later day. (Compare Buttmann, Die Minya der ältesten Zeit.— Mytholog., vol. 2, p. 208, seqq.) The opinion of Valckenaer, however, is undoubtedly the true one.

TROS, son of Erichthonius and grandson of Dardanus. He married Callirhoë, daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. He gave the name of Troja to the adjacent country. (Apollod., 3, 12, 2.—Vid. Troja.)

lowed up by the earth. (Pausan., l. c.) According Orchom., p. 198: 150, seqq., 243. — Strabo, 421.— to Pindar, when they had finished the temple of Del- Liv., 45, 27.)-The same trick related above in the phi, they asked a reward of the god. He promised to case of Hyrieus, is said to have been played off on give it on the seventh day, desiring them, meanwhile, Augeas, king of Elis, by Trophonius, the stepson of to live cheerful and happy. On the seventh day they Agamedes, the Arcadian architect. (Charax, ap. died in their sleep. (Pind., ap. Plut., de Cons.-Op., Schol. ad Aristoph., Nub., 509.) It also formed an vol. 7, p. 335, ed. Hutten.) There was a celebrated episode in the Telegonia; and there is likewise a very oracle of Trophonius at Lebadea in Boeotia. During strong similarity between it and the legend related by a great drought, the Boeotians were, it is said, directed Herodotus of the Egyptian king Rhampsinitus (2, 121). by the god at Delphi to seek aid of Trophonius in Leb- Valckenaer thinks that the story was of Egyptian origin, adea. They came thither, but could find no oracle; and that some Greek transferred it from the pages of one of them, however, happening to see a swarm of Herodotus to Trophonius and Agamedes. (Valck. ad bees, they followed them to a chasm in the earth, which Herod., l. c.) Ilgen adopts the same opinion (ad Hom., proved to be the place sought. (Pausan., 9, 40.) Hymn., p. 304). Bahr also coincides in this view of The writer just quoted gives a detailed account of the the subject, and refers the legend at once to early mode of consulting this oracle, from his own personal agriculture. (Bähr, Excurs., 7, ad Herod., l. c., vol. observation (9, 39). After going through certain cere- 1, p. 912.) On the other hand, Müller (Orchom., p. monies, the individual who sought to inquire into fu- 97) considers the fable as of Grecian origin, and makes turity was conducted to a chasm in the earth resem-it to have been borrowed by the priests of Egypt at a bling an oven, and a ladder was furnished him by which to descend. After reaching the bottom of the chasm, he lay down on the ground in a certain posture, and was immediately drawn within a cavern, as if hurried away by the vortex of a most rapid river. Then he obtained the knowledge of which he was in quest. In some cases this was given to the applicants through the medium of the sight; at others through the hearing; but all returned through the same opening, and walked backward as they returned. It is a coinmon TROSSULUM, a town of Etruria, to the west of Fenotion, which we meet with in many modern works, rentinum, some remains of which have been discovered that a visiter to the cave of Trophonius never smiled at a place which bears the name of Trosso. Pliny after his return. The language of Pausanias, however, tells us that this town, having been taken by cavalry expressly disproves this; for he observes that after-alone, the Roman horse or equites, obtained, from that ward the person recovers the use of his reason, and circumstance, the name of Trossuli. (Plin., 33, 2.— laughs just the same as before (vσтερov μévтol Tú Tε Compare Festus, s. v. Trossuli.) ἄλλα οὐδέν τι φρονήσει μεῖον ἢ πρότερον, καὶ γέλως knávɛloív oi). It is probable that the gloom, the mephitic vapours, and perhaps some violence from the priests, which the applicant encountered in his descent, might seriously affect his constitution, and render him melancholy; and thus Aristophanes strongly expresses terror by an observation in the Clouds (v. 507), which became proverbial, de dédoik' ¿yù "Elow Kaтabaivwv womeρ ¿ç Tpopwviov. One man, indeed, is noticed by Athenæus (14, p. 614, a), who did not recover his power of smiling until assisted by another oracle. Parmeniscus of Metapontum, finding himself thus wofully dispirited, went to Delphi for a remedy, and Apollo answered that he would find a cure if he resorted to his (Apollo's) mother. The hypochondriac interpreted this response as relating to his own native country; but, on being disappointed in his hope there, he sought relief in travelling. Touching by accident at Delos, he entered a temple of Latona; and, unexpectedly casting his eyes upon a statue of that goddess (Apollo's mother) most grotesquely sculptured, he burst into an involuntary fit of laughter. Of other recorded descents into the cave of Trophonius, that of Timarchus, described by Plutarch (De Socratis Genio.Op., vol. 8, p. 332, ed. Reiske), is dismissed by the writer himself as a mere fable (ó év Tiμáрxov μvboç OUTOS). That of Apollonius of Tyana (Philostrat., Vit. Apollon., 4, 8) was an irruption, not a legitimate visit. The impostor appears to have bullied the priests, and to have done exactly according to his pleasure both above and below ground. (Encycl. Metropol., pt. 35, p. 664.)-Trophonius was named Zeus-Trophonius, that is, the Nourishing or Sustaining Zeus or Jupiter (from Tpeow, "to nourish"). He is probably a deity of the Pelasgian times, a giver of food from the bosom of the earth, and hence worshipped in a cavern. Ag-him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia. amedes (the Thoughtful or Provident) is, perhaps, only another title of the same being; and as corn was preserved in under-ground treasuries or granaries, the brothers may in one sense have been the builders, in another the plunderers of these receptacles. (Muller,

