega, on the other hand, gives it the force of "bos pater" (Num. Egypt., p. 81), and De Rossi, that of “ taurus præcipuus." (Etymol. Egypt., p. 15.) It is more than probable, however, that the name Epaphus was confounded by the Greeks with Apophis, one of the Egyptian appellations for Typhon, the evil genius, and hence may have arisen the legend which made the Grecian Apis a cruel tyrant. (Vid. Epaphus.)-III. A sacred bull, worshipped by the Egyptians. Its abode was at Memphis, near the temple of Phtha, or Vulcan, and it was in this city that peculiar honours were rendered it, an account of which is given by Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny, Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, and other ancient writers. The Apis was distinguished from other animals of the same kind by the following characteristics. He was supposed to be generated, not in the ordinary course of nature, but by a flashing from on high (σέλας ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.— Herod., 3, 27), or, according to others, by the contact of the moon (¿ñaóĥ tùs σελývnç.-Plut., Sympos., 8, p. 718). As, however, this evidence of his divinity was rather dubious, several external marks were superadded, to satisfy his votaries of his claims to adoration. His colour was black, in order that the distinctive marks might the more clearly appear; these were a square white spot on the forehead, the figure of an eagle on the back, a white crescent on the right side, the mark of a beetle on the tongue, and double hair on the tail. (Herod., 3. 28.-Strab., 806.-Plin., 8, 46.-Creuzer, Comment. Herod., p. 132, seqq.) The marks in question, which thus stamped his claims to divinity, were of course the contrivance of the priests, though of this the people were kept profoundly ignorant. This animal was regarded with the highest veneration, and more than regal honours were rendered him. He was waited upon, also, by numerous attendants, a particular priesthood were set apart for him, stalls were provided, furnished with every convenience, and his food was presented to him in vessels of gold. He was frequently displayed to the view of the people, while strangers could also behold him in a species of enclosed court, or through a kind of window. (Strab., l. c.) He also gave oracles, and the mode of giving them was as follows. The priests, having led him forth from his abode, caused food to be offered him by the APIS, I. one of the earliest kings of the Peloponne-person who had come for a response. If he received sus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice, and grandson of what was thus offered, it was a favourable omen; if Inachus. He is said to have reigned in Argos, after the otherwise, an unfavourable one. So also, after the death of his father, about 1800 B.C. Others make food had been offered him, he was allowed to go into him to have been the son of Apollo, and king of Sicyon. one or the other of two stalls, according as he might He chased the Telchines from the Peloponnesus, ac-feel inclined. His going into one of these was looked Gercording to a third statement, governed tyrannically, upon as a good omen, into the other the reverse. and lost his life in consequence. From him some have manicus, when in Egypt, consulted in this way the derived the old name, supposed to have been given at sacred Apis; and as the animal refused the food which one time to the Peloponnesus, namely "Apian land." was offered him by the Roman prince, this circumstance (Vid. Apia.) Apis, in fact, is one of those mythologi- was regarded as an omen of evil, that was subsequentcal personages, to whose earlier legend each succeed-ly verified by the death of the latter. (Plin., 8, 46. ing age adds its quota of the marvellous, until the whole becomes one mass of hopeless absurdity. Hence we find Varro and St. Augustine gravely maintaining, that the Grecian monarch Apis led a colony into Egypt, gave laws and civilization to that country, was deified after death under the form of an ox, and was, of course,

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-Amm. Marcell., 22, 14.) The annual festival of Apis was celebrated with the utmost splendour. It always began with the rising of the Nile, and presented, for seven successive days, a scene of uninterrupted rejoicing and festivity. The Greeks called this celebration Theophania, because during its continuance

API

APO

APOLLINARES LUDI. Vid. LUDI APOLLINARES.
SIDONIUS.-II. Sulpitius, a grammarian. Vid. SUL-
APOLLINARIS, I. Sidonius, a Christian poet. Vid.
PITIUS.

coast of Africa, east of Utica, and north of Carthage.
APOLLINIS PROMONTORIUM, was situate on the
It is now Ras-Zebid. (Plin., 5, 4.-Mela, 1, 7.-
Liv., 30, 24.)

