use of the well-known expressions, “Veni, vidi, vici." | cipline in his own life. The Stoic sect, in fact, was a -The modern village of Z or Ziel occupies the site of the ancient city. (Plin., 63.-Hirtius, B. A., 72.)

His con

branch of the Cynic, and, as far as respected morals, differed from it more in words than in reality. Its founder, while he avoided the singularities of the CynZENO, I. the founder of the sect of the Stoics, born ics, retained the spirit of their moral doctrine: at the at Citium, in the island of Cyprus. His father was by same time, from a diligent comparison of the tenets profession a merchant, but, discovering in his son a of other masters, he framed a new system of speculastrong propensity towards learning, he early devoted tive philosophy. It is not at all surprising, therefore, him to the study of philosophy. In his mercantile ca- that he obtained the applause and affection of numerpacity, the former had frequent occasions to visit Ath-ous followers, and even enjoyed the favour of the ens, where he purchased for the young Zeno several of great. Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedon, while the writings of the most eminent Socratic philosophers. he was resident at Athens, attended his lectures, and, These he read with great avidity; and, when he was upon his return, earnestly invited him to his court. about thirty years of age, he determined to take a voy- He possessed so large a share of esteem among the age to a city which was so celebrated both as a mart Athenians, that, on account of his approved integrity, of trade and of science. Whether this voyage was in they deposited the keys of their citadel in his hands. part mercantile, or wholly undertaken for the sake of They also honoured him with a golden crown, and a conversing with those philosophers whose writings statue of brass. Among his countrymen, the inhabZeno had long admired, is uncertain. If it be true, itants of Cyprus, and with the Sidonians, from whom as some writers relate, that he brought with him a val- his family was derived, he was likewise highly esteemuable cargo of Phoenician purple, which was lost by ed. In his person Zeno was tall and slender; his shipwreck upon the coast of Attica, this circumstance aspect was severe, and his brow contracted. will account for the facility with which he at first at- stitution was feeble, but he preserved his health by tached himself to a sect whose leading principle was great abstemiousness. The supplies of his table concontempt of riches. Upon his first arrival in Athens, sisted of figs, bread, and honey; notwithstanding going accidentally into the shop of a bookseller, he took which, he was frequently honoured with the company up a volume of the commentaries of Xenophon, and, of great men. He paid more attention to neatness after reading a few passages, was so much delighted and decorum in his personal appearance than the Cynwith the work, and formed so high an idea of its author, ic philosophers. In his dress, indeed, he was plain, that he asked the bookseller where he might meet with and in his expenses frugal; but this is not to be imsuch men. Crates, the Cynic philosopher, happening puted to avarice, but to a contempt of external magat that instant to be passing by, the bookseller pointed nificence. He showed as much respect to the poor to him, and said, "Follow that man." Zeno soon as to the rich, and conversed freely with persons of found an opportunity of attending upon the instruc- the meanest occupations. He had only one servant, tions of Crates, and was so well pleased with his doc- or, according to Seneca, none. Although Zeno's sotrine that he became one of his disciples. But, though briety and continence were even proverbial, he was he highly admired the general principles and spirit of not without enemies. Among his contemporaries, sevthe Cynic school, he could not easily reconcile him-eral philosophers of great ability and eloquence emself to their peculiar manners. Besides, his inquisi-ployed their talents against him. Arcesilaus and Cartive turn of mind would not allow him to adopt that neades, the founders of the Middle Academy, were his indifference to every scientific inquiry which was one professed opponents. Towards the close of his life of the characteristic distinctions of the sect. He there- he found another powerful antagonist in Epicurus, fore attended upon other masters, who professed to whose temper and doctrines were alike inimical to the instruct their disciples in the nature and causes of severe gravity and philosophical pride of the Stoic things. When Crates, displeased at his following sect. Hence mutual invectives passed between the other philosophers, attempted to drag him by force Stoics and other sects, to which little credit is due. out of the school of Stilpo, Zeno said to him, " You (Vid. remarks under the article Epicurus.) Zeno may seize my body, but Stilpo has laid hold of my lived to the extreme age of 98, and at last, in consemind." After continuing to attend upon the lectures quence of an accident, put an end to his life. As he of Stilpo for several years, he passed over to other was walking out of his school, he fell down, and in schools, particularly those of Xenocrates and Diodo- the fall broke one of his fingers. He was so affected, rus Chronus. By the latter he was instructed in dia- upon this, with a consciousness of infirmity, that, lectics. At last, after attending almost every other striking the earth, he exclaimed, 'Epxouai, тí μ'àvεis; master, he offered himself as a disciple of Polemo."I am coming, why callest thou me?" and immediThis philosopher appears to have been aware that Ze- ately went home and strangled himself. He died B.C. no's intention in thus removing from one school to 264. The Athenians, at the request of Antigonus, another was to collect materials from various quarters erected a monument to his memory in the Ceramicus. for a new system of his own; for, when he came into From the particulars that have been related concernPolemo's school, the latter said to him, "I am no ing Zeno, it will not be difficult to perceive what kind stranger to your Phoenician arts, Zeno; I perceive of influence his circumstances and character must that your design is to creep slyly into my garden and have had upon his philosophical system. If his docsteal away my fruit." Polemo was not mistaken in trines be diligently compared with the history of his his opinion. Having made himself master of the ten- life, it will appear that, having attended upon manj ets of others, Zeno determined to become the found-eminent preceptors, and been intimately conversant er of a new sect. The place which he made choice with their opinions, he compiled out of their various of for his school was called the Pacile (Пoikian Eroά), tenets a heterogeneous system, on the credit of which or Painted Porch; a public portico, so called from the pictures of Polygnotus, and other eminent masters, with which it was adorned. This portico, being the most famous in Athens, was called, by way of distinction, roá, the Porch. It was from this circumstance that the followers of Zeno were called Stoics, i. e., the men of the Porch. Zeno excelled in that kind of subtle reasoning which was then popular. At the same time, he taught a strict system of moral doctrine, and exhibited a pleasing picture of moral dis