TRYPHIODORUS, a Greek poet supposed to have flourished about the fifth century of our era. He was a native of Egypt, but of his history nothing is known. Tryphiodorus wrote a poem under the title of Marathoniaca (Mapabwviaká), another styled ka' 'IññodáMetav; a Lipogrammatic Odyssey; and a poem on the destruction of Troy, styled 'laíov ühwoiç. The last is the only one of his productions which has reached us. It is in 681 verses, and appears rather to be the argument of some larger poem, which the poet had perhaps intended at one time to write. The Lipogrammatic Odyssey had this name given to it from a peculiar piece of affectation by which it was marked. The poet, according to some, interdicted himself, in each of his twenty-four books, the use of a particular letter of the alphabet. Eustathius, however, states that the letter Σ was banished from the entire poem. The best edition of the poem on the destruction of Troy is perhaps that of Wernicke, Lips., 1819, 8vo. The edition of Northmore is also a good one, Cantab., 1791, 8vo, and Lond., 1804, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 112.)

TRYPHO, a grammarian of Alexandrea in the age of Augustus. We have some works of his remaining, one entitled Hán ésewv, and another Hepi Трónov. The best edition of these two is given in the Museum Criticum (vol. 1, p. 32, seqq.).

TUBERO, Q. ELIUS, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his integrity. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they cultivated with their own hands. The first piece of silver plate that entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law presented to

TUBURBO, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor. The first was situate directly to the south of Tunis, and appears to be now Tubernok; the latter was southwest of Carthage, on the Bagradas, and is said to retain the ancient name. (Plin., 5, 4.)

when a dungeon, was through the arched roof; now, however, there is a door in the side wall. "Notwithstanding the change," observes Eustace, "it has still a most appalling appearance." (Class. Tour, vol. 1, p. 365, Lond. ed.)

TUCCA, PLAUTIUS, a friend of Horace and Virgil. I posed to have been confined there. Its only entrance, He and Varius were ordered by Augustus to revise the Æneid after Virgil's death. (Vid. Virgilius.) TUDER, a town of Umbria, northwest of Spoletium, and near the Tiber. It was originally one of the most important cities of Umbria, and famous for its worship of Mars. Its situation on a lofty hill rendered it a place of great strength. It is now Todi. (Sil. Ital., 4, 222.-Id., 464. — Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 273.)

TULINGI, a people of Gaul, reckoned among the Helvetii by some, but more correctly their neighbours, and of Germanic origin. (Cæs., B. G., 1, 5.) The modern Stuhlingen is thought to preserve traces of their name. (Oberlin. ad Cæs., l. c.)