the god Apis was displayed to the view of the people arrayed in festal attire, his head surmounted with a kind of tiara, and his body adorned with embroidered coverings, while a troop of boys accompanied him singing hymns in his praise. These boys, becoming on a sudden inspired, predicted future events. During the continuance of this festival, the crocodiles in the Nile were harmless, but regained their ferocity at its close! (Plin., .c.) Sacrifices were seldom offered unto Apis; when this, however, was done, red cattle were always Egyptian nome, in the southern part of Upper Egypt, APOLLINOPOLIS MAGNA, the capital of the 52d selected, red being the colour of Typhon, the enemy about twenty-five miles nearly north of the great cataof Osiris. So also, when Apis died, a red steer, and racts. It is now Edfou. (Ptol.-Steph. Byz., s. v. two or three other animals that were deemed sacred-Anton. Itin.-Elian, Hist. An., 10, 21.) There to Typhon, were buried along with him, in order to are two temples at Edfou, in a state of great preservathwart the joy which the evil spirits would otherwise tion. One of them consists of high pyramidal propyla, have felt at the death of the sacred Apis. When Apis a pronaos, portico, and sekos, the form most generally died a natural death, the whole of Egypt was plunged used in Egypt; the other is peripteral, and is, at the in mourning, from the king to the peasant; and this same time, distinguished by having on its several colmourning continued until a new Apis was found. The umus the appalling figure of Typhon, the emblem of deceased animal was embalmed in the most costly man- the Evil Principle. The pyramidal propylon, which ner, and the priests after this traversed the whole land forms the principal entrance to the greater temple, is in quest of his successor. When a calf was found one of the most imposing monuments extant of Egypwith the requisite marks, all sorrow instantly ceased, tian architecture. (Russell's Egypt, p. 201.) and the most unbounded joy prevailed. Herodotus alludes to one of these scenes in his account of the Persian Cambyses (3, 27). When that monarch returned to Memphis, from his unsuccessful expedition against the Ethiopians, he found the Egyptians giving loose to their joy on account of the reappearance of Apis. Irritated at this, and fancying that they were rejoicing at his ill success, he ordered the sacred animal to be brought before him, wounded it in the thigh with his dagger (of which wound it afterward died), caused the priests to be scourged, and commanded the proper officers to kill all the Egyptians they should find making public demonstrations of joy.-Whenever a new Apis was obtained, the priests conducted him first to Nilopolis, where they fed him forty days. He was then transported in a magnificent vessel to Memphis. During the forty days spent at Nilopolis, women only were allowed to see him; but after this the sight of the god was forbidden them. (Diod. Sic., 1, 85.)-It is worthy of remark, that although so much joy prevailed on the finding of a new Apis, and so much sorrow when he died a natural death, yet, whenever one of these animals reached the age of 25 years, the period prescribed by the sacred books, the priests drowned him as a matter of course, in a sacred fountain, and there was no mourning whatever for his loss.-According to an Egyptian legend, the soul of Osiris passed on his death into the body of Apis, and as often as the sacred animal died, it passed into the body of its successor. So that, according to this dogma, Apis was the perfect image of the soul of Osiris. (Plut., de Is. et Os., p. 472, ed. Wyttenb.) It is very easy, however, to see in the worship of the sacred Apis the connexion of Egyptian mythology with astronomy and the great movements of nature. The Egyptians believed that the moon, making her total revolution in 309 lunations, and in 9125 days, returned consequently, at the end of 25 years, to the same point of Sothis or Sirius. Hence the life of Apis was limited to 25 years, and hence the cycle known as the period of Apis, with reference, no doubt, to the passage of the moon into the celestial bull, which it would have to traverse in order to arrive at Sothis. In worshipping Apis, therefore, the Egyptian priesthood worshipped, in fact, the great fertilizing principle in nature, and hence we see why females alone were allowed to view the Apis at Nilopolis, that the sight of the sacred animal might bless them with a numerous progeny. (Compare Guigniaut, 1, 905.-Vollmer, Wörterb. der Mythol., p. 279.) APITIUS GALBA, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. (Schol. ad Juv., 5, 4.-Compare Spalding, ad Quintil., 6, 3, 27.-Wernsdorf, in Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 6, p. 418, seq.)

