TROGLODYTE, an appellation denoting a people who came to the banquet of the gods at the nuptials of dwelt in caves (тpúyλn, a cave, and divo, to enter). Peleus and Thetis, and flung down a golden apple, inThe ancients found Troglodytes in various parts of scribed "The Apple for the Fair One" (Tŷ każý tò the world, but the name remained peculiarly appropri-μnov). Juno, Minerva, and Venus, claiming it, Juated to the inhabitants of the western coast of the Si-piter directed Mercury to conduct them to Mount Ida, nus Arabicus in Ethiopia; and from them the entire for the question to be determined by Paris, the son of coast took, with the Greeks, the name of Troglodytice Priam. The prize was awarded to Venus, who had (Tpwyλodurikń). It commenced to the south of Ber-promised the judge the beautiful Helen in marriage. enice, and reached to the southernmost extremity of the gulf. (Plin., 6, 29.—Id., 2, 70.—Id., 6, 19.) TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Latin historian, who flourished in the time of Augustus. He was descended from a Gallic family, to which Pompey the Great had extended the rights of Roman citizenship, and from him, in all probability, the name Pompeius was derived, the family name having been Trogus. The father of the historian was secretary to Julius Cæsar. (Justin, 43, 5, 11.) Trogus Pompeius wrote an historical work in forty-four books, compiled from some of the best of the ancient historical writers. An abridgment of this work was made by Justin, and has come down to us; but the original work itself is lost. (Consult re-laus, returning to his home, consulted with his brother marks under the article Justinus I.) Venus then directed him to build a ship, and desired her son Æneas to be the companion of his adventure. The soothsaying Helenus and Cassandra announced in vain the woes that were to follow; the vessel put to sea, and Paris arrived at Lacedæmon, where he shared the hospitality of Menelaus, the husband of Helen. The Trojan, at the banquet, bestowed gifts on his fair hostess, and shortly after Menelaus sailed to Crete, directing his wife to entertain the guests while they stayed. But Venus caused Helen and Paris to become mutually enamoured; and the guilty pair, filling the ship with the property of Menelaus, embark and depart, accompanied by the son of Anchises. Mene Agamemnon about an expedition against Troy. He TROJA, I. a celebrated city, the capital of Troas, which then repaired to Nestor at Pylos, and, going through appears from Homer to have stood in the immediate Hellas, they assembled chiefs for the war. The genVicinity of the sources of the Scamander, on a rising eral place of rendezvous was Aulis in Boeotia. From ground between that river and the Simois. The Tro- this port the combined Grecian fleet proceeded to jans or Teucri appear to have been of Thracian origin, Troy; but, reaching Teuthrania, in Mysia, on the coast and their first monarch is said to have been Teucer. of Asia, and taking it for the Trojan territory, they In the reign of this king Troy was not as yet built. landed and ravaged the country. Telephus, the monDardanus, probably a Pelasgic chief, came from the arch of the land, came to oppose them, and killed island of Samothrace to the Teucrian territory, re- Thersander, the son of Polynices, but was himself ceived from Teucer his daughter Baticia in marriage, severely wounded by Achilles. As they were sailing together with the cession of part of his kingdom, thence, their fleet was dispersed by a storm. Telefounded the city of Dardanus, and called the adjacent phus, after this, having, by direction of an oracle, come region Dardania. Dardanus had two sons, Ilus and to Argos in search of a cure for his wound, is healed Erichthonius. Ilus died without issue, and was suc- by Achilles, and undertakes to conduct the Greeks to ceeded by Erichthonius, who married Asyoche, daugh- Troy. The fleet again assembled at Aulis, where the ter of the Simois, and became by her the father of affair of Iphigenia occurred. (Vid. Iphigenia.) The Tros. This last, on succeeding to the throne, called wind, after the anger of Diana had been appeased, no the country Troas or Troja, and had three sons, Ilus, longer proving adverse, the fleet made sail, and reached Assaracus, and Ganymedes. Ilus, having come off the isle of Tenedos, where Philoctetes received a victorious in certain games at the court of a neigh- wound from a water-snake, and the smell from this bouring monarch of Phrygia, received from the latter, proving very offensive, they carried him to the isle of among other rewards, a dappled heifer, and permission Lemnos and left him there. (Vid. Philoctetes.) When