TULLUS HOSTILIUS, the third king of Rome, and successor of Numa. An interregnum followed the death of the last-mentioned monarch. At length Tullus Hostilius, a man of Latin extraction, was chosen by the curiae; and his election having been sanctioned by the auspices, he, like his predecessor, submitted to the comitia curiata the laws which conferred upon him full regal power. The new king was more desirous of military renown than of the less dazzling fame TULLIA, I. a daughter of Servius Tullius, king of which may be gained by cultivating the arts of peace. Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud after she had An opportunity was soon offered for indulging his warmade away with her first husband, Aruns Tarquinius. like disposition. Plundering incursions had been made (Vid. Servius Tullius.)-II. A daughter of Cicero by into each other's territories by the borderers of the Terentia. She was three times married. Her first two states of Rome and Alba. Both nations sent husband, Caius Piso, died a short time before Cicero's ambassadors at the same time to demand redress. return from exile. At the end of about a year, she The Roman ambassadors had private orders from Tulwas married to a second husband, Furius Crassipes, lus to be peremptory in their demands, and to limit who appears to have been a patrician of rank and dig their stay within the stated period of thirty days. nity. She was afterward divorced from this second They did so, and, receiving no immediate satisfaction, husband, and united to P. Cornelius Dolabella. The returned to Rome. In the mean time, Tullus amused life and character, however, of this last-mentioned in- the Alban embassy by shows and banquets, till, when dividual proved so contrary to the manners and tem- they opened their commission, he had it in his power per both of Cicero and his daughter, that a divorce to answer that they had already in vain sought redress ensued in this case also. Cicero entertained the deep-from Alba, and that now they must prepare for the est affection for this his favourite child, and her death, events of a war, the blame of originating which was at the age of 32, proved to him a source of the bitter-chargeable upon them. Under the command of Cluest sorrow. (Vid. remarks under the article Cicero, page 345, column_2.)-Cœlius Rhodiginus tells us, that in the time of Sixtus IV. there was found near Rome, on the Appian Way, over against the tomb of Cicero, the body of a woman whose hair was dressed up in network of gold, and which, from the inscription, was thought to be the body of Tullia. It was quite entire, and so well preserved by spices as to have suffered no injury from time; yet, when it was removed into the city, it mouldered away in three days. But this was only the hasty conjecture of some learned men of the time, which, for want of authority to support it, soon vanished of itself; for no inscription was ever produced to confirm it, nor has it been mentioned by any other author that there was any sepulchre of Cicero on the Appian Way. (Cal. Rhod., Lect. Antiq., 3, 24.—Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol. 2, p. 149, in not.)

TULLIA LEX, I. de Senatu, by M. Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 690, enacted that those who had a libera legatio granted them by the senate should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had a libera legatio travelled through the provinces without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of the state.-II. Another, de Ambitu, by the same, the same year. It forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that task had devolved upon him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of Ambitus were punished with the aqua et ignis interdictio for ten years, and the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian law. (Dio Cass., 37, 29. -Cic., pro Mur., 32, seqq.)

ilius, the Albans sent a powerful army against Rome, and encamped about five miles from the city. There Cluilius died, and the Albans elected Mettius Fufetius in his stead. Tullus Hostilius, at the head of the Romans, now drew near the Albans. But, when the two armies were ready for a general engagement, Mettius, the Alban general, proposed to save the effusion of blood by committing the fortune of the war to the valour of certain champions selected from either side. To this proposition Tullus agreed; and the affair of the Horatii and Curiatii took place. (Vid. Horatius II.) After the termination of this memorable combat, notwithstanding the agreement which had been entered into between the Romans and Albans, the latter were unwilling to forfeit their national independence without an additional struggle. This, however, they were desirous to avoid provoking single-handed. They accordingly encouraged the people of Fidena to revolt, by giving them secret promises of assistance. Tulius Hostilius immediately levied a Roman army, and summoned the Albans to his aid. A battle ensued, in which Mettius Fufetius endeavoured to act a treacherous part, but wanted courage and decision to fulfil his own perfidious pledge, and, on the morrow, was put to a cruel death by the Roman king. (Vid. Mettius Fufetius.) After the punishment of Mettius, it was decreed that Alba should be razed to the ground, and the whole Alban people removed to Rome, to prevent the possibility of future strife. Not only the walls of Alba, but every human habitation, was totally demolished, and the temples of the gods alone_left standing in solitary majesty amid the ruins. But, though Tullus had thus put an end to the separate existence of Alba, he did not reduce its inhabitants to slavery. He assigned them habitations on the Calian Hill, which had formerly, so said the legend, been possessed by the followers of Cæles Vibenna. Soon

