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ANNALES, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. The Romans had journalists or annalists from the very beginning of the state. The Annals of the Pontiffs were of the same date, if we may believe Cicero (de Orat., 2, 13), as the foundation of the city; but others have placed their commencement in the reign of Numa (Vopiscus, Vit. Tacit.), and Niebuhr not till after the battle of Regillus, which terminated the hopes of Tarquin. (Römische Gesch., vol. 1, p. 367.) In order to preserve the memory of public transactions, the Pontifex Maximus, who was the official historian of the republic, annually committed to writing, on wooden tablets, the leading events of each year, and then set them up at his own house for the instruction of the people. (Cic., de Orat., 2, 13.) The Pontifex Maximus was aided in this task by his four colleagues, down to A.U.C. 453, and after that period by four additional pontiffs, created by the Ogulnian law. (Cic., de Rep., 2, 14.) These annals were continued to the pontificate of Mucius, A.U.C. 629, and were called Annales Maximi, as being periodically compiled and kept by the Pontifex Maximus, or Publici, as recording public transactions. Having been inscribed on wooden tablets, they would necessarily be short, and destitute of all circumstantial detail; and being an

monies attending her festival. It was a feast com- [cation in Germany. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. memorative of the year and the spring, and the hymns 389, seqq.) sung on this occasion bore the free and joyous character of orgiastic strains. In them Anna Perenna was entreated to make the entire year roll away in health and prosperity (Ut annare perennareque commode liceat."-Macrob., Sat., 1, 12). Now, this new year, this year full of freshness and of benefits invoked, is no other than Anna herself, a personification of the old lunar year. (Compare Hermann und Creuzer, Briefe, &c., p. 135.) Anna is the same word, in fact, as annus, or anus according to the primitive Roman orthography; in Greek Evos or Evos, whence the expression kvn kai véa, proving that the word carries with it the accessory idea of antiquity, just as eros appears analogous to vetus. (Compare Lennep, Etymol. Gr., p. 210, seqq.-Valckenaer, ad Ammon., p. 196, 197.) Anna Perenna is called the moon, Kar' Esoxv, and it is she that conducts the moons her sisters, and who at the same time directs and governs the humid sphere: thus she reposes for ever in the river Numicius, and runs on for ever with it. She is the course of the moons, of the years, of time in general. It is she that gives the flowers and fruits, and causes the harvest to ripen: the annual produce of the seasons (annona) is placed under her protecting care.-The Anna Perenna of the Romans has been compared with the Anna Pourna Devi, or Annada, of the Hindu mythology; the goddess of abundance and nourishment, a beneficent form of Bhavani. The characteristic traits appear to be the same. (Compare the remarks of Paterson and Cole-nually formed by successive pontiffs, could have no apbrooke, in the Asiatic Researches, vol. 8, p. 69, seqq., and P. 85.-Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 501, seqq.)