to found a city wherever the heifer should lie down. the Achæan host appeared off the coast of Troy, the The animal, having come to a place called the "hill Trojans came down to oppose their landing, and Proof Ate" ("Arns λopos), lay down thereon, and here, tesilaus fell by the hand of Hector; but Achilles, havaccordingly, Ilus founded his city, which he called ing slain Cycnus, the son of Neptune, put the enemy Ilium, and which afterward obtained also the name of to flight. An assault on the city having failed, the Troy. (Apollod., 3, 12, 1, seqq.) This place, the Greeks turned to ravaging the surrounding country, citadel of which was called Pergamus, became now and took several towns. Then followed a war of ten the capital of all Troas, and, during the reign of La-long years, the principal events of which have been omedon, the successor of Ilus, was surrounded with given elsewhere. (Vid. Achilles, Chryses, Briseis, walls, which the poets fabled were the work of Apollo Agamemnon, Penthesilea, Memnon, &c.) In the last and Neptune. (Vid. Laomedon.) During the reign year of the war, Ulysses took Helenus by stratagem, of this last-mentioned monarch, Troy was taken by and, having learned from him how Troy might be Hercules, assisted by Telamon, son of Eacus, but captured, Diomede was sent to Lemnos to fetch Phiwas restored by the victor to Priam, the son of its loctetes, who, being cured by Machaon, killed Paris. conquered king. (Vid. Laomedon, and Priamus.) Minerva then directed Epeus to construct a huge horse Priam reigned here in peace and prosperity for many of wood; and, the horse being completed, the bravest years, having a number of adjacent tribes under his warriors conceal themselves in it, and the rest set fire sway, until his son Paris, attracted to Laconia by the to their tents and sail away to Tenedos. The Trofame of Helen's beauty, abused the hospitality of Men-jans, thinking their toils and dangers all over, break claus by carrying off his queen in his absence. All the chiefs of Greece, thereupon combined their forces, under the command of Agamemnon, to avenge this outrage, sailed with a great armament to Troy, and, after a siege of ten years, took and razed it to the ground (B.C. 1184). 1. Legend of the Trojan War. Jupiter, seeing the earth overstocked with inhabitants, consulted with Themis how to remedy the evil. The best course seemed to be a war between Hellas and Troy; and Discord thereupon, by his direction, down a part of their walls, and, drawing the horse into Such is the narrative of the Trojan war as it appeared | tributed to Theseus. This adventure of the Attic in the Iliad of Homer, in the Little Iliad, and in the Destruction of Troy, by the bard Arctinus. It was a subject, however, of all others open to variation and addition, as may be seen, in particular, from the Eneid of Virgil, and also in the other form of the story, which made Eneas and Antenor to have betrayed Troy to the Greeks. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 485, seqq.) 2. How far the story of the Trojan War is credible. The poems of Homer have made the story of the Trojan war familiar to most readers long before they are tempted to inquire into its historical basis. It is, consequently, difficult to enter upon the present inquiry without some prepossessions unfavourable to an impartial judgment. Here, however, we must not be deterred from stating our view of the subject, by the certainty that it will appear to some paradoxical, while others will think that it savours of excessive credulity. The reality of the siege of Troy has sometimes been questioned, we conceive, without sufficient ground, and against some strong evidence. According to the rules of sound criticism, very cogent arguments ought to be required to induce us to reject as a mere fiction a tradition so ancient, so universally received, so definite, and so interwoven with the whole mass of the national recollections as that of the Trojan war. Even if unfounded, it must still have had some adequate occasion and motive; and it is difficult to imagine what this could have been, unless it arose out of the Greek colonies in Asia; and in this case, its universal reception in Greece itself is not easily explained. The leaders of the earliest among these colonies, which were planted in the neighbourhood of Troy, claimed Agamemnon as their ancestor; but if this had suggested the story of his victories in Asia, their scene would probably have been fixed in the very region occupied by his descendants, not in an adjacent land. On the other hand, the course taken by this first (olian) migration falls in naturally with a previous tradi-vived after