TULLIANUM, a name given to part of the public prison at Rome. The prison was originally built by Ancus Marcius, and was afterward enlarged by Servius Tullius, whence that part of it which was under ground, and built by him, received the name of Tul-after these events, Tullus made war upon the Sabines, lianum. The full expression is Tullianum robur, from its walls having been originally of oak; afterward, however, they were built of stone. (Sall., Cat., 55.) This dungeon now serves as a subterranean chapel to a small church built on the spot, called San Pietro in Carcere, in commemoration of St. Peter, who is sup

and in a bloody, and for some time doubtful encounter, again obtained the victory. Another war arose with the confederate towns of Latium, who began to dread the growing power of Rome after the destruction of Alba. The Latin war terminated without any decided reverses sustained by either party; and an

the ancient writers was considered the most favoured spot on the whole earth. Here, too, Strabo places the Elysian fields of Homer. This district, besides being very productive, was enabled to carry on an extensive and lucrative commerce with the nations of the inte rior, by means of the Bætis, which traversed it. (Polyb., 34, 9.—Liv., 21, 6.—Īd., 24, 42.)

TURDULI, a people of Bætica in Spain, situate to the north and northeast of the Turdetani. (Mela, 3, 1.—Plin., 3, 1.—Id. ibid., 4, 20.)

TURIAS, a river of Spain, in the territory of the Edetani, near Valentia; now the Guadalaviar. (Mela, 2, 16.-Plin., 3, 3.)

TURNUS, king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus, king of Apulia, and Venilia, a nymph who was sister to Amata, the wife of Latinus. Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, was betrothed to him, but the arrival of Eneas deprived him of his intended bride, and in the war which took place between the Latins and the Trojans Turnus was slain by Æneas. (Virg., Æn., 7, 56, seqq.)

alliance was formed between the Romans and the Latins. Tullus had now leisure to direct his attention to the arts of peace, in which, however, he did not equally excel. The only public works ascribed to him were the enclosing of a space for the Comitia, or assembly of the people, and the building of a Curia, or senate-house. Towards the end of his reign his mind was disturbed by prodigies, indicating the wrath of the gods for religion neglected and temples left desolate. A shower of stones fell from heaven on the Alban Mount, and the awful accents of a supernatural voice were heard to issue from the consecrated summit of the hill. A plague swept away numbers of the Roman people. The king himself sickened ; and, from having been neglectful of religion, became the slave of superstitious terrors. In vain did he supplicate the gods. He had disregarded them in the days of his prosperity, and in his adversity no deity regarded his prayers or sent relief. In his despair he presumed to use the divinations of Numa, by the rites of Jupiter Elicius (vid. Elicius); but the only answer returned was the lightning of the offended gods, by TURONES, I. a people in the interior of Gallia Lugwhich Tullus himself and his whole household were dunensis, whose territory answers to the modern Tousmitten and consumed. Another account, however, raine. (Amm. Marc., 15, 11.- Tac., Ann., 3, 41.) ascribed his death to an act of treachery and assassi--II. A German tribe, settled in what is now the nation on the part of Ancus Marcius, who could not southern part of Hesse, according to Mannert. brook that he, a descendant of Numa, should be kept from the throne by a man of private origin. Such is the legend of Tullus Hostilius. This monarch is said to have reigned two-and-thirty years. (Liv., 1, 22, seqq.-Dion. Hal., 3, 1, seqq.-Hetherington's History of Rome, p. 13, seqq.)-As the reigns of Romulus and Numa represent the establishment of two of the tribes or constituent elements of the Roman people, so the reign of Tullus Hostilius seems to comprehend the development of the third tribe, or Luceres. To him, as to Romulus and Numa, is ascribed a division of lands, by which portions were assigned to TUSCULUM, a town of Latium, on the summit of the needy citizens, who, as yet, possessed no property the ridge of hills which forms the continuation of the in the soil. It has been conjectured that the Luceres Alban Mount, and above the modern town of Frascati. had hitherto held their lands, not in absolute property, The numerous remains of the ancient place still bear and not as common proprietors of the public domain, the name of il Tosculo. According to Dionysius (10, but as vassals or tenants of the state, which would 20) and Josephus (Bell. Jud., 18, 8), it was distant be represented in the person of the king. That the about one hundred stadia from Rome, or twelve miles distribution of Tullus Hostilius effected the third tribe and a half. The foundation of Tusculum is ascribed is rendered probable by its being connected with the to Telegonus, the son of Circe and Ulysses. (Ovid, assignment of ground for building on the Cælian Fast., 3, 91.-Id., 4, 91.-Propert., 2, 35.—Sil. Ital., Mount, and the enclosure of that part of the city with- 7, 691.) It must have been one of the most considin one line of fortification with the older town, if erable of the Latin cities in the time of the second there is any weight in the arguments that are adduced Tarquin, since that prince is said to have sought the to show that the town on the Calian was the settle- alliance of Octavius Manlius, chief of Tusculum, and ment of the Luceres. From the circumstance that to have given him his daughter in marriage. (Liv., Hostilius himself dwelt there, and that he derived his 1, 49.) By this measure Tarquin secured the coorigin from the Latin town Medullia (Dion. Hal., 3, operation of almost all the Latin cities in his subse1), it may be conjectured that he himself was consid-quent attempts to recover the throne he had lost.ered to belong to the Luceres, as Romulus to the Ramnes, and Numa to the Titienses. (Malden's History of Rome, p. 127, seq.)