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ner of his first getting possession of Delphi (Ivoú) is I were introduced into Greece, these deities were united, thus related: When Apollo resolved to choose the or, perhaps we might say, reunited. Apollo, at the site of his first temple, he came down from Olympus same period, also usurped the place of Pæon, and beinto Pieria; he sought throughout all Thessaly; thence came the god of the healing art.-This god was a fawent to Euboea, Attica, and Boeotia; but could find no vourite object of Grecian worship, and his temples were place to his mind. The situation of Tilphussa, near numerous. Of these the most celebrated were, that Lake Copais, in Boeotia, pleased him; and he was about of Delphi in Phocis, of Delos, of Patara in Lycia, to lay the foundations of his temple there, when the Claros in Ionia, Grynium in Eolis, and Didymi at nymph of the stream, afraid of having her own fame Miletus; in all of which his oracles gave revelations of eclipsed by the vicinity of the oracle of Apollo, dis- the future.-The favourite animals of Apollo were the suaded him, by representing how much his oracle would hawk, the swan, the cicada, &c. His tree was the be disturbed by the noise of the horses and mules com- bay. He himself was represented in the perfection of ing to water at her stream. She recommends to him united manly strength and beauty. His long curling Crissa, beneath Mount Parnassus, as a quiet, seques- hair hangs loose, and is bound behind with the strotered spot, where no unseemly sounds would disturb phium; his brows are wreathed with bay; in his hands the holy silence demanded by an oracle. Arrived he bears his bow or lyre. The wonderful Apollo Belat Crissa, the solitude and sublimity of the scene videre shows at the same time the conception which charm the god. He forthwith sets about erecting a the ancients had of this benign deity, and the high detemple, which the hands of numerous workmen speed-gree of perfection to which they had attained in sculpily raise, under the direction of the brothers Tropho- ture. Few deities had more appellations than the son nius and Agamedes. Meanwhile Apollo slays with of Latona. He was called Delian, Delphian, Pataræhis arrows the monstrous serpent which abode there an, Clarian, &c., from the places of his worship. He and destroyed the people and cattle of the vicinity. was also styled: 1. The Loxian god, from the ambiguAs it lay expiring, the exulting victor cried, "Now ity of many of his predictions; 2. Herding, as keeping Tot (TUE) there on the man-feeding earth;" and hence the flocks and herds of Admetus; 3. Silver-bowed; the place and oracle received the appellation of Pytho. 4. Far-shooter; 5. Light-producer; 6. Well-haired; The fane was now erected, but priests were wanting. 7. Gold-haired; 8. Gold-sworded, &c. (Keightley's The god, as he stood on the lofty area of the temple, Mythology, p. 87, seqq.)-Proclus assures us, that the cast his eyes over the sea, and beheld far south of Pel- Orphic doctrine recognised the identity of Apollo and oponnesus a Cretan ship sailing for Pylos. He plunged the Sun. (Orph., Hymn., 8.—Id., 12.—Id., 34.— into the sea, and, in the form of a dolphin, sprang on Fragm., 28, ed. Herm.-Eschyl, in Eratosth. Caboard the ship. The crew sat in terror and amazement; tast., p. 19, ed. Schaub.) The Oriental origin of the a south wind carried the vessel rapidly along; in vain god is clearly shown even in his very name, for which they sought to land at Tænarus; the ship would not the Greeks so often and so vainly sought an etymoloobey the helm. When they came to the bay of Cris-gy in their own language. The Cretan form for Helios sa, a west wind sprang up and speedily brought the ("Hator) was Abelios ('Abéλtoç), i. e., 'Aéλtos, with the vessel into port; and the god, in the form of a blazing digamma inserted. (Maitt., Dial., p. 185, ed. Sturz. star, left the boat, and descended into his temple. Compare the Doric 'A22wv for 'Añóλλwv, Maitt., Then, quick as thought, he came as a handsome youth, with long locks waving on his shoulders, and accosted the strangers, inquiring who they were and whence they came. To their question in return, of what that place was to which they were come, he replies by informing Compare Selden, de D. S., 2, 1, p. 144.