this blow, it might again excite the same tion of a conquest achieved by Greeks in this part of Asia. We therefore conceive it necessary to admit the reality of the Trojan war as a general fact, but beyond this we scarcely venture to proceed a single step. Its cause and its issue, the manner in which it was conducted, and the parties engaged in it, are all involved in an obscurity which we cannot pretend to penetrate. We find it impossible to adopt the poetical story of Helen, partly on account of its inherent improbability, and partly because we are convinced that Helen is a merely mythological person. (Vid. Helena.) The common account of the origin of the war has indeed been defended, on the ground that it is perfectly consistent with the manners of the age; just as if a popular tale, whether true or false, could be at variance with them. The feature in the narrative which appears in the highest degree improbable, setting the character of the persons out of the question, is the intercourse implied in it between Troy and Sparta. As to the heroine, it would be sufficient to raise a strong suspicion of her fabulous nature to observe that she is classed by Herodotus with Io, and Europa, and Medea, all of them persons who, on distinct grounds, must clearly be referred to the domain of mythology. This suspicion is confirmed by all the particulars of her legend; by her birth; by her relation to the Divine Twins, whose worship seems to have been one of the most ancient forms of religion in Peloponnesus, and especially in Laconia; and by the divine honours paid to her at Sparta and elsewhere. (Herod., 6, 6i.— Pausan., 3, 19, 10.-Id., 2, 22, 6.-Id., 2, 32, 7. Plut., Vit. Thes., c. 20, seq.) But a still stronger As to the expedition which ended in the fall of reason for doubting the reality of the motive assigned Ilium, while the leading facts are so uncertain, it must by Homer for the Trojan war is, that the same incident clearly be hopeless to form any distinct conception of recurs in another circle of fictions, and that, in the ab- its details. It seems scarcely necessary to observe, duction of Helen, Paris only repeats an exploit also at-that no more reliance can be placed on the enumera hero seems to have been known to Homer; for he introduces Ethra, the mother of Theseus, whom the Dioscuri were said to have carried off from Attica when they invaded it to recover their sister, in Helen's company at Troy. Theseus, when he came to bear her away, is said to have found her dancing in the temple of the goddess, whose image Iphigenia was believed to have brought home subsequently from Scythia; a feature of the legend which perhaps marks the branch of the Lacedæmonian worship to which she belonged. According to another tradition, Helen was carried off by Idas and Lynceus, the Messenian pair of heroes who answer to the Spartan twins; variations which seem to show that her abduction was a theme for poetry originally independent of the Trojan war, but which might easily and naturally be associated with that event. (Thirlwall's History of Greece, vol. 1, p. 151, seqq.) 3. Connexion between the Trojan War and the Argonautic Expedition. If we reject the traditional occasion of the Trojan war, we are driven to conjecture in order to explain the real connexion of the events; yet not so as to be wholly without traces to direct us. It has been elsewhere observed (vid. Argonautæ, p. 188, col. 2), that the Argonautic expedition was sometimes represented as connected with the first conflict between Greece and Troy. This was according to the legend which numbered Hercules among the Argonauts, and supposed him, on the voyage, to have rendered a service to the Trojan king Laomedon, who afterward defrauded him of his recompense. The main fact, however, that. Troy was taken and sacked by Hercules, is recognised by Homer; and thus we see it already provoking the enmity, or tempting the cupidity of the Greeks in the generation before the celebrated war; and it may easily be conceived, that if its power and opulence re Nor feelings. The expedition of Hercules may indeed War. tions were naturally crowded into a short period fol lowing the event which was viewed as their cause, and were represented in the adverse fortune of the principal chiefs of the nation. (Thirlwall's History of Greece, vol. 1, p. 154, seqq.) 5. Topography of Ancient Troy. The topography of Troy, which will always be interesting to the classical reader, has been so much discussed and minutely inquired into by modern travellers and antiquaries, that no additional light can be expected to be derived from subsequent researches. A brief summary of what has been collected from