TUNES (TUVNS, NTOS), a city of Africa, southwest of and near to Carthage, being, according to Polybius (14, 10), only 120 stadia from the latter place. The Peutinger table, however, gives the distance more correctly at ten miles. It first rose into consequence after the fall of Carthage. It is now Tunis. Diodorus Siculus calls it "White Tunis," perhaps from the chalky cliffs that lie around it when viewed from the sea. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 262.)

TUNGRI, a German tribe, probably the same with the Aduatici of Cæsar, and the first that crossed the Rhine. They became subsequently a powerful people in Germania Inferior. (Tac., Germ., 2.-Amm. Marc., 15, 11.)

TURDETANI, a people of Batica in Spain, in the southeastern part. They extended along the coast, from the Anas to the Bastuli Poni, and their territory was famed for its beauty and fertility, and by some of

TURRIS, I. HANNIBALIS, a small place on the coast of Africa, below Thapsus. From this Hannibal took his departure for Asia, when he was banished by his factious and ungrateful countrymen from Carthage. It is now Mahdia.-II. Stratonis, the previous name of Cæsarea, on the coast of Palestine. (Vid. Cæsarea.)

Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. (Vid. Hetruria.) TUSCULANUM, the name of Cicero's villa near Tusculum, and where the scene of his Tusculan Disputations is laid. (Vid. Cicero, p. 347, col. 2.)

In the second Punic war Tusculum successfully resisted the attack of Hannibal.-This place could boast of having given birth to M. Porcius Cato, several of the Fabii, &c. Its proximity to Rome, the beauty of its situation, as well as the salubrity of its climate, made it a favourite summer residence with the wealthy Romans. Strabo, who has given us a very accurate description of its position, says that, on the side towards Rome, the hills of Tusculum were covered with plantations and palaces, the effect of which was most striking. (Strab., 239.) Of these villas none can be more interesting to us than that of Cicero. (Vid. Tusculanum.) Lucullus also had a celebrated villa and gardens at this place. Horace likewise alludes to a villa of Mecenas here. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 47.)

TUSCUM MARE, a part of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Etruria, called also Tyrrhenum Mare and Mare Inferum.

TYANA, a city of Cappadocia, strongly fortified by nature and art, lying on the main road to Cilicia and

Sicily, on the northern coast, southwest of Messana. It was founded by the elder Dionysius, and became in time an important city. A part of the ancient site has been inundated by the sea. (Liv., 36, 2.)

TYNDARUS, a son of Ebalus and Gorgophone. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoë, &c., and who also became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. (Vid. Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c.) TYPHOBUS (three syllables), a monstrous giant, who warred against the gods. (Vid. Typhon.)