pearance of a continued history, their contents would resemble the epitome prefixed to the books of Livy, or the Register of Remarkable Occurrences in modern alANNA COMNENA, a Greek princess, daughter of manacs. But though short, jejune, and unadorned, Alexius Comnenes I., emperor of the East. She was still, as records of facts, these annals, if spared, would born A.D. 1083, and was originally betrothed to Con- have formed an inestimable treasure of early history. stantine Ducas; but his death preventing the engage- Besides, the method which, Cicero informs us, was ment from being ratified, she subsequently married Ni- observed in preparing these annals, and the care that cephorus Bryennius. On the decease of her father, was taken to insert no fact of which the truth had not she conspired against her brother John (Calo-Johannes), been attested by as many witnesses as there were citwho had succeeded him in the empire, and when the izens at Rome, who were all entitled to judge and make design was prevented by the fears or scruples of her their remarks on what ought either to be added or rehusband, she passionately exclaimed that nature had trenched, must have formed the most authentic body mistaken the two sexes, and had endowed Bryennius of history that could be desired. The memory of with the soul of a woman. After the discovery of her transactions which were yet reccnt, and whose contreason, the life and fortune of Anna were forfeited to comitant circumstances every one could remember, the laws; the former, however, was spared by the was therein transmitted to posterity. By this means clemency of the emperor. After the death of her hus- they were proof agaist falsification, and their veracity band she retired to a convent, where, at the age of six- was incontestably fixed. These valuable records, howty years, she sought to relieve the disappointment of ever, were, for the most part, consumed in the conflaher ambitious feelings by writing a life of her father. gration of the city consequent on its capture by the The character of this history does not stand very high, Gauls; an event which was, to the early history of either for authenticity or beauty of composition: the Rome, what the English invasion by Edward I. proved historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of that to the history of Scotland. The practice of the Ponsimplicity of style and narrative which wins our belief, tifex Maximus in preserving such records was disconan elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays tinued after that eventful period. A feeble attempt in every page the vanity of a female author.. (Gibbon's was made to revive it towards the end of the second Decline and Fall, c. 48.) And yet, at the same time, Punic war; and from that time the custom was not her work forms a useful contrast to the degrading and entirely dropped till the Pontificate of Mucius, in the partial statements of the Latin historians of that period. year 629. It is to this second series of Annals, or to The details, moreover, which she gives respecting the some other late and ineffectual attempt to revive the anfirst crusaders on their arrival at Constantinople, are cient Roman history, that Cicero must allude when he peculiarly interesting; and we may there see the im- talks of the Great Annals in his work De Legibus pression produced by the simple and rude manners of (1, 2), since it is undoubted, that the pontifical records the heroes of Tasso on a polished, enlightened, and of events previous to the capture of Rome by the Gauls effeminate court. The work of Anna is entitled Alex- almost entirely perished in the conflagration of the city. ias, and is divided into fifteen books. It commences (Livy, 6, 1.) Accordingly, Livy never cites these with A.D. 1069, and terminates with A.D. 1118. The records, and there is no appearance that he had any first edition of the Alexias appeared in 1610, 4to, by opportunity of consulting them; nor are they menHoeschel, Argent. It contains only the first eight tioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus in the long catabooks. Some copies bear the date of 1618. A com-logue of records and memorials which he had employplete edition was published in 1651, Paris. The best edition, however, will be the one intended to form part of the Byzantine Historians (Corpus Scriptorum Historia Byzantina), at present in a course of publi

ed in the composition of his Historical Antiquities. The books of the pontiffs, some of which were recovered in the search after what the flames had spared, are, indeed, occasionally mentioned. But these were

works explaining the mysteries of religion, with in- | hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death structions as to the ceremonies to be observed in its in his arms. (Apollod., 2, 5.)-II. A governor of practical exercise, and could have been of no more ser- Libya and Ethiopia under Osiris. (Diod. Sic., 1, vice to Roman, than a collection of breviaries or mis- 17.)-Both these accounts are, in fact, fabulous, and sals to modern, history. (Dunlop's Rom. Lit., vol. 2, refer to one and the same thing. The legend of Herp. 97, seqq., Lond. ed.-Le Clerc, des Journaux chez cules and Antæus is nothing more than the triumph of les Romains, Introd.) art and labour over the encroaching sands of the desert. Hercules, stifling his adversary, is, in fact, the Nile divided into a thousand canals, and preventing the arid sand from returning to its native deserts, whence again to come forth with the winds and cover with its

vol. 2, p. 416.) The very position of Antæopolis, indeed, has reference to the identity of Antæus with the sands of the desert; for the place was situate in a long and deep valley of the Arabian chain, where the most fearful hurricanes and sand-winds were accustomed to blow. (Compare Ritter, Erdkunde, 2d ed., vol. 1, p. 779.)

ANNĀLIS LEX, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. Originally there was no certain age fixed for enjoying the different offices. A law was first made for this purpose (Lex Annalis) by L. Vil-waves the fertile valley. (Constant, de la Religion, lius or L. Julius, a tribune of the commons, A.U.C. 573, whence his family got the surname of Annales. (Liv., 40, 43.) What was the year fixed for enjoying each office is not ascertained. It is certain that the prætorship used to be enjoyed two years after the ædileship (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 10, 25), and that the fortythird was the year fixed for the consulship. (Cic., Phil., 5, 17.) If we are to judge from Cicero, who frequently boasts that he had enjoyed every office in its proper year, the years appointed for the different offices by the Lex Villia were, for the quæstorship thirty-one, for the ædileship thirty-seven, for the prætorship forty, and for the consulship forty-three. But even under the republic popular citizens were freed from these restrictions, and the emperors, too, granted that indulgence to whomsoever they pleased.