the different authors who have expressly written on the subject will be here presented to the reader, referring the student, who is desirous of investigating it more deeply, to the list of works at the end of this article. This, the most classical of all lands, has been so completely trodden and examined, that it may be truly said that the ancient writers who wrote on the subject were much less acquainted with the actual topography of the Trojan plain than our best-informed modern travellers. The researches of these intelligent men tion of the Greek forces in the Iliad, than on the other tors had left as conquerors: it seemed as if the jealparts of the poem which have a more poetical aspect, ousy of the gods had been roused by the greatest especially as it appears to be a compilation adapted to achievement of the Achæans to afflict and humble a later state of things. That the numbers of the ar-them. The changes and sufferings of several generamament are, as Thucydides observed, exaggerated by the poet, may easily be believed; and perhaps we may very well dispense with the historian's supposition, that a detachment was employed in the cultivation of the Thracian Chersonese. "My father," says the son of Hercules, in the Iliad, came hither with no more than six ships and a few men: yet he laid Ilium waste, and made her streets desolate." A surprising contrast, indeed, to the efforts and success of Agamemnon, who, with his 1200 ships and 100,000 men, headed by the flower of the Grecian chivalry, lay ten years before the town, often ready to abandon the enterprise in despair, and who, at last, was indebted for victory to an unexpected favourable turn of affairs. It has been conjectured, that, after the first calamity, the city was more strongly fortified, and rose rapidly in power during the reign of Priam; but this supposition can hardly reconcile the imagination to the transition from the six ships of Hercules to the vast host of Agamemnon. On the other hand, there is no difficulty in believing that, whatever may have been the motives of the expedition, the spirit of adventure may have drawn warriors together from most parts of Greece, among whom the southern and northern Acha-have not only confirmed the great historical facts conans, under Pelopid and acid princes, took the lead, nected with the fate of Troy, which few persons, inand that it may thus have deserved the character, deed, either in ancient or modern times, have ventured which is uniformly ascribed to it, of a national enter- to question, and those evidently for the purpose of prise. The presence of several distinguished chiefs, maintaining a paradox; but they have served beautieach attended by a small band, would be sufficient fully to illustrate the noblest poem of antiquity, and both to explain the celebrity of the achievement and to bear witness, with due allowance for poetical exto account for the event. If it were not trespassing aggeration, to the truth and accuracy of Homer's local too far on the domain of poetry, one might imagine descriptions. They have proved, that as in every other that the plan of the Greeks was the same which we point he was the most close and happy delineator of find frequently adopted in later times, by invaders nature, so here he has still copied her most faithfully, whose force was comparatively weak that they for- and has taken his description from scenes actually extified themselves in a post, from which they continued isting, and which must have been familiar to his eyes. to annoy and distress the enemy till stratagem or In order that this may be proved to the reader's satistreachery gave them possession of the town.-Though faction, as far as it is possible, without an actual inthere can be no doubt that the expedition accom- spection of the country, we purpose first to lay before plished its immediate object, it seems to be also clear him all the general and most striking features in the that a Trojan state survived for a time the fall of Ili- Homeric chorography, and then to illustrate them by tim; for an historian of great antiquity on this subject, a continued reference to modern travellers and antiboth from his age and his country, Xanthus the Lydi- quarians. It will be seen, then, from the Iliad, that the an, related that such a state was finally destroyed by Greeks, having arrived on the coast of the Hellespont, the invasion of the Phrygians, a Thracian tribe, which and effected a landing, drew up their vessels in sevcrossed over from Europe to Asia after the Trojan eral rows on the shore of a small bay confined between war. (Strab., 572, 680.) And this is indirectly con- two promontories. (П., 14, 