-Buttmann, them who he is and what his purpose was in bringing Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 167.)-A very striking analogy them thither. He invites them to land, and says that, exists between the Apollo of the Greeks and the Crishas he had met them in the form of a dolphin (deλøív), na of the Hindus. Both are inventors of the flute. they should worship him as Apollo Delphinius; and (Compare Asiatic Researches, vol. 8, p. 65.) Crishhence, according to the fanciful etymology of the earli- na is deceived by the nymph Tulasi, as Apollo is er poetry, Delphi in Phocis derived its name. They by Daphne, and the two maidens are each changed now disembark: the god, playing on his lyre, precedes into trees, of which the tulasi is sacred to Crishna, as them, and leads them to his temple, where they become the bay-tree is to Apollo. The victory of Crishna his priests and ministers.-A god so beautiful and ac- over the serpent Caliya-naga, on the borders of the complished as Apollo could not well be supposed to Yamuna, recalls to mind that of Apollo over the serbe free from the influence of the gentler emotions; yet pent Python and it is worthy of remark, that the vanit is observable that he was not remarkably happy in quished reptiles respectively participate in the homhis love, either meeting with a repulse, or having his age that is rendered to the victors. Nor does the leamour attended with a fatal termination. (Vid. Daph-gend of Apollo betray a resemblance merely with the fane, Coronis, &c.) After the death of Esculapius his bles of India. A very strong affinity exists, in this reson, who fell by the thunderbolt of Jove for having ex- spect, between the religious systems also of Egypt and tended his skill in the healing art so far as to bring Greece. We find the same animal, the wolf, which, even the dead to life, Apollo, incensed at the fate of by its oblique course, typified the path of the star of his offspring, slew the Cyclopes, the forgers of the thun- day, consecrated to the sun, both at Lycopolis and derbolts, and was for this deed exiled from heaven. Delphi. This emblem transports into the Greek traComing down to earth, he took service as a herdsman ditions the fables relative to the combats of Osiris. with Admetus, king of Phere in Thessaly, and pas- The Egyptian deity comes to the aid of his son Horus, tured his herds on the banks of the Amphrysus. The under the figure of a wolf, and Latona disguises herkindnesses bestowed by him on Admetus have been self under the form of this same animal, when she quits mentioned elsewhere. (Vid. Admetus, and Alcestis). the Hyperborean regions to take refuge in Delos -Apollo, it is said, was taught divination by Pan. (Compare Pausanias, 2, 10.--Diod. Sic., 1, 88.For his lyre he was indebted to the invention of his Synes. de Provid., 1, 116.-Euseb., Præp. Ev., 1, 50. half-brother Mercury, and the triumph of this instru-Aristot., Hist. An., 6, 35.-Elian, Hist. An., 4, ment over the tones of the reed is recorded in the le- 4.) In the festival of the Daphnephoria, which the gend of Marsyas. (Vid. Marsyas.) The Homeric Thebans celebrated every ninth year in honour of Apollo is a personage totally distinct from Helius Apollo, it is impossible to avoid seeing an astro("Hos) or the Sun, though, in all likelihood, original-nomical character. It took its name from the bay. ly the same. When mysteries and secret doctrines tree, which the fairest youths of the city carried round