he assumed to himself the title of a founder of a new sect. When he resolved, for the sake of establishing a new school, to desert the philosophy of Pythagoras and Plato, in which he had been perfectly instructed by Xenocrates and Polemo, it became necessary either to invent opinions entirely new, or to give an air of novelty to old systems by the introduction of new terms and definitions. Of these two undertakings, Zeno prudently made choice of the easier. Cicero says concerning him, that he had little reason for de

Divinity, it was their fundamental doctrine in ethics, that, in human life, one ultimate end ought for its own sake to be pursued; and that this end is to live agreeably to nature, that is, to be conformed to the law of fate by which the world is governed, and to the reason of that divine and celestial fire which animates all things. Since man is himself a microcosm, composed, like the world, of matter and a rational principle, it becomes him to live as part of the great whole, and to accommodate all his desires and pursuits to the general arrangement of nature. Thus, to live according to nature, as the Stoics teach, is virtue, and virtue is itself happiness; for the supreme good is to live according to a just conception of the real nature of things, choosing that which is itself eligible, and rejecting the contrary. Every man, having within him

serting his masters, especially those of the Platonic | school, and that he was not so much an inventor of new opinions as of new terms. That this was the real character of the Porch will fully appear from an attentive perusal of the clear and accurate comparison which Cicero has drawn between the doctrines of the Old Academy and those of the Stoics, in his Academic Questions. As to the moral doctrine of the Cynic sect, to which Zeno adhered to the last, there can be no doubt that he transferred it almost without alloy into his own school. In morals, the principal difference between the Cynics and the Stoics was, that the former disdained the cultivation of nature, the latter affected to rise above it. On the subject of physics, Zeno received his doctrine from Pythagoras and Heraclitus through the channel of the Platonic school, as will fully appear from a careful compar-self a capacity of discerning and following the law of ison of their respective systems. The moral part of nature, has his happiness in his own power, and is a the Stoical philosophy partook of the defects of its divinity to himself. Wisdom consists in distinguishorigin. It may as justly be objected against the Sto- ing good from evil. Good is that which produces hapics as the Cynics, that they assumed an artificial se- piness according to the nature of a rational being. verity of manners and a tone of virtue above the Since those things only are truly good which are becondition of man. Their doctrine of moral wisdom coming and virtuous, and virtue, which is seated in was an ostentatious display of words, in which lit- the mind, is alone sufficient for happiness, external tle regard was paid to nature and reason. It professed things contribute nothing towards happiness, and, to raise human nature to a degree of perfection before therefore, are not in themselves good. The wise man unknown; but its real effect was merely to amuse the will only value riches, honour, beauty, and other exear and captivate the fancy with fictions that can never ternal enjoyments as means and instruments of virbe realized. The Stoical doctrine concerning nature tue; for, in every condition, he is happy in the posis as follows: according to Zeno and his followers, session of a mind accommodated to nature. Pain, there existed from eternity a dark and confused chaos, which does not belong to the mind, is no evil. The in which were contained the first principles of all fu- wise man will be happy in the midst of torture. All ture beings. This chaos being at length arranged, external things are indifferent, since they cannot afand emerging into variable forms, became the world fect the happiness of man. Every virtue being a as it now subsists. The world, or nature, is that conformity to nature, and every vice a deviation from whole which comprehends all things, and of which all it, all virtues and vices are equal. One