30.) Elsewhere he states firmed by the testimony of Homer, who introduces that Achilles was posted at one extremity of the line, Neptune predicting that the posterity of Æneas should and Ajax at the other. (., 8, 224; 11, 7.) He nolong continue to reign over the Trojans after the race where names the two promontories which enclosed the of Priam should be extinct. To the conquerors the bay and the armament of the Greeks; but all writers, war is represented as no less disastrous in its remote both ancient and modern, agree in the supposition that consequences than it was glorious in its immediate these are the capes Rheteum and Sigeum, between issue. The returns of the heroes formed a distinct which tradition attached to different spots the names circle of epic poetry, of which the Odyssey included of Naustathmus, the port of the Greeks, and the camp only a small part, and they were generally full of tragi- of the Greeks. (Strabo, 595.) According to Pliny, cal adventures. This calamitous result of a success- the distance from headland to headland was thirty staful enterprise seems to have been an essential feature dia (5, 33). Strabo reckoned sixty stadia from Rhoin the legend of Troy; for Hercules also, on his re- teum to Sigeum, and the tomb of Achilles close to turn, was persecuted by the wrath of Juno, and driven the latter (l. c.); and these distances agree sufficiently out of his course by a furious tempest. If, as many well with actual measurements. (French Strabo, 4, traces indicate, the legend of Troy grew up and spread 170, in not.) Considerable changes, however, have among the Asiatic Greeks, when newly settled in the taken place during the lapse of so many ages in the land where their forefathers, the heroes of a better appearance of the coast. The promontories remain, generation, had won so many glorious fields, it would but the bay has been completely filled up by the denot be difficult to conceive how it might take this mel-posite of rivers and the accumulation of sand and soil, ancholy turn. The siege of Troy was the last event and the shore now presents scarcely any indenture beto which the emigrants could look back with joy and tween the headlands; but we are assured by Choiseul pride. But it was a bright spot, seen through a long Gouffier, and others who have explored the ground, vista, checkered with manifold vicissitudes, laborious that there is satisfactory proof of the sea having adstruggles, and fatal revolutions. They had come as vanced formerly some way into the land in this direcexiles and outcasts to the shores which their ances-tion. (Voy. Pittoresque, 2, 216.-Leake's Asia Mi nor, p. 273.) The next great feature to be examined that the Simoïs, according to Homer, had its source in in the Homeric chorography is the poet's account of Mount Ida (1., 4, 475; 12, 22); and though, in the the rivers which flowed in the vicinity of Troy, and latter passage, the same thing is affirmed of the Scadischarged their waters into the Hellespont. These mander, it will be seen elsewhere that the sources of are the Xanthus or Scamander, and the Simois, that river are so plainly described as situated close to whose junction is especially alluded to. (Il., 5, 774.) the city of Troy, that they never could be said to rise And again (6, 2), where it is said that the conflict be- in the main chain, unless Troy itself was placed there tween the Greeks and Trojans took place in the plain likewise. When speaking of the pursuit of Hector between the two rivers. One of the first questions, by Achilles beneath its walls (Il., 22, 143), he menthen, to be considered, in reconciling the topography tions certain marks, which point out the double sources of ancient Troy with the existing state of the country, of the Seamandler, in so peculiar and striking a manis this: Are there two streams answering to Homer's ner, that the discovery of them would, it seems, be description, which unite in a plain at a short distance decisive of the question, not only as far as regards the from the sea, and fall into it between the Rhotean Trojan rivers, but also, in all probability, as to the sitand Sigean promontories? To this question it cer- uation of Troy itself, which, according to the poet, tainly appears, from recent observations, that we must must have stood in the immediate vicinity of the reply in the negative. There are two streams which sources. It is in tracing this remarkable and most diswater the plain, supposed to be that of Troy, but they tinguishing feature of the Homeric description, that do not meet, except in some marshes formed princi- modern research and industry have been particularly pally by the Mendere, the