p. 206, and the form Apellinem for Apollinem, cited by Festus.) We have here the Asiatic root, Bel or Hel, an appellation for the sun in the Semitic languages. (Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 131.

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in solemn procession, and which was adorned with flowers and branches of olive. To an olive-tree, decorated in its turn with branches of bay and flowers intertwined, and covered with a veil of purple, were suspended globes of different sizes, types of the sun and planets, and ornamented with garlands, the number of which was a symbol of the year. On the altar, too, burned a flame, the agitation, colour, and crackling of which served to reveal the future, a species of divination peculiar to the sacerdotal order, and which prevailed also at Olympia in Elis, the centre of most of the sacerdotal usages of the day.--The god of the sun became also the god of music, by a natural allusion to the movements of the planets and the mysterious harmony of the spheres; and the hawk, the universal type of the divine essence among the Egyptians, is, with the Greeks, the sacred bird of Apollo. (Elian, Hist. An., 10, 14.)-As soon, however, as this Apollo, whether his origin is to be traced to the banks of the Nile or to the plains of India, assumes a marked station in the Grecian mythology, the national spirit labours to disengage him of his astronomical attributes. Henceforward every mysterious or scientific idea disappears from the Daphnephoria, and they now become only commemorative of the passion of the god for a young female, who turns a deaf ear to his suit. A new deity, Helios ("Hλoç), discharges all the functions of the sun. This god, in his quality of son of Uranus and Terra, is placed among the cosmogonical personifications; he has no part to play in the fables of the poets, and he is only twice named in Homer, once as the father of Circe, and again as revealing to Vulcan the infidelity of his spouse. He has no priests, no worship; no solemn festival is celebrated in his praise. Thereupon, freed from every attribute of an abstract nature, Apollo appears in the halls of Olympus, participates in the celestial banquets, interferes in the quarrels of earth, becomes the tutelary god of the Trojans, the protector of Paris and Æneas, the slave of Admetus, and the lover of Daphne. So true is it, that all these changes in the character of this divinity were effected by the transmuting power of the Grecian spirit, that we see Apollo preserve in the mysteries, which formed so many deposites of the sacerdotal traditions, the astronomical attributes of which the public worship had deprived him; and at a later period we find the New Platonists endeavouring to restore to him these same attributes, when they wished to form an allegorical system of religious science and philosophy out of the absurdities of polytheism. But, in the popular religion, instead of being the god from whom emanate fecundity and increase, he is a simple shepherd, conducting the herds of another. Instead of dying and arising again to life, he is ever young. Instead of scorching the earth and its inhabitants with his devouring rays, he darts his fearful arrows from a quiver of gold. Instead of announcing the future in the mysterious language of the planets, he prophesies in his own name. Nor does he any longer direct the harmony of the spheres by the notes of his mystic lyre; he has now an instrument, invented by Mercury and perfected by himself. The dances, too, of the stars cease to be conducted by him; for he now moves at the head of the nine Muses (the nine strings of his divine cithara), the divinities who each preside over one of the liberal arts. (Constant, De la Religion, vol. 2, p. 93.)

ding, as it is technically termed, the colours of a painting, and of imitating the exact effect of shades. Pliny speaks of him with enthusiasm. He became at last so arrogant as to style himself the prince of painters, and never to go forth into public without wearing a kind of tiara, after the fashion of the Medes. His fame, however, was eventually eclipsed by Zeuxis, who perfected all his discoveries. (Plin., l. c.—Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)—III. A famous sculptor, whose country is uncertain, but who flourished about Olymp. 114. He possessed great acuteness of judgment, but exhibited also, on many occasions, great violence of temper; so much so as frequently to break to pieces his own works when they chanced not to please him. Silanion, another artist, represented him in bronze during one of these fits of anger, and the work resembled, according to Pliny, not a human being, but choler itself personified. (Plin., 34, 8.)-IV. A comic poet of Athens, who flourished about 300 B.C. He was a writer of much repute among the poets of the New Comedy. Terence copied the Hecyra and Phormio from two of his dramas; all his productions, though very numerous, are now lost, except the titles of eight, with a few fragments. He was one of the six writers whom the ancient critics selected as the models of the New Comedy. The other five were Philippides, Philemon, Menander, Diphilus, and Posidippus. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 188.)-V. A comic poet of Carystus in Euboea. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 80.) -VI. A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, contemporary with Menander. (Suidas, s. v. 'Añоλλóð.-Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., p. xlvi.)—VII. A native of Athens, and disciple of Aristarchus, Panatius, and Diogenes the Babylonian. He flourished about 146 B.C., and was celebrated for his numerous productions, both in prose and verse. Of the former, we have, with the exception of a few fragments, only the work entitled Bi62100кn (Bibliotheca), being a collection of the fables of antiquity, drawn from the poets and other writers, and related in a clear and simple style. It has not reached us, however, in a perfect state, since it breaks off with the history of Theseus; whereas it would seem, from citations made from it, that the work was originally carried down to the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war. Faber (Le Fevre), one of the editors of the Bibliotheca, pretends that we merely have an extract from the original work of Apollodorus; while another editor, Clavier, maintains that Apollodorus never wrote a work of this kind, but that what has come down to us is nothing more than a mere abridgment, extracted most probably from several of his works, especially that on the gods (Tepi ewv), which consisted of at least 20 books. The best edition of the Bibliotheca is that of Heyne, Götting., 2 vols. 8vo, 1803. The edition of Clavier, Paris, 1805, 2 vols. 8vo, is also worthy of notice.-Of the poetical works of Apollodorus, the most remarkable was the Xpoviká, or poetical Chronicle, which is unfortunately lost. It was divided into four books, and contained, according to Scymnus (v. 16-35, and 45-49), a statement of all the remarkable events, famous sieges, migrations, establishments of colonies, treaties, exploits, &c., from the fall of Troy, which Apollodorus fixed at 1184 B.C., down to 144 B.C. It was written in a brief style, in iambic trimeters. We are indebted to this work, through the citations of other writers, for the APOLLODORUS, I. a native of Phalerum, one of the knowledge of various important dates, such as the fall intimate friends of Socrates. (Plat., Phæd.)-II. A of Troy, the invasion of the Heraclidae, the Ionian emicelebrated painter of Athens, who brought the art to gration, the first Olympiad, &c. That part of the a high degree of perfection, and handed it in this state Chronicle which gave the dates when the various great to his pupil Zeuxis. Two of his celebrated productions men of antiquity lived, served as a basis for the Chronare noticed by Pliny (35, 9). One of these was a priest icle composed by Cornelius Nepos, but which is also at the altar; the other an Ajax struck by a thunder- lost. Apollodorus composed also a Description of the bolt. These two chefs-d'œuvre still existed in Pliny's time at Pergamus, and were highly admired. Apollodorus first discovered the art of softening and degra