act of benefithings are parts and members. The universe, though cence or justice is not more truly so than another; one one whole, contains two principles, distinct from ele- fraud is not more a fraud than another; therefore ments, one passive and the other active. The passive there is no difference in the essential nature of moral principle is pure matter without qualities; the active actions, except that some are vicious and others virtuprinciple is reason, or God. This is the fundamental ous. This is the doctrine which Horace ridicules in doctrine of the Stoics concerning nature. If the doc- the 4th satire, 1st book. The Stoics advanced many trine of Plato, which derives the human mind from the extravagant assertions concerning their wise man; for soul of the world, has a tendency towards enthusiasm, example, that he feels neither pain nor pleasure; that much more must this be the case with the Stoical doc- he exercises no pity; that he is free from faults; that trine, which supposes that all human souls have im- he is divine; that he does all things well; that he mediately proceeded from, and will at last return into, alone is great, noble, ingenuous; that he is a prophet, the divine nature. As regards a divine providence, if a priest, a king, and the like. These paradoxical vauntwe compare the popular language of the Stoics upon ings are humorously ridiculed by Horace. In order to this head with their general system, and explain the understand all this, we must bear in mind that the Stoformer with the fundamental principles of the latter, ics did not suppose such a man actually to exist, but we shall find that the agency of deity is, according to that they framed in their imagination an image of them, nothing more than the active motion of a celes- perfection, towards which every man should continutial ether, or fire, possessed of intelligence, which at ally aspire. All the extravagant notions which are to first gave form to the shapeless mass of gross matter, be found in their writings on this subject may be reand being always essentially united to the visible world, ferred to their general principle of the entire sufficiency by the same necessary agency, preserves its order and of virtue to happiness, and the consequent indifferharmony. Providence, in the Stoic creed, is only an- ence of all external circumstances. The sum of other name for absolute necessity, or fate, to which man's duty, according to the Stoics, with respect to God and matter, or the universe, which consists of himself, is to subdue his passions of joy and sorrow, both, is immutably subject. The Stoic doctrine of hope and fear, and even pity. He who is, in this rethe resurrection of the body, upon which Seneca has spect, perfectly master of himself, is a wise man; written with so much elegance, must not be confound- and, in proportion as we approach a state of apathy, ed with the Christian doctrine; for, according to the we advance towards perfection. A wise man, moreStoics, men return to life, not by the voluntary ap- over, may justly and reasonably withdraw from life pointment of a wise and merciful God, but by the law whenever he finds it expedient; not only because life of fate; and are not renewed for the enjoyment of a and death are among those things which are in their nabetter and happier condition, but drawn back into their ture indifferent, but also because life may be less conformer state of imperfection and misery. Accordingly, sistent with virtue than death. Concerning the whole Seneca says, "This restoration many would reject, moral system of the Stoics, it must be remarked, that, were it not that their renovated life is accompanied although deserving of high encomium for the purity, with a total oblivion of past events." Upon the prin- extent, and variety of its doctrines, and although it ciples of physics depends the whole Stoic doctrine of must be confessed that, in many select passages of the morals. Conceiving God to be the principal part of Stoic writings, it appears exceedingly brilliant, it is nature, by whose energy all bodies are formed, moved, nevertheless founded in false notions of nature and of and arranged, and human reason to be a portion of the man, and is raised to a degree of refinement which is