larger of the two, which conspicuous, and have enabled us to solve a question seems to have no exit into the Hellespont, while the which the ancients, from the want of similar informasmaller river partly flows into these stagnant pools, tion, could never understand. It is to Monsieur Choiand partly into the sea near the Sigean cape. (Choi- seul Gouffier that the merit of first discovering the seul Gouffier.) It appears, however, from Strabo, or, springs of the Scamander undoubtedly belongs; and rather, from Demetrius, whom he quotes, that when he though the phenomena of heat and cold, described by wrote the junction did take place; for he says, "The Homer, have not been so convincingly observed by Scamander and Simoïs advance, the one towards subsequent travellers as by himself, yet, by taking the Sigeum, the other towards Rheteum, and, after uniting positive testimony of the natives themselves, who retheir streams a little above New Ilium, fall into the peatedly corroborated the statement made by the poet, sea near Sigeum, where they form what is called the as well as the several experiments made by Choiseul Stomalimne" (597.-Compare 595). Pliny, also, when Gouffier, and subsequently by Dubois (Voy. Pitt., he speaks of the Palæscamander, evidently leads to 267-8.-Leake's Asia Minor, p. 283), we cannot rethe notion that the channel of that river had under- fuse to acknowledge, at least, that there is very suffigone a material alteration (5, 32). The observations cient foundation for the poetical picture formed of the of travellers afford likewise evidences of great changes spot by Homer. M. Choiseul describes the hot source having taken place in regard to the course of these "as one abundant stream, which gushes out from difstreams; and it is said that the ancient common chan- ferent chinks and apertures formed in an ancient strucnel is yet to be traced, under the name of Mendere, ture of stonework. About 400 yards higher up are near the point of Kum-Kale. The ancients them to be seen some more springs, which fall together into selves were aware of considerable alteration having a square stone basin, supported by some long blocks taken place along the whole line of coast; for His- of granite. These limpid rills, after traversing a tiæa of Alexandrea Troas, a lady who had written charming little wood, unite with the first sources, and much on the Iliad, affirmed that the whole distance be- together form the Scamander." (Voy. Pitt., 228.) tween New Ilium and the sea, which Strabo estimates The latter, which are the cold springs of Homer, are at twelve stadia, had been formed by alluvial deposite called Kirk Guezler, or the Forty Fountains, by the (598); and recent researches prove that their distance Turks. (Ibid., 268.) If we, besides, look to the genis now nearly double. (Leake's Asia Minor, p. 295.) eral features which ought to belong to the Scamander The great question, however, after all, respecting the and the Simois of Homer, we shall find that the fortwo rivers alluded to, and on which the whole inquiry mer agrees remarkably with the beautiful little river of may be said to turn, is, Which is the Scamander, and Bounarbachi, which is formed by the sources above menwhich the Simoïs of Homer? If we refer for the so- tioned, while the rapid Simoïs finds a fit representative lution of this question to Demetrius of Scepsis, who, in the impetuous Mendere-sou, which descends from from his knowledge of the Trojan district, appears to the summits of Gargara, and fills its bed with trees torn have been best qualified to decide upon it, we shall from their roots, and huge fragments of rock. The forfind that he looked upon the river now called Mendere mer is described as a copious, rapid, and clear stream, as corresponding with the Scamander of Homer, a whose banks are spread with flowers and shaded with supposition which certainly derives support from the various sorts of trees. (Il., 21, 1.—Ib., 124; 2, 467; similarity of names; while he considered the Simoïs 21, 350.) According to Mr. Chevalier, the river of Bouto be the stream now called Giumbrek-sou, which narbachi "is never subject to any increase or diminuunites with the Mendere near the site of Paleo Aktshi, tion; its waters are as pure and pellucid as crystal; supposed to represent the Pagus Iliensium, and which its borders are covered with flowers; the same sort of Demetrius himself identified with ancient Troy. But trees and plants which grew near it when it was atit has been rightly observed by those modern writers tacked by Vulcan, grow there still; willows, lote-trees, who have bestowed their attention on the subject, that ash-trees, and reeds are yet