ANNIBAL. Vid. Hannibal.

ANNICERRIS, a philosopher of the Cyrenaïc sect, and a follower of Aristippus. He so far receded from the doctrine of his master as to acknowledge the merit of filial piety, friendship, and patriotism, and to allow that a wise man might retain the possession of himself in the midst of external troubles; but he inherited so much of his frivolous taste as to value himself upon the most trivial accomplishments, particularly upon his dexterity in being able to drive a chariot twice round a course in the same ring. (Diog. Laert., 2, 87.Suidas, s. v.—Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 196.)

ANNO. Vid. HANNO.

ANOPEA, a mountain of Greece, part of the chain of Eta. A small pass in this mountain, called by the same name, formed a communication between Thessaly and the country of the Epicnemidian Locri. (Herodot., 7, 216.)

ANSER, a Roman poet, intimate with the triumvir Antony, and one of the detractors of Virgil. (Compare Virg., Eclog., 9, 36.-Servius, ad Virg., l. c.) Ovid (Trist., 2, 435) calls him "procax."

ANSIBARII, a people of Germany, mentioned by Tacitus (Ann., 13, 55) as having made an irruption, during the reign of Nero, into the Roman territories along the Rhine. Mannert makes them to have been a branch of the Cherusci. The same writer alludes to the hypothesis which would consider their name as denoting" dwellers along the Ems," and as marking this for their original place of settlement. He views it, however, as untenable. (Geogr., vol. 6, p. 156, seqq.)

ANTEOPOLIS, a city of Egypt on the eastern bank of the Nile, and the capital of the nome Antæopolites. It derived its name from Antæus, whom Osiris, according to Diodorus Siculus (1, 17), left as governor of his Libyan and Ethiopian possessions, and whom Hercules destroyed. It was a place of no great importance. The modern village of Kau (Qaou) stands near the ruins of the ancient city. (Mannert, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 388, seqq.-Compare Description de l'Egypte, vol. 4, p. 111.)

ANTEUS, I., a monarch of Libya, of gigantic dimensions, son of Neptune and Terra. He was famed for his strength and his skill in wrestling, and engaged in a contest with Hercules. As he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the

ANTAGORAS, a Rhodian poet, who lived at the court of Antigonus Gonatas, where he acquired the reputation of a gourmand. He composed a poem entitled Thebais; and the Boeotians, to whom he read it, heard him with yawns. (Mich. Apost. Proverb. Cent., 5, 82.) We have one of his epigrams remaining. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 128.)

ANTALCIDAS, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made the well-known peace with Artaxerxes Mnemon. The terms of this peace were as follows: that all the Greek cities of Asia should belong to the Persian king, together with the island of Clazomena (as it was called) and that of Cyprus: that all other Grecian cities, small and great, should be independent, except the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which were to remain subject to the Athenians. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 1.—Consult Schneider, ad loc.) Polybius (1, 6) fixes the year of this celebrated peace, and Aristides (vol. 2, p. 286) the name of the archon (Oeodoros ¿o' où ʼn eipývn ¿yévero). The treaty seems to have been concluded in the beginning of the year of Theodotus, about autumn; because the Mantinean war, which was carried on in the archonship of Mystichides, was in the second year after the peace; and because the restoration of Platea, accomplished after the treaty, took place nevertheless in the year of the treaty, as Pausanias implies. (Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, 2d ed., p. 102.)

ANTANDRUS, a city of Troas, on the northern side of the Gulf of Adramyttium. According to Thucydides (8, 108), it was founded by an Eolian colony, which had probably dispossessed a body of the Pelasgi in this quarter, since Herodotus (7, 42) names the place the Pelasgic Antandrus. If we follow the ancient mythology, however, we will find different accounts of its origin. These are given by Mela (1, 18), who states that the city was called Antandrus according to some, because Ascanius, the son of Æneas, having fallen into the hands of the Pelasgi, gave them up this city as a ransom; and hence Antandrus, i. e., avr avôpoç (" in the stead," or "place, of a man"); while others maintain that it was founded by certain inhabitants of Andros, who had been driven from home by civil dissensions, and that hence the city was called Antandrus, i. e., " instead of Andros," implying that it was to them a second country. Pliny (5, 30), on the other hand, believes that its first name was Edonis, and that it was subsequently styled Cimmeris. During the Persian times, Antandrus, like many other parts of this coast, was subject to Mytilene, in the island of Lesbos. The Persians, however, held the citadel, which would seem to have stood on a mountain near

the city. This mountain is probably the same with the one called Alexandrea, and on which, according to Strabo (606), the controversy between Juno, Minerva, and Venus was decided by Paris. (Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 418.)