extravagant and impracticable. The piety which it | an, and had compiled the Annals of Alexandrea and teaches is nothing more than a quiet submission to ir- the East. Her authority was acknowledged by a large resistible fate; the self-command which it enjoins an- portion of Asia Minor when Aurelian succeeded to the nihilates the best affections of the human heart; the empire. Envious of her power, and determined to indulgence which it grants to suicide is inconsistent, dispossess her of some of the rich provinces comprenot only with the general principles of piety, but even hended in her dominions, he marched at the head of a with that constancy which was the height of Stoical powerful army to Asia. Having defeated the queen's perfection; and even its moral doctrine of benevolence general near Antioch, he compelled her to retreat to is tinctured with the fanciful principle, which lay at the Emesa. Under the walls of this city another engagefoundation of the whole Stoical system, that every ment was fought, in which the emperor was again vicbeing is a portion of one great whole, from which it torious. The queen fled to Palmyra, determined to would be unnatural and impious to attempt a separa- support a siege. Aurelian followed her, and, on mation. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 315, king his approaches to the walls, found them mounted seqq.)-II. A philosopher, a native of Tarsus, or, ac-in every part with mural engines, which plied the becording to some, of Sidon, and the immediate succes- siegers with stones, darts, and missile fires. To the sor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. He does not summons for a surrender of the city and kingdom, on appear to have receded in any respect from the Stoic the condition of her life being spared, Zenobia replied tenets, except that he withheld his assent to the doc- in a proud and spirited letter, written in Greek by her trine of the final conflagration. (Diog. Laert., 7, 38. secretary, the celebrated Longinus. Her hopes of —Euseb., Præp. Ev., 15, 18.)-III. A philosopher of victory soon vanished; and, though she harassed the Elea, called the Eleatic, to distinguish him from Ze- Romans night and day by continual sallies from her no the Stoic. He flourished about 444 B.C. Zeno walls and the working of her military engines, she dewas a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated spaired of success when she heard that the armies for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants; which were marching to her relief from Armenia, Perbut the inconsistency of the stories related by different sia, and the East had either been intercepted or gainwriters concerning him in a great measure destroys ed over by the foe. She fled from Palmyra in the their credit. The invention of the dialectic art has night on her dromedaries, but was overtaken by the been improperly ascribed to him; but there can be no Roman horse while attempting to cross the Euphrates, doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical and was brought into the presence of Aurelian, and disputants in the Eleatic seat, employed much inge- tried before a tribunal at Emesa, Aurelian himself nuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of presiding. The soldiers were clamorous for her death; the logical arts which were afterward reduced to rule but she, in a manner unworthy of her former fame, by Aristotle and others. According to Aristotle, Ze- saved her own life by throwing the blame on her no of Elea taught that nothing can be produced either counsellors, especially on Longinus, who was, in confrom that which is similar or dissimilar; that there is sequence, put to death. Zenobia was carried to Rome, only one being, and that is God; that this being is to grace the emperor's triumph, and was led along in eternal, homogeneous, and spherical, neither finite nor chains of gold. She is said to have almost sunk beinfinite, neither quiescent nor moveable; that there neath the weight of jewels with which she was adornare many worlds; that there is in nature no vacuum, ed on that occasion. She was treated with great hu&c. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves manity, and Aurelian gave her large possessions near credit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and Tibur, where she was permitted to pass the remaindenied the real existence of external objects. (Sen-der of her days. Her two sons afterward married into eca, Ep., 58.- Enfield, Hist. Philos., vol. 1, p. 419, distinguished families at Rome. (Flav. Vopisc., Vit. seq.) Aurel.—Treb. Pollio, Trigint. Tyrann.—Vit. HeZENOBIA, a celebrated princess, wife of Odenatus, rennian.) and after his death queen of Palmyra. (Vid. Odenatus, and Palmyra.) With equal talents for jurisprudence and finance, thoroughly skilled in the arts and duties of government, and adapting severity and clemency with nice discernment to the exigency of the circumstances, her agile and elastic frame enabled her to direct and share the labours and enterprises of war. Disdaining the female litter, she was continually on horseback, and could even keep pace on foot with the march of her soldiery. History has preserved some reminiscences of her personal appearance, her dress, and her habits, which represent this apparent amazon as a woman of the most engaging beauty, gifted with the versatile graces of a court, and accomplished in literary endowments. In complexion a brunette, her ZEPHYRUS, one of the winds, son of Astræus and teeth were of a pearly whiteness, and her eyes black Aurora, the same as the Favonius of the Latins. He and sparkling; her mien was animated, and her voice had a son named Carpus (Kaprós, fruit) by one of clear and powerful. With a helmet on her head, and the Seasons. (Serv. ad Virg., Eclog., 5, 48.) Zephywearing a purple mantle fringed with gems and clasp-rus is described by Homer as a strong-blowing wind; ed with a buckle at the waist, so as to leave one of her arms bare to the shoulder, she presented herself at the council of war; and affecting, from the policy of her country, a regal pomp, she was worshipped with Persian prostration. Pure in her manners to the utmost refinement of delicacy, and temperate in her habits, she would nevertheless challenge in their cups her Persian and Armenian guests, and retire the victor without ebriety. Chiefly versed in the languages of Syria and Egypt, her modesty restrained her from conversing freely in Latin; but she had read the Roman history in Greek, was herself an elegant histori