Earth (Tns Tεpíodos), in iambic verse, which gave Scymnus of Chios and Dionysius of Charax the idea of their respective Periegeses. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr.,

vol. 4, p. 57, seqq.-Id., 5, 36.-Clavier, in Biogr. [ed by a colony from Corinth and Corcyra, and, ac Univ., vol. 2, p. 313.)—VIII. An Epicurean philos- cording to Strabo, was renowned for the wisdom of opher, supposed to have been contemporary with Ci- its laws, which appear to have been framed, however, cero. He governed, as chief, the school of Epicurus, rather on the Spartan than the Corinthian model. and the severity of his administration caused him to Ælian states, that decrees to the exclusion of foreignreceive the appellation of Knæоrúρavvos (tyrant of the ers were enforced here as at Lacedæmon; and Arisgarden). According to Diogenes Laertius, he wrote totle affirms, that none could aspire to the offices of more than 400 works, and among them a life of Epi- the republic but the principal families, and those decurus. (Diog. Laert., 10, 2, et 25.-Consult Menage, scended from the first colonists. (El., V. H., 13, 6. ad loc., where Gassendi's explanation of the term Kn--Arist., Polit., 4, 4.) Apollonia was exposed to freπоτúρavvoç is given.)—IX. A native of Damascus, and quent attacks from the Illyrians, and it was probably an architect of great ability in the reigns of Trajan and the dread of these neighbours, and also of the MaceHadrian, by the former of whom he was employed in donians, that induced the city to place itself under the constructing the famous stone bridge over the Ister or protection of the Romans on the first appearance of Danube, A.D. 104. Various other bold and magnifi- that people on their coast. (Polyb., 2, 11.) Throughcent works, both at Rome and in the provinces, con- out the war with Macedon they remained faithful to tributed to his high reputation. The principal of these the interest of their new allies. From its proximity to were the Forum of Trajan, in the middle of which arose Brundisium and Hydruntum in Italy, Apollonia was the Trajan Column, an immense library, an odeum, always deemed an important station by the Romans; the Ulpian basilica, therma, aqueducts, &c. Falling and among the extravagant projects of Pyrrhus, it is into disgrace with Hadrian, he lost his life through said he had contemplated the idea of throwing over a that emperor's caprice. The occasion is variously re- bridge to connect it with the last-mentioned place; a lated; by some it has been ascribed to an old grudge, distance not less than fifty miles! (Plin., 3, 11.) which originated in the time of Trajan, when Hadrian, Augustus spent many years of his early life in Apollogiving an ignorant opinion, in presence of the then em- nia, which were devoted to the study of literature and peror, respecting some architectural designs, was so philosophy. (Suet., Aug., 10.-Cramer's Anc. Gr., seriously mortified by a sarcastic rebuke from Apollo- vol. 1, p. 56, seqq.)-III. A town in the interior of dorus, that he never forgave him. This old offence Chalcidice, on the Egnatian way. (Scylax, p. 27.was heightened by another on the part of Apollodorus, Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 2.) Mention is made of it in the when Hadrian had ascended the imperial throne. The Acts of the Apostles (17, 1), St. Paul having passed emperor pretended to submit to him, for his opinion, through it on his way from Philippi to Thessalonica. the design of a recently-built temple of Venus. The The ruins are called Pollina. (Cramer's Anc. Gr., plainness of speaking, for which the architect was vol. 1, p. 264.)-IV. A city of Thrace, at the mouth famed, got the better of his policy, and drew from him of the river Nestus. (Mela, 3, 2.-Liv., 38, 41.) It an observation, in allusion to the want of proportion was called, in a later age, Sozopolis, and is now Sizebetween the edifice and the statue it contained, that boli.-V. A city of Assyria, to the northwest of Ctesiif "the goddess wished to rise and go out" of her tem- phon. (Amm. Marcell., 23, 20.) Hardouin and othple, it would be impossible for her to accomplish her ers make it the same with Antiochia Assyria, menintention. The anger of the monarch knew no bounds. tioned by Pliny (6, 27).—VI. A city of Palestine, in Apollodorus was banished; and finally, after having Samaria, on the Mediterranean coast. It lay northbeen accused of various crimes, was put to death. west of Sichem. (Plin., 5, 13.-Joseph., Antiq. Jud., (Xiph., Vit. Hadr.)-X. A name common to several 13, 23.-Id., Bell., 1, 6.)—VII. A city of Phrygia, to medical writers. The most distinguished of these was the southeast of Apamea, on the road to Antioch in a physician and naturalist, born at Lemnos, about a Pisidia. Its earlier name was Margium. (Strab., century before the Christian era. He lived under 576.-Steph. Byz.) Colonel Leake is inclined to Ptolemy Soter and Lagus, to one of whom, accord-place it at Ketsi Bourlou, not far from the Lake Bouing to Strabo, he dedicated his works. The scholiast dour.-VIII. A city of Lydia, called also Apollonis, to Nicander states that he wrote also on plants. He about 300 stadia from Pergamus, and the same distance is mentioned by Pliny, who says that he boasted of from Sardis. It was named after the wife of Attalus. the juice of cabbage and of horseradish as a remedy Cicero often alludes to it. (Cic, Orat. pro Flace, c. against poisonous mushrooms. Athenæus often cites 21 et 32.-Ep. ad Quint., 1, 2, &c.) Some ruins him. He wrote also on venomous animals, and there are visible near a small hamlet called Bullene.-IX. is reason to believe that it was from this work that Ga-A city of Mysia, at the northern extremity of the Lake len derived his antidote against the bite of vipers. (Plin., 14, 9.-Athen., 15, p. 675, e.)