ANTEMNE, a city of Italy, in the territory of the Sabines, at the confluence of the Anio and Tiber. It is said to have been more ancient than Rome itself. We are told by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (2, 36), that Antemnæ belonged at first to the Siculi, but that afterward it was conquered by the Aborigines, to whom, probably, it owes its Latin name. (Varro, de Ling. Lat., 4-Festus, s. v. Antemna.) That it afterward formed a part of the Sabine confederacy is evident from its being one of the first cities which resented the outrage offered to that nation by the rape of their women. (Liv., 1, 10.-Strabo, 226.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 301.)

west of Gaza. Herod gave it the second name in honour of Agrippa. It is now Daron. (Plin, 4, 7.)

ANTHELE, a small town of Thessaly, in the interval between the river Phoenix and the Straits of Thermopylæ, and near the spot where the Asopus flows into the sea. In the immediate vicinity were the temples of Ceres Amphictyonia, that of Amphictyon, and the seats of the Amphictyons. It was one of the two places where the Amphictyonic council used to meet, the other being Delphi. The place for holding the assembly here was the temple of Ceres. (Vid. Amphictyones. Herodot., 7, 200-Strabo, 428.)

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ANTHEMUS, a town of Macedonia, to the northeast of Thessalonica, and which Thucydides seems to comprise within Mygdonia. (Thucyd., 2, 99.)

ANTHEMUSIA, I. a district in the northern part of Mesopotamia, which was subsequently incorporated into Ösroene. (Amm. Marcell., 14, 9.-Eutrop., 8, 2.)-II. The capital of the district just mentioned, lying east of the Euphrates and west of the city of Edessa. It is also called Anthemus. The name was derived from the Macedonian city of Anthemus. (Plin., 6, 26.-Strab., 514.)

ANTENOR, I. a Trojan prince related to Priam. He was the husband of Theano, daughter of Cisseus, king of Thrace, and father of nineteen sons, of whom the most known were Polybus (Il., 11, 59), Acamas (I., 2, 823), Agenor (Il., 4, 533), Polydamas, Helicaon, Archilochus (I., 2, 823), and Laodocus (Il., 4, 87) He is accused by some of having betrayed his country, not only because he gave a favourable reception to Diomedes, Ulysses, and Menelaus, when they came to Troy, as ambassadors from the Greeks, to demand the restitution of Helen, but also because he with- ANTHENE, a town of Cynuria in Argolis, once ocheld the fact of his recognising Ulysses, at the time cupied by the Ægineta together with Thyrea. (Pauthat hero visited the city under the guise of a mendi-san., 2, 38.) It was restored to the Argives after the cant. (Od., 4, 335.) After the conclusion of the war, battle of Amphipolis. (Thucyd., 5, 41.) Antenor, according to some, migrated with a party of followers into Italy, and built Patavium. According to others, he went with a colony of the Heneti from Paphlagonia to the shores of the Hadriatic, where the new settlers established themselves in the district called by them Venetia. Both accounts are fabulous. (Liv., 1, 1.—Plin., 3, 13.-Virg., Æn., 1, 242.— Tacit., 16, 21.-II. A statuary, known only as the maker of the original statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, which were carried off by Xerxes, and restored by Alexander. (Pausan., 1, 8.—Arrian, Exp. Al., 3, 16.-Plin., 34, 8.)

ANTENORIDES, a patronymic given to the sons of

Antenor.

ANTEROS. The original meaning of the name Anteros is the deity who avenges slighted love. By later writers it is applied to a brother of Cupid, but in constant opposition to him; and in the palestra at Elis he was represented contending with him. The signification of mutual love is given to the word only by later writers, according to Böttiger. (Schneider, Wörterb., s. v.—Pausan., 1, 30.—Id., 6, 23.—Plutarch, Erot., 20.)

