gives, probably about the same time with the city of Mycena. Strabo reports that, on abandoning their homes, the Tirynthians retired to the neighbouring town of Epidaurus. (Strab., 373.) But Pausanias affirms that the greater part were removed to Argos. The last-mentioned writer describes the remains of the walls of Tiryns as exhibiting a specimen of remarkably solid masonry. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p. 250.-Gell, Itin. of the Morea and Argolis.)—Sir W. Gell (Itin. of Argolis, p. 169) corrects an error of D'Anville with regard to this place. "A mistake," he observes," occurs on the subject of Tiryns, and a place named by him Vathia, but of which nothing can be understood. It is possible that Vathi, or the profound valley, may be a name sometimes used for the Valley of Barbitsa, and that the place named Claustra by D'Anville may be the outlet of that valley, called Kleisour, which has a corresponding signification." TIRYNTHIA, a name given to Alcmena, as being a native of Tiryns. (Vid. Tiryns.) TISAMENUS, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Lacedæmon The Heraclide entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians near Helice. (Apollod., 2, 7.—Pausan., 3, 1.) beauty. When Saturn succeeded his father he mar ried Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often confounded with that of the Giants; but it is to be observed that the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the Giants against Jupiter.-Pezron (Antiquité des Celtes) indulges in some whimsical remarks on the subject, and makes the Celta to be the same with the Titans, and their princes the same with the Giants in Scripture. According to him, the Titans were the descendants of Gomer, the son of Japhet. He adds that the word Titan is perfect Celtic, and he derives it from tit, earth, and den or ten, man; and hence, he says, the reason of the Greek appellation of ynyɛveis, or earth-born, which was applied to them. The Titans, according to Bryant, were those Cushites, or sons of Chus, called Giants, who built the Tower of Babel, and were afterward dispersed.-Constant regards the legend of the gods and the Titans as the tradition of a warfare between two rival religious sects, the Titans being considered by him as having worshipped the elements and stars. (Constant, de la Religion, vol. 2, p. 315.)-The best solution, however, appears to be that which makes the Titans mere personifications of the elements, and their warfare with the gods an allegorical picture of the angry collisions of the elements in the earliest ages of the world. (Compare Hermann und Creuzer, Briefe, p. 158.) TITANIDES, the daughters of Cœlus and Terra. |(Vid. Titanes, where their names are given.) TISIPHONE, one of the Furies. (Vid. Furiæ.) TISSAPHERNES, a satrap of Persia, commander of part of the forces of Artaxerxes at the battle of Cunaxa against Cyrus, and the one who first gave information to Artaxerxes of the designs of his brother. He afterward obtained a daughter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all the provinces over which Cyrus had TITARESIUS, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurobeen governor. This was the same Tissaphernes who tas, flowing into the Peneus a little above the vale of seized Alcibiades, and sent him prisoner to Sardis, af- Tempe. The waters of the two rivers did not, howter the naval victory which the latter had gained over ever, mingle; as those of the Peneus were clear and the Lacedæmonians. Tissaphernes was afterward de- limpid, while those of the Titaresius were impregnated feated by Agesilaus, upon which the King of Persia with a thick unctuous substance, which floated like oil sent Tithraustes, another satrap, against him, who cut upon the surface. (Strabo, 441.) Hence the fabuoff his head. (Plut., Vit. Alcib.-Id., Vit. Ages.-lous account of its being a branch of the infernal Styx. Xen., Anab., 1, 2.) (Hom., Il., 2, 751.-Lucan, 6, 375.) It is now the Saranta Poros. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 369.) TITAN OF TITANUS, I. a son of Cœlus (or Uranus) and Vesta (or Terra), brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of Calus; but he TITHŌNUS, a son of Laomedon, king of Troy, by gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, pro- Strymo, the daughter of the Scamander. He was so vided he raised no male children. When the births beautiful that Aurora became enamoured of him and of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were concealed from carried him away. She now besought Jove to bestow him, Titan, on discovering the deception, made war on him immortality. The sovereign of Olympus asagainst Saturn, and imprisoned him till he was replaced sented, and Tithonus became exempt from death; but on his throne by his son Jupiter. (Lactantius, de Fals. the love-sick goddess, having forgotten to have youth Rel., 1, 14.) This legend differs, it will be perceived, joined in the gift, began, with time, to discern old age from the ordinary one, as given under the article Ti-creeping over the visage and limbs of her beautiful tanes. II. A name applied to the sun, as the offspring consort. When she saw his hairs blanching, she abof Hyperion, one of the Titans. (Tibull., 4, 1, 50.