to be seen on its banks, the similarity of names is not a convincing reason in and eels are still caught in it." (Descr. of Plain of itself, since they have often been known to vary; and Troy, p. 83. Compare Voy. Pitt., 2, p. 228.) It that, after all, we must refer to the original account, was doubtless on account of the beauty and copiouswhere we find the characteristics of the two rivers de-ness of its stream that divine honours were paid to the scribed in a manner which must eventually settle the whole question as far as regards their identity. A reference to the Iliad itself is the more necessary, as Demetrius does not appear to have satisfactorily explained, even to himself, certain doubts and difficulties which naturally arose from comparing his system of topography with that suggested by the perusal of the poet. Now it appears from more than one passage Scamander by the Trojans. (Il., 5, 77.-Compare Esch., Epist., 10, p. 680.) The Simoïs, on the contrary, bears all the marks of a mighty torrent rushing down from the mountains with furious haste and resistless force. This is evident from the address of the Scamander to his brother god, invoking his aid against Achilles (Il., 21, 308); and all modern travellers and topographers concur in allowing that this is precisely that portion of the city which fronts the plain from the Scaan gates to the sources of the Scamander and back again. (Voy. Pitt., 2, p. 238-40.-Le Chevalier's Description of Plain of Troy, p. 135.-Leake's Asia Minor, p. 304.) The difficulty in that case will be satisfactorily removed, and there will then remain, we conceive, no valid objection to the system which recognises the hill of Bounarbachi as the representative of the ancient city of Priam, and which has been almost universally embraced by modern travellers and scholars. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 89, segg.) Trojan question more deeply, is referred to the following works on this subject: A comparative View of the ancient and present State of the Troad, by Robert Wood, subjoined to his essay on the Genius and Writings of Homer.-Description of the Plain of Troy, by M. Chevalier, Edinburgh, 4to, 1791 (Dalzell's translation).-The same work in German, by Heyne, with notes.-Le Chevalier, Voyage dans la Troade, Paris, 8vo, 1802.-Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy, by James Rennell, London, 1814, 4to.-Chandler's History of Ilium or Troy, London, 1802, 4to.. Voyage Pittoresque de la Grece, par Choiseul Gouffier.--Gell's Topography of Troy, fol, London, 1804.-Clarke's Travels, vol. 3, p. 234, seqq., ed. London.-Leake's Geography of Asia Minor, ch 6.-Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq.—Edinburgh Review, vol. 6, p. 257, seqq. - Quarterly Review, vol. 9, p. 170, seqq. Maclaren's Dissertation on the Topography of the Plain of Troy, London, 1822, 8vo.-Turner's Tour to the Levant, vol. 3, p. 222, seqq. II. A small town, or rather village, in Egypt, to the east of, and near Memphis. The name probably owed its origin to a corruption, on the part of the Greeks, of some Egyptian appellation. The Greeks, however, had a fabulous tradition that it was founded by some Trojan captives, settled here by Menelaus. (Strabo, 808.) In its vicinity was the Mons Troïcus, where were quarries whence the stones for the Pyramids were obtained. the character of the Mendere, which takes its rise in a deep cave below the highest summit of Mount Ida, and, after a tortuous course, between steep and craggy banks, of nearly thirty miles, in a rugged bed, which is nearly dry in summer, finds its way into the plain of Bounarbachi. It is true, that when Demetrius of Scepsis wrote, which is some years after the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans (Strab., p. 593), the Mendere certainly bore the name of Scamander, for he describes the source of that river in Mount Ida very accurately (ap. Strabo, p. 602). I should admit, also, that the Scamander, which, according to Herodotus,The student who is desirous of investigating the was drained by the army of Xerxes (42), is the Mendere: Hellanicus likewise was of this opinion (ap. Schol. Il., 21, 242); but this objection may be fairly disposed of by supposing that the name of Scamander, which is certainly much oftener mentioned in Homer, had, in process of time, been transferred to the river whose course was longer, and body of water more considerable; whereas it is impossible, I conceive, to get over the difficulty presented by Homer's description of the double sources of the Scamander. The question may be fairly summed up in this way: either we must allow that Homer drew his local descriptions from