Syria, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. Strabo says | of Tyndarus. (Virg., Æn., 2, 569.)—II. A town of it was built on what was called the causeway of Semiramis. (Strabo, 537.) Cellarius is of opinion that the town called Dana by Xenophon, in the Anabasis (1, 2, 20), should be identified with Tyana (Geogr. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 291), and this supposition has great probability to recommend it.-The Greeks, always led by a similarity of name to connect the origin of cities with their fables, pretended that it owed its foundation to Thoas, the king of the Tauric Chersonese, in his pursuit thither of Pylades and Orestes. (Arrian, Peripl. Eux., p. 6.) From him it was called Thoana, and afterward Tuana. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Túava.) Tyana was the native city of the impostor Apollonius. At a later period it became the see of a Christian bishop, and the metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda. (Greg. Naz., Epist., 33.-Id., Orat., 20, p. 355.) This took place in the reign of Valens. Its capture by the Saracens is recorded by Cedrenus (p. 477). The modern Ketch-hissar, near the foot of the central chain of Taurus and the Cilician Pass, is thought to correspond to the ancient city. Captain Kinneir, in one of his journeys, found considerable ruins here. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq.)

TYANĪTIS, a district in the southern part of Cappadocia, near the range of Taurus. Its capital was Tyana, from which it derived its name. (Vid. Tyana.) TYBRIS. Vid. Tiberis.

TYCHE, I. one of the Oceanides. (Hesiod, Th., 360.)-II. A part of the town of Syracuse. It contained a temple of Fortune (Túxn), whence the name. (Cic., Verr., 4, 53.)

TYPHON OF TYPHAON, a monstrous giant, whom Earth, enraged at the destruction of her previous giantprogeny, brought forth to contend with the gods. The stature of this being reached the sky; fire flashed from his eyes; he hurled glowing rocks, with loud cries and hissing, against heaven, and flame and storm rushed from his mouth. The gods, in dismay, fled to Egypt, and concealed themselves under the form of different animals. Jupiter at last, after a severe conflict, overcame him, and placed him beneath Etna, or, as others said, in the Palus Serbonis, or "Serbonian bog." (Pind., Pyth., 1, 29, seq.—Id., fragm. Epinik., 5.-Esch, Prom. V., 351, seqq.—Apoll. Rhod., 2, 1215.)—Typhon is the same apparently with Typhoeus, though Hesiod makes a difference between them. Their names come from rúow, “to smoke," and they are evidently personifications of storms and volcanic eruptions. Typhon is made the sire of the Chimæra, Echidna, and other monsters. The Greeks gave his name to the Egyptian demon Baby, the opponent of Osiris.-The TYDEUS (two syllables), a son of Eneus, king of flight of the gods into Egypt is a bungling attempt at Calydon. He fled from his country after the accidental connecting the Greek mythology with the animal wor murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in ship of that country. This change of form on their the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daugh-part was related by Pindar. (Porph., de Abst., 3, p. ter, Deiphyle, he married. When Adrastus wished to 251.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 263.) place his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, TYRANNION, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate Tydeus undertook to announce the war to Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met with provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his principal chieftains, and worsted them in conflict. On leaving Thebes and entering upon his way home, he fell into an ambuscade of fifty of the foe, purposely planted to destroy him, and he slew all but one, who was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he signalized his valour in a marked degree, and made great slaughter of the foe, till he was at last mortally wounded by Melanippus. As he lay expiring, Minerva hastened to him with a medicine which she had obtained from Jupiter, and which would make him immortal (Bacchyl., ap. Schol. ad Aris-(Vid. Italia.) toph., Av., 1536); but Amphiaraus, who hated him as a chief cause of the war, perceiving what the goddess was about, cut off the head of Melanippus, whom Tydeus, though wounded, had slain, and brought it to him. The savage warrior opened it and devoured the brain, and Minerva, in disgust, withheld her aid. His remains were interred at Argos, where a monument, said to be his, was still seen in the age of Pausanias. (Hom., Il., 4, 365, seqq.-Apollod., 1, 8, 3.-Esch., Sept. C. Theb., 372, seqq., ed. Scholef.-Pausan., 9, 18.)