ZENODORUS, a statuary, whose native country is uncertain. He exercised his art in Cisalpine Gaul, and also in Rome during the reign of Nero. Pliny speaks of a Mercury of his, and also of a colossal statue of Nero, afterward dedicated to the sun on the downfall of that emperor. (Thiersch, Epoch. 3, Adnot. 102. -Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

ZEPHYRIUM, I. a promontory of Magna Græcia, on the eastern coast of the lower extremity of Bruttium, whence the Locrians derived the appellation of Epizephyrii. It is now Capo di Bruzzano. (Strabo, 259.)-II. A promontory on the western coast of the island of Cyprus, and closing the Bay of Bafo to the west. (Strab., 683.)

but he was afterward regarded as gentle and softbreathing. In the days of Homer, the idea of darkness was also associated with the western regions of the world, and hence the wind Zephyrus derived its name from Cópos, “darkness," "gloom." In a succeeding age, when the west wind began to be regarded as genial in its influence both on man and all nature, the name was considered as synonymous with Cwnpópos, life-bearing. (Hesiod, Theog., 377.- Virgil, En., 1, 135.-Ovid, Met., 1, 64; 15, 700.-Propertius, 1, 16, 34, &c.)

ZETES, a son of Boreas, king of Thrace, and Oriti

ZETHUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother to Amphion. (Vid. Amphion.)

ZEUGIS OF ZEUGITANA, a district of Africa in which Carthage was situated. It extended from the river Tusca to the Hermæan promontory, and from the coast to the mountains that separated it from Byzacium. (Isid., Hist., 14, 5.-Plin., 5, 4.)

ZEUGMA, or the Bridge, the name of the principal passage of the river Euphrates, southwest of Edessa. An ancient fortress by which it was commanded is still called Roum-Cala, or the Roman Castle; to which may be added, that on the opposite shore there is a place called Zeugme. (Plin., 5, 24.—Curt., 3, 7.-Tacit., Ann., 12, 12.)

ZEUS, the name of Jupiter among the Greeks. (Vid. remarks under the article Jupiter.)