real scenes, or that he only applied historical names to fanciful and ideal localities; in the latter case, all our interest in the comparative topography of Troy ceases, and it is a fruitless task to look for an application of the imagery traced by the poet to the actual face of things. But if a striking resemblance does present itself, we are bound, in justice to the poet, to take our stand on that ground, and, without regarding any hypothesis or system which may have been advanced or framed in ancient times, to seek for an application of the remaining local features traced in the Iliad in the immediate vicinity of the sources of Bounarbachi. Here, then, travellers have observed, a little above these springs and the village of the same name, a hill rising from the plain, generally well calculated for the site of a large town, and, in particular, satisfying many of the local requisites which the Homeric Troy must have possessed; such as a sufficient distance from the sea, and an elevated and commanding situation. This is evident from the epithets veμóeσoa, aiñɛivý, and oppvócσoa, which are so constantly applied to it. If we, besides, have a rock behind the town answering the purpose of such a citadel as the Pergamus of Troy is described to have been, " Пépуaμoç åкpn,” rising precipitously above the city, and presenting a situation of great strength, we shall have all that the nature of the poem, even in its historical character, ought to lead us to expect. (Compare Voy. Pitt., 2, 238, and the plan there given.) With respect to minor objects al-enus in Boeotia. The legend relating to him is as luded to by Homer in the course of his poem, such as the tombs or mounds of Ilus, Esyetes, and Myrina, the Scopie and Erineus, or grove of wild fig-trees, it is, perhaps, too much to seek to identify, as the French topographers have somewhat fancifully done, with present appearances. It is certain that such indications cannot be relied upon, since the inhabitants of New Ilium, who also pretended that their town stood on the site of ancient Troy, boasted that they could show, close to their walls, these dubious vestiges of antiquity. (Strabo, 599.) With respect to the objection which may be brought against the situation here assigned to ancient Troy, that would not have been possible for the flight of Hector to have taken place round the walls, as the poet has represented it, since the heights of Bounarbachi are skirted to the northeast by the deep and narrow gorge of the Mendere, which leaves no room even for a narrow footpath along its banks, the opinion is undoubtedly correct of those commentators and critics who think that we ought not to take the words of the poet in the sense which has commonly been assigned to them, but that it is better o suppose that Hector and Achilles ran only round TROILUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba, slain by Achilles during the Trojan war. According to another legend, he was the son of Apollo and Hecuba. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 307.-Eudocia, p. 404, in the latter of whom adóc must be supplied, and the arrangement of the text altered.) Troilus was remarkable for youthful beauty. The manner of his death is differently related by ancient writers. (Consult Dict. Cret., 4, 9. -Anna Fabr., ad loc.-Virg., Æn., 1, 478.) TROPHONIUS, according to the common account, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus, king of Orchom follows: When Erginus had been overcome by Hercules, his affairs fell into so reduced a state, that, in order to retrieve them, he abstained from matrimony. As he grew rich and old, he wished to have a family; and, going to Delphi, he consulted the god, who gave him, in oracular phrase, the prudent advice to marry a young wife. (Pausan., 9, 37, 3.) Erginus accordingly, following the counsel of the Pythia, married and had two sons, Trophonius and Agamedes, though some said Apollo was the father of the former. They became distinguished architects, and built the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and a treasury for King Hyrieus. (Hom., H. in Apollo, 118.) In the wall of this last they placed a stone in such a manner that it could be taken out; and they, by this means, from time to time purloined the treasure. This amazed Hyrieus: for his locks and seals were untouched, and yet his wealth continually diminished. At length he set a trap for the thief, and Agamedes was caught. Trophonius, unable to extricate him, and fearing that, when found, he would be compelled by torture to discover his accomplice, cut off his head and carried it off. Trophonius himself is said to have been shortly afterward swal |