ANTHERMUS, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades, and grandson to Malas. He flourished about Olymp. 50, and was the father of the two artists Bupalus and Athenis. (Vid. Bupalus.) As the name Anthermus is not Greek, Brotier reads Archennus, which Sillig follows. (Plin., 36, 5.—Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

ANTHESPHORIA, a festival celebrated by the people of Syracuse in honour of Proserpina, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. The word is derived from áñò тov pépeiv úvoɛa, i. e., from carrying flowers. The Syracusans showed, near their city, the spot where Proserpina was carried off, and from which a lake had immediately proceeded. Around this the festival was celebrated. The lake in question is formed by the sources of the Cyane, whose waters join the Anapus. (Compare Münter, Nachricht von Neap. und Sicil., p. 374.)-Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. (Pollux, Onom., 1, 1.)

ANTHESTERIA, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first day was called Πιθοίγια, ἀπὸ τοῦ πίθους οἶγειν, because they tapped their barrels of liquor. The second day was called Xoér, from the measure xoá, because every in

ANTHEA, one of the three towns on the site of which the city of Patre, in Achaia, is said to have been built. The other two were Aroë and Messatis. These three were founded by the Ionians when they held posses-dividual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of sion of the country. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 66.)

ANTHEDON, I. a city of Baotia, on the shore of the Euripus, and, according to Dicæarchus, about seventy stadia to the north of Salganeus. (Stat. Græc., p. 19.) The same writer informs us, that from Thebes to Anthedon the distance was 160 stadia by a crossroad open to carriages. The inhabitants were, for the most part, mariners and shipwrights; at least, so says Dicæarchus; and the fisheries of the place were very important. The wine of Anthedon was celebrated. (Athenæus, 1, 56.) Pausanias states (9, 22) that the Cabiri were worshipped here; there was also a temple of Proserpina in the town, and one of Bacchus without the walls. Near the sea was a spot called the leap of Glaucus. (Strabo, 404.-Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Avondúv-Pliny, Hist. Nat., 4, 7.) Sir W. Gell reports, that the ruins of this city are under Mount Ktypa, about seven miles from Portzumadi, and six from Egripo. (Itin., p. 147. Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 254.)-II. A town of Palestine, called also Agrippias, on the seacoast, to the south

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the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his
mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoön,
or Pandion, king of Athens, and was obliged, with all
the Athenians, to drink by himself for fear of polluting
the people by drinking with them before he was puri-
fied of the parricide. It was usual on that day to ride
out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The
best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or
rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third
day was called Xúrpot, from xúrpa, a vessel brought
out full of all sorts of seed and herbs, deemed sacred
to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves
had the permission of being merry and free during
these festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a her-
ald proclaimed, Θυράζε, Κάρες, οὐκ ἔτ' 'Ανθεστήρια,
i. e., Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an
end. (Elian, V. H., 2, 41.-Potter, Gr. Antiq., vol.
1, p. 422, seqq.) Ruhnken (Auct. Emend., ad Hesych.,
vol. 2, s. v. Aloviç) makes the Athenians to have cel-
ebrated three festivals in honour of Bacchus: 1. Those
of the country, in the month Posideon: 2. Those of
the city, or the greater festivals, in the month Ela-