TYDIDES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. (Virg., En., 1, 101.-Horat., Od., 1, 15, 20.) TYLOS, an island in the Sinus Persicus, on the Arabian coast, the pearl fishery on whose coasts has rendered it famous in antiquity; and the same circumstance still contributes to its renown under the name of Bahraim, which in Arabic signifies two seas. (Ptol. -Theophrast., Hist. Plant., 4, 9.-Id. ibid., 5, 6.) TYNDARIDA, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, Helen, &c. TYNDĂRIS. I. a patronymic of Helen, as daughter

with Cicero. His original name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion from his austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Muræna. Tyrannion opened a school at Rome, and taught with considerable success. He had access to the library of Apellicon of Teos when brought to Rome, and from him copies of Aristotle's works were obtained by Andronicus of Rhodes. (Vid. Apellicon.)

TYRAS. Vid. Danastus.

TYROS, a city of Phoenicia. (Vid. Tyrus.)
TYRRHENI. Vid. Etruria.

TYRRHENUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called Inferum, as washing the lower shore of the peninsula.

TYRTEUS, a celebrated poet of antiquity. His age is determined by the second Messenian war, in which he bore a part. If, with Pausanias, this war is placed between 685 and 668 B.C., Tyrtæus would fall at the same time as, or even earlier than, the circumstances of the Cimmerian invasion mentioned by Callinus; and we should then expect to find that Tyrtæus, and not Callinus, was considered by the ancients as the originator of the elegy. As, however, the reverse is the fact, this reason may be added to others for thinking that the second Messenian war did not take place till after 660 B.C., which must be considered as the period at which Callinus flourished. We certainly do not give implicit credit to the story of later writers, that Tyrtaus was a lame schoolmaster at Athens, sent out of insolence by the Athenians to the Spartans, who at the command of an oracle had applied to them for a leader in the Messenian war. So much of this account, however, may be received as true, that Tyrtæus came from Attica to the Lacedæmonians; the place of his abode being, according to a precise statement, Aphidnæ, an Athenian town, which is placed by

the legends about the Dioscuri in very early connexion | the prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel, who both seem to speak with Lacia. In all probability, his lameness was of Tyre as an isle. (Isaiah, 23, 2, 6.-Ezek., 26, 17.only a satirical allusion to his use of the elegiac meas- Id., 27, 3.-Id., 28, 2.) Nor is it probable that the adure, or alternating hexameter and pentameter, the lat- vantageous position of the isle would be altogether negter being shorter by a foot than the former.-Tyrtæus lected by a maritime people. The coast would, incame to the Lacedæmonians at a time when they were deed, first be occupied, and the fortified city mentionnot only brought into great straits from without by ed in the book of Joshua was in all probability on the the boldness of Aristomenes and the desperate cour- Continent; but, as the commercial importance and age of the Messenians, but when the state was also wealth of the port increased, the island would naturally rent with internal discord. In this condition of the be inhabited, and it must have been considered as the Spartan commonwealth Tyrtæus composed the most place of the greatest security. Volney supposes that celebrated of his elegies, which, from its subject, the Tyrians retired to their isle when compelled to was called Eunomia, that is, "Justice" or "Good abandon the ancient city to Nebuchadnezzar, and that, Government" (also Politeia, or "the Constitution"). till that time, the dearth of water had prevented its beBut the Eunomia was neither the only nor yet the first ing much built upon. Certain it is, that when, at elegy in which Tyrtæus stimulated the Lacedæmoni-length, Nebuchadnezzar took the city, he found it so ans to a bold defence against the Messenians. Exhortations to bravery was the theme which this poet took for many elegies, and wrote on it with unceasing spirit and ever new invention. Never was the duty and the honour of bravery impressed on the youth of a nation with so much beauty and force of language, by such natural and touching motives. That these poems breathed a truly Spartan spirit, and that the Spartans knew how to value them, is proved by the constant use made of them in the military expeditions. When the Spartans were on a campaign, it was their custom, after the evening meal, when the pæan had been sung in honour of the gods, to recite these elegies. On these occasions the whole mass did not join in the chant, but individuals vied with each other in repeating the verses in a manner worthy of their subject. The successful competitor then received from the polemarch or commander a larger portion of meat than the others, a distinction suitable to the simple taste of the Spartans. This kind of recitation was so well adapted to the elegy, that it is highly probable that Tyrtæus himself first published his elegies in this manner. The elegies of Tyrtæus, however, were never sung on the march of the army, and in the battle itself; for these occasions a strain of another kind was composed by the same poet, namely, the anapastic marches. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 110, seqq.)—We have several fragments remaining of the elegies of Tyrtæus. They are written in the Ionic dialect, though addressed to Dorians, and are full of enthusiastic and patriotic feeling. The anapastic marches, on the other hand (μέλη πολεμιστήρια), were written in Doric. Of these only a single fragment has come down to us.-The best editions of Tyrtæus are that of Klotz, Brema, 1764, 8vo, and that contained in Gaisford's Poeta Minores Graci, vol. 1, p. 429, seqq.)