APOLLONIA, I. a festival at Sicyon, in honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose from the following circumstance. These two deities came to the river Sythas, in the vicinity of Sicyon, which city was then called Ægialea, intending to purify themselves from the slaughter of the serpent Python. They were frightened away, however, and fled to Crete. Egialea being visited by a pestilence soon after this, the inhabitants, by the advice of soothsayers, sent seven boys and the same number of girls to the Sythas, to entreat the offspring of Latona to return. Their prayer was granted, and the two deities came to the citadel. In commemoration of this event, a temple was erected on the banks of the river to the goddess of Persuasion, Here, and every year, on the festival of Apollo, a band of boys conveyed the statues of Apollo and Diana to the temple of Persuasion, and afterward brought them back again to the temple of Apollo. (Pausan., 2, 7.)-II. A celebrated city of Illyricum, near the mouth of the river Aous, or Aeas, and the ruins of which still retain the name of Pollina. It was found

Apolloniatis, and near the point where the Rhyndacus issues from it. Its site is now occupied by the Turkish town of Abulliona. (Strab., 575.)—X. A city of Cyrenaica, regarded as the harbour of Cyrene. It was the birthplace of the geographer Eratosthenes. Under the lower empire this place took the name of Sozusa, and it is now called Marza Susa, or Sosush. (Mela, 1, 8.—Ptol.)

She

APOLLONIS, wife of Attalus of Pergamus. was a native of Cyzicus, and of obscure family. Apollonis became the mother of Eumenes, Attalus, Philetarus, and Athenæus, who were remarkable for fraternal attachment as well as for filial piety. After the death of their mother they erected a temple to her at Cyzicus, on the columns of which were placed nineteen tablets, sculptured in relief, and displaying the most touching incidents in history and mythology relative to filial attachment. At the bottom of these tablets were inscriptions in verse, which have been preserved for us in the Vatican manuscript of the Greek Anthology. These are given by Jacobs, at the end of his edition of the Anthology (Paralipomena ex codice Vaticano), and were previously published by

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