phebolion; and, 3. The Anthesteria or Lenea, in the | from taxes to his posterity. (Plut., Vit. Ages., c. 35.) month Anthesterion. These last were celebrated There were, however, other claimants for this honour. within a large enclosure called Lenæum, and in a quar- The Mantinæans asserted that one of their citizens, by ter of the city termed Limnæ, or " the pools." Meur- name Macharion, gave the fatal blow. The Athenians, sius had before distinguished the Lenaa from the An- on the other hand, make Epaminondas to have fallen thesteria. (Græc. Fer., vol. 3, Op. col., 917 and by the hand of Gryllus, son of Xenophon. (Compare 918.) Böckh also regards the Lenea as a distinct Pausan., 8, 11.-Id., 9, 15; and Wesseling, ad Diod. festival from the Anthesteria. (Vom Unterscheide der Sic., 15, 87.) Attischen Lenæen, &c., Jahrg., 1816, 1817, p. 47, ANTICYRA, I. a town of Thessaly, at the mouth of segg.) Both the latter opinions, however, are incorrect. the Sperchius. (Herodot, 7, 198.—Strabo, 428.) It (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 319, seqq.) was said to produce the genuine hellebore, so much ANTHEUS, I. a son of Antenor.-II. One of the com- recommended by ancient physicians as a cure for inpanions of Eneas. (Virg., En., 1, 514.)-III. A sanity. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Avтíкupa.)-II. A town statuary mentioned by Pliny (34, 8) as having flour-of Phocis, on the isthmus of a small peninsula in the ished in Olymp. 155, and as approved among the ar- Sinus Corinthiacus. It was celebrated, in common tists of his own time. In some editions of Pliny the with the one already mentioned, for its hellebore name is written Antæus. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)|(Scylax, p. 14.-Theophr., 9, 10.-Strabo, 418.) ANTHIUM, a town of Thrace, afterward called Apol- Pausanias affirms (10, 36) that the inhabitants of Anlonia. The name was subsequently changed to Sozop- ticyra were driven from their town by Philip, the son olis, and is now pronounced Sizeboli. (Plin., 4, 11.) of Amyntas, on the termination of the Sacred War. ANTHORES, a companion of Hercules, who followed At a later period it was besieged and taken by LæviEvander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the nus, the Roman prætor, who delivered it up to the war of Turnus against Æneas. (Virg., Æn., 10, 778.) Etolians. (Liv., 26, 26.) And subsequently, in the ANTHROPOPHAGI, a people of Scythia that fed on hu- Macedonian war, it was occupied by Titus Q. Flamman flesh. Herodotus (4, 106) calls them the An- ininus, on account of the facilities which its harbour drophagi, and states that they lived in a more savage presented for the operations of the Roman fleet in the manner than any other nation, having no public distri- Corinthian Gulf. (Liv., 32, 18.-Pausan., 10, 36.— bution of justice nor established laws. He informs Polyb., 18, 28.-Id., 27, 14.) The site of Anticyra us also that they applied themselves to the breeding corresponds, as is generally believed, with that of Asof cattle, clothed themselves like the Scythians, and propiti, in a bay of some extent, parallel to that of Saspoke a peculiar language. Rennell thinks that they lona. "Here is a good port," says Sir W. Gell (Itin., must have occupied Polish Russia, and both banks of p. 174)," and some remains of antiquity." Chandthe river Prypetz, the western head of the Borysthe-ler remarks, that "the site is now called Asprospitia, nes. (Rennell, Geogr. of Herod., p. 86, 4to ed.) or the white houses; and some traces of the buildings, ANTHYLLA, a city of Egypt about west from the from which it was so named, remain. The port is Canopic branch of the Nile, and northwest from Nau-land-locked, and frequented by vessels for corn." cratis. It is supposed by Larcher to have been the (Travels, vol. 2, p. 301.)-The ancients had a provsame with Gynæcopolis. (Compare Mannert, Geogr., erb, Naviget Anticyram, applied to a person that was vol. 10, p. 596.) According to Herodotus, it furnish- regarded as insane, and alluding to the hellebore proed sandals to the wife of the Persian satrap, who was duced at either Anticyra. (Compare Erasmus, Chil., viceroy, for the time being, over Egypt. This was in 1, cent. 8, 52.-Naviget Anticyras, IIλevoelev eis imitation of the royal custom at home, in the case of 'AVTIKúpaç) Horace has been supposed by some to the queens of Persia. (Herod., 2, 98.-Consult Bähr, allude to three places of this name, but this is a misad loc.) Athenæus says it supplied girdles (1, p. 33. take; the poet merely speaks of a head so insane as -Compare Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 209.) not to be cured by the produce of three Anticyras, if there even were three, and not merely two. (Ep., ad Pis., 300.)

ANTIA LEX, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known, but it could not be enforced. The enactor was Antius Resto, who afterward never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy, but without effect. (Maстов., 3, 17.)

ANTIAS, a name given to the goddess Fortune, from her splendid temple at Antium, where she was particularly worshipped. (Vid. Antium.)

ANTICLEA, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. She was the mother of Ulysses, but not, it is said, by Laertes. This individual was only the reputed father of the chieftain of Ithaca, and the actual paternity belonged to Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her son's death. (Homer, Od., 11, 19.-Hygin., fab., 201, 243. -Pausan., 10, 29.)

ANTICLIDES, a Greek historian, a native of Athens, whose works are lost. (Consult Athenæus, ed. Schw. -Ind. Auct., s. v., vol. 9.)