TYRUS OF TYROS, a very ancient city of Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians. "The strong city of Tzor" is mentioned in the book of Joshua (19, 29), and its situation is specified as being between " great Zidon" and Achzib. Yet learned men have contended that in Joshua's time Tyre was not built. Homer, it has been remarked, never speaks of Tyre, but only of Sidon; and Josephus states that Tyre was built not above 240 years before the temple of Solomon, which would be A.M. 2760, two hundred years after Joshua. That there was such a city as Tyre, however, in the days of Homer, is quite certain, seeing that, in the reign of Solomon, there was a king of Tyre; and we apprehend that the Scripture text will be held a sufficient proof of its having had an existence before the land of Canaan was conquered by the Israelites. Nor is Josephus's chronology so accurate as to render his authority on such a point very important. There was Insular Tyre, and Tyrus on the Continent, or PalaTyrus; and it is supposed by some learned writers that the island was not inhabited till after the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar. But this last supposition is not merely at variance with the doubtful authority of Josephus, but is scarcely reconcilable with the language of

impoverished as to afford him no compensation for his labour. (Ezek., 29, 18, seqq.) The chief edifices were at all events on the mainland, and to these the denunciations of total ruin strictly apply. Palæ-Tyrus never rose from its overthrow by the Chaldean conqueror, and the Macedonian completed its destruction; at the same time, the wealth and commerce of Insular Tyre were for the time destroyed, though it afterward recovered from the effects of its invasion.— Ancient Tyre, then, probably consisted of the fortified city, which commanded a considerable territory on the coast, and of the port which was "strong in the sea." On that side it had little to fear from invaders, as the Tyrians were lords of the sea; and, accordingly, it does not appear that its Chaldean conqueror ventured upon a maritime assault. Josephus, indeed, states that Salmaneser, king of Assyria, made war against the Tyrians with a fleet of sixty ships, manned by 800 rowers. The Tyrians had but twelve ships, yet they obtained the victory, dispersing the Assyrian fleet, and taking 500 prisoners. Salmaneser then returned to Nineveh, leaving his land-forces before Tyre, where they remained for five years, but were unable to take the city. (Joseph., Ant., 9, 14.) This expedition is supposed to have taken place in the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah, about A.M. 3287, or 717 B.C. It must have been about this period, or a few years earlier, that Isaiah delivered his oracle against Tyre, in which he specifically declared that it should be destroyed, not by the power which then threatened it, but by the Chaldeans, a people "formerly of no account." (Isaiah, 23, 13.) The more detailed predictions of the prophet Ezekiel were delivered a hundred and twenty years after, B.C. 588, almost immediately before the Chaldean invasion. The army of Nebuchadnezzar is said to have lain before Tyre thirteen years, and it was not taken till the fifteenth year after the captivity, B.C. 573, more than seventeen hundred years, according to Josephus, after its foundation. Its destruction, then, must have been entire; all the inhabitants were put to the sword or led into captivity, the walls were razed to the ground, and it was made "a terror" and a desolation. It is remarkable, that one reason assigned by the prophet Ezekiel for the punishment of this proud city is its exultation at the destruction of Jerusalem: "I shall be replenished, now she is laid waste" (26, 2). This clearly indicates that its overthrow was posterior to that event; and if we take the seventy years during which it was predicted by Isaiah (23, 15) that Tyre should be forgotten, to denote a definite term (which seems the most natural sense), we may conclude that it was not rebuilt till the same number of years after the return of the Jews from Babylon. Old Tyre, the continental city, remained, however, in ruins up to the period of the Macedonian invasion. Insular Tyre had then risen to be a city of very considerable wealth and political importance; and by sea her fleets were triumphant. According to Pliny (9, 36), it was 19 miles in circumference, including Old Tyre, but without it about four. It was