yia, who accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis along | beautiful maidens in the city, and, having selected five with his brother Calaïs. In Bithynia, the two broth- of the fairest, copied all that was most beautiful and ers, who are represented with wings, delivered Phin- perfect in the form of each, and thus completed his eus from the persecution of the Harpies, and drove Helen. Pliny, in his relation of the same circumthese monsters as far as the islands called Strophades. stance, omits to give the particular subject of the (Vid. Strophades, and Harpyiæ.-Apollod., 1, 9; 3, 15. painting, or the terms of the original contract, and -Hygin., fab., 14.-Ovid, Met., 8, 716.-Pausan., states that the whole occurred, not among the people 3, 16.) of Crotona, but those of Agrigentum, for whom, he says, the piece was executed, to fulfil a vow made by them to the goddess. This great artist, on several occasions, painted pictures for cities and states. He gave his Alcmena, representing Hercules strangling the serpents in his cradle, in the sight of his parents, to the Agrigentines, and a figure of Pan to his patron Archelaus of Macedon. The most celebrated of the pictures of Zeuxis, besides the Helen and the Alcmena, were, a Penelope, in which Pliny assures us that not only form, but character, was vividly expressed; a representation of Jupiter seated on his throne, with all the gods around doing him homage; a Marsyas bound to a tree, which was preserved at Rome; and a wrestler, beneath which was inscribed a verse, to the effect that it was easier to envy than to imitate its excellence. Lucian has left us an admirable description ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, in of another painting of his, representing the Centaurs, Magna Græcia, and who flourished about B.C. 400. in which he particularly applauds the delicacy of the (Plin., 35, 9, 36.-Ælian, V. H., 4, 12.-Hardouin, drawing, the harmony of the colouring, the softness of ad Plin., l. c.- -Sillig, Dict. Art., p. 130, not.) He the blending shades, and the excellence of the prostudied under either Demophilus or Neseas, artists re- portions. He left many draughts in a single colour specting whom nothing is known but that one of them on white. Pliny censures him for the too great size was his master. Soon, however, he far outstripped of the heads and joints, in comparison with the rest his instructer, as Apollodorus intimated in verses ex- of the figures. Aristotle complains that he was a pressive of his indignation that Zeuxis should have painter of forms rather than of manners, which seems moulded to his own use all previous inventions, and contrary to the eulogium passed by Pliny on the stolen the graces of the best masters; thus paying a representation of Penelope.-The story respecting high though involuntary compliment to his gifted rival. the contest between Zeuxis and Parrhasius has been Apollodorus having first practised chiaro-oscuro, could frequently related. It is said that the former paintnot endure that his glory should be eclipsed by a ed a cluster of grapes with such perfect skill that younger artist, who availed himself of his improve- the birds came and pecked at them. Elated with so ments to rise to a higher degree of excellence. Zeux- unequivocal a testimony of his excellence, he called is seems to have rapidly risen to the highest distinc- to his rival to draw back the curtain, which he suption in Greece, and acquired by the exercise of his posed concealed his work, anticipating a certain triart, not only renown, but riches. Of the latter ad- umph. Now, however, he found himself entrapped, vantage he was more vain than became a man of ex- for what he took for a curtain was only a painting of alted genius. He appeared at the Olympic games one by Parrhasius; upon which he ingenuously conattired in a mantle on which his name was embroidered fessed himself defeated, since he had only deceived in letters of gold, a piece of most absurd display in birds, but his antagonist had beguiled the senses of an one whose name was deeply impressed on the hearts experienced artist. Another story is related of a simiand imaginations of those by whom he was surrounded. iar kind, in which he overcame himself, or, rather, one He does not, however, seem to have been chargeable part of his work was shown to have excelled at the exwith avarice; or, at least, this passion, if it existed, pense of the other. He painted a boy with a basket of was subservient to his pride; for, when he had attained grapes, to which the birds as before resorted; on which the height of his fame, he refused any longer to re- he acknowledged that the boy could not be well painted, ceive money for his pictures, but made presents of since, had the similitude been in both cases equal, the them, because he regarded them as above all pecuni- birds would have been deterred from approaching. ary value. In the earlier part of his career he was From these stories, if they may be credited, it would accustomed, however, to exhibit his productions for appear that Zeuxis excelled more in depicting fruit than money, especially his most celebrated painting of Hel- in painting the human form. If this were the case, it is en. The truth seems to have been, that the ruling pas- strange that all his greater efforts, of which any acsion of Zeuxis was the love of pomp, an ever-restless counts have reached us, were portraits, or groups of vanity, a constant desire and craving after every kind men or deities. The readiness which Zeuxis has, in of distinction.-Very little is known respecting the these instances, been represented as manifesting to acevents of the life of this celebrated painter. He was knowledge his weakness, is scarcely consistent with the not only successful in securing wealth and the applause usual tenour of his spirit. At all events, the victory of the multitude, but was honoured with the friend- of Parrhasius proved very little respecting the merit of ship of Archelaus, king of Macedon. For the palace the two artists. The man who could represent a curof this monarch he executed numerous pictures. Ci- tain to perfection would not necessarily be the greatcero informs us, that the inhabitants of Crotona pre-est painter in Greece. Even were exactness of imivailed on Zeuxis to come to their city, and to paint tation the sole excellence in the picture, regard must there a number of pieces, which were intended to be had to the cast of the objects imitated, in reference adorn the temple of Juno, for which he was to receive to the skill of the artists by whom they were chosen. a large and stipulated sum. On his arrival, he in--Zeuxis is said to have taken a long time to finish his formed them that he intended only to paint the picture of Helen, with which they were satisfied, because he was regarded as peculiarly excellent in the delineation He accordingly desired to see the most

of women.

chief productions, observing, when reproached for his slowness, that he was painting for eternity.-Festus relates that Zeuxis died with laughter at the picture of an old woman which he himself had painted. So

extraordinary a circumstance, however, would surely | by Tittman, in 1808, at the Leipzig press, along with rave been alluded to by some other writer, had it been the Lexicon of Photius, in 3 vols. 4to, the first two true. There seems good reason, therefore, to believe volumes being devoted to the Lexicon of Zonaras. it fictitious. (Encyclop. Metropol., div. 2, vol. 1, p. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 288.) 405, seqq.)