ANTICRAGUS, a detached chain of the ridge of Mount Cragus in Lycia, running in a northeast direction along the coast of the Sinus Glaucus. It is now called Soumbourlou. Captain Beaufort estimates the height at not less than 6000 feet. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 245.)

ANTICRATES, a Spartan, who, according to Plutarch, stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Mantinea. Great honours and rewards were decreed to him by the Spartans, and an exemption

ANTIDOTUS, a Greek painter, a pupil of Euphranor. He flourished about 364 B.C. His colouring was severe, and his productions were remarkable for their careful execution rather than their number. His principal pieces were a Wrestler and a Flute-player. He was the instructer of Nicias of Athens. (Plin., H. N., 35, 11.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 2, p. 249.)

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ANTIGENES, one of Alexander's generals, publicly rewarded for his valour. (Quint. Curt., 5, 14.)

ANTIGENIDAS, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He introduced certain innovations in the construction of the flute, and in the art of playing upon it. (Cic., Brut., 97.)

ANTIGONE, a daughter of Edipus, king of Thebes, by his mother Jocasta. After the death of Edipus and his sons Eteocles and Polynices, Antigone repaired to Thebes, in order to effect the sepulture of her brother Polynices. Creon, monarch of Thebes, her maternal uncle, had forbidden the interment of the young prince under the penalty of death, on account of the war which the latter had waged against his own country. Antigone, however, disregarding all personal considerations, succeeded in sprinkling dust three times on her brother's remains, which was equivalent to sepulture, but was sebsequently seized by the guards who had been placed to watch the corpse and prevent its interment. For this she was immured alive in a tomb, where she hung herself. Hæmon, the son of Creon, to whom she had been betrothed,

his father, after the capture of Jerusalem by Pompey. When Casar became dictator, Antigonus endeavoured, but in vain, to get himself re-established in his hereditary dominions, and at last was compelled to apply to Pacorus, king of the Parthians. Pacorus, on the promise of 1000 talents, marched into Judæa at the head of a large army, and replaced Antigonus on the throne; but Marc Antony, at the solicitation of Herod, sent Gabinius against him, who took Jerusalem, and

effected an entrance and killed himself by her corpse, | metrius, and usurped the kingdom. He was called and his mother Eurydice likewise put an end to her Doson (dwowv, "about to give," i. e., always promis existence. This sad story forms the basis of one of ing), from his promising much and giving nothing. the tragedies of Sophocles. (Vid. Sophocles.) He conquered Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and obliANTIGONEA, I. a city of Epirus, southwest of Apol-ged him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the lonia. (Plin., 4, 1.)-II. One of Macedonia, in the Etolians against the Greeks. He died B.C. 222, district of Mygdonia, founded by Antigonus, son of after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the Gonatas. (Id., 4, 10.)-III. One in Syria, on the lawful possessor, Philip, who became conspicuous by borders of the Orontes, built by Antigonus, and in-his cruelties and the war he made against the Romans. tended as the residence of the governors of Egypt (Justin, 28 et 29.-Plut., Vit. Cleom.)-IV. Son of and Syria, but destroyed by him when Seleucia was Echecrates, and nephew of Philip, the father of Perbuilt, and the inhabitants removed to the latter city.- seus. He was the only one of the Macedonian noIV. Another in Asia Minor. (Vid. Alexandrea, IX.) bles who remained faithful when Perseus conspired ANTIGONUS, I. a general of Alexander's, and one of against his parents; and to him, moreover, Philip those who played the most important part after the owed the discovery of the plot. Charmed with his death of that monarch. In the division of the provin- virtuous and upright character, the monarch intended ces after the king's death, he received Pamphylia, Ly- to make him his successor, but the death of Philip precia, and Phrygia. Two years after the decease of Al-vented this being done. Perseus succeeded his father, exander, he united with Antipater and Ptolemy against and, a few days after, put Antigonus to death, B.C. Perdiccas, who aimed at the supremacy. Perdiccas 179. (Liv., 40, 54, &c.)-V. Son of Aristobulus II., having died this same year (B. C. 322), and Antipater king of Judæ, was conducted to Rome along with being placed at the head of the government, Antigonus was named commander of all the forces of the empire, and marched against Eumenes. After various conflicts, during a war of three years, he succeeded in getting Eumenes into his power by treachery, and starved him to death. Become now all powerful by the death of this formidable rival, he ruled as king, but without assuming the title, over all Asia Minor and Syria; but his conduct eventually excited against him a formidable league, in which Seleucus, Ptolemy, Ly-put Antigonus to an ignominious death. He reigned simachus, and Cassander arrayed themselves against 3 years and 3 months. (Justin, 20, 29, &c.)—VI. Antigonus, and the celebrated Demetrius, his son. Carystius, an historian in the age of Ptolemy PhilaAfter varied success, the confederates made a treaty delphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient with him, and surrendered to him the possession of philosophers: also a heroic poem, entitled "Antithe whole of Asia, upon condition that the Grecian pater," mentioned by Athenæus; and other works. cities should remain free. This treaty was soon The only remains we have of them are his "Collecbroken, and Ptolemy made a descent into Lesser Asia tions of wonderful Stories" concerning animals and and on some of the Greek isles, which was at first suc- other natural bodies. This work was first published cessful, but he was defeated in a seafight by Deme- at Basle, 1568, and was afterward reprinted at Leytrius, the son of Antigonus, who took the island of Cy-den by Meursius, 1619, in 4to. It forms a part also prus, made 16,000 prisoners, and sunk 200 of his ships. After this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander's death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander's generals. From this period, B.C. 306, his own reign in Asia, that of Ptolemy in Egypt, and those of the other captains of Alexander in their respective territories, properly commence. Antigonus now formed the design of driving Ptolemy from Egypt, but failed. His power soon became so formidable that a new confederacy was formed against him by Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. The contending parties met in the plain of Ipsus in Phrygia, B.C. 301. Antigonus was defeated, and died of his wounds; and his son Demetrius fled from the field. Antigonus was 84 years old when he died. (Vid. Demetrius. - Pausan., 1, 6, &c.Justin, 13, 14, et 15.-C. Nep., Vit. Eumen.-Plut., Vit. Demetr.-Eumen. et Arat.)-II. Gonatas, so called from Gonni in Thessaly, the place of his birth, was the son of Demetrius, and grandson of Antigonus. He made himself master of Macedonia B.C. 277, and assumed the title of king. In the course of his reign, he defeated, with great slaughter, the Gauls, who had made an irruption into his kingdom. Having refused succours to Pyrrhus of Epirus, he was driven from his throne by that warlike monarch. He afterward recovered a great part of Macedonia, and followed Pyrrhus to the neighbourhood of Argos. In a conflict that ensued there, Pyrrhus was slain. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered the remainder of Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son, Demetrius the Second, to succeed, B.C. 243. (Justin, 21 et 25.)—III. The guardian of his nephew, Philip, the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of De

of the volume entitled Historiarum Mirabilium Auctores Græci, printed at Leyden in 1622, in 4to.

ANTILIBANUS, a ridge of mountains in Syria, east of, and running parallel with, the ridge of Libanus. (Vid. Libanus. - Plin., 5, 20.)

ANTILOCHUS, I. the eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed by Memnon, the son of Aurora, according to Homer (Od., 4, 187), who is followed by Pindar (Pyth., 6, 28), and by Hyginus (fab., 113). Ovid, on the contrary, makes him to have been slain by Hector (Her., 1, 15). We must therefore alter the text of the latter, and for Antilochum read either Anchialum with Muncker (from Hom., Il., 18, 185), or Amphimachum with Scoppa (from Dares Phrygius, c. 20).-II. A poet, who wrote some verses in praise of Lysander, and received a cap full of silver in return. (Plut., Vit. Lysandr., c. 18.)

ANTIMACHUS, I. a poet of Colophon, and pupil of Panyasis. He was the contemporary of Chorilus, and flourished between 460 and 431 B.C. With Antimachus would have commenced a new era in the history of epic verse, if that department of poetry had been capable of resuming its former lustre. In common with Chorilus, he perceived that the period of the Homeric epic had irrevocably passed; but in place of substituting the historic epic, as the former did, he returned to mythological subjects; merely treating them, however, in a manner more in accordance with the taste of the day. The success which he obtained, and the admiration which was subsequently testified for his productions by the Alexandrean school, prove that he was not mistaken in the judgment he had formed of the spirit of the age, and that he augured well respecting the opinion of posterity. The Alexandrean

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