-stained from his bed, but still kept him, and treated Virg., En., 4, 118.)-III. An epithet sometimes ap-him with fond attention, in her palace on the eastern plied to Prometheus by the poets. (Soph., Ed. Col., 56.-Juvenal, 14, 34.-Vid. Prometheus.) margin of the Ocean stream, "giving him ambrosial ma TITANES, a name given to the sons of Coelus (or Uranus) and Terra. They were six males, Oceanus, Coios, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, and the youngest of them Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or Rhea), Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys. These children, according to the commonly-received legend, were hated by their father, who, as soon as they were born, thrust them out of sight into a cavern of Earth, who, grieved at his unnatural conduct, pro- TITHOREA, a city on Mount Parnassus, called also duced the "substance of hoary steel," and, forming Neon, for the name of Tithorea was only properly apfrom it a sickle, roused her children, the Titans, to re-plied to one of the peaks of Parnassus. (Herod., 8, bellion against him; but fear seized on them all ex-32.-Strabo, 439.) This place, as we learn from cept Saturn (Cronus), who, lying in wait with the sickle Herodotus, was taken and burned by the army of with which his mother had armed him, mutilated his Xerxes (8, 33). In its vicinity, Philomelus, the Phounsuspecting sire. The drops which fell on the earth cian general, was defeated and slain by the Thebans. from the wound gave birth to the Erinnyes, the Giants,(Pausan., 10, 2.)-Delphi and Tithorea, on different and the Melian nymphs from what fell into the sea sides of the mountain, were the halting places of those sprung Aphrodite or Venus, the goddess of love and passing over Parnassus, at the distance of 80 stadia TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered by Artaxerxes to put to death Tissaphernes. (Vid. Tissaphernes.) TITIANUS, Julianus, a Latin geographical writer, who flourished about the commencement of the third century. Julius Capitolinus informs us that he was called "the ape of his time," from his possessing, in a high degree, the talent of imitation. From a passage in Sidonius Apollinaris (1, 1) we learn in what this imitation consisted. Titianus imitated the style of the writers of antiquity. Thus he took Cicero for his model in the letters which he published under the names of certain illustrious females. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 246.) from each other; being situate as the towns of Aoste | ity, when his situation drew down upon him all the inin Piedmont, and Martinach in the Vallais, are with vidiousness of power, without supplying him with the regard to Mont St. Bernard. The whole district on means of securing popular affection. He is accused the southern side was the Delphic; while all the coun- of having acted in some cases hastily and severely; try on the northern side received its name from Titho- and even of having gratified his personal resentment rea. The olives of this city were so highly esteemed by condemning officers of rank to an ignominious that they were conveyed as presents to the Roman death. He is, moreover, charged with avarice and emperors; they still maintain their ancient reputation, bribery on the authority of Suetonius, who asserts, being sent as an acceptable offering to the pashas and that those who had causes before the emperor knew other grandees of Turkey. The ruins of Tithorea how to obtain a favourable hearing, by placing a sum were first observed by Dr. Clarke, near the modern of money in the hands of the Cæsar. He had given village of Vilitza. "We arrived," says that traveller, offence, too, by an unwise attachment to Berenice, "at the walls of Tithorea, extending in a surprising the sister of King Agrippa. (Vid. Berenice VII.) In manner up the prodigious precipice of Parnassus, a word, so seriously did the people regard these frailties which rises behind the village of Velitza. These re- in the character of their prince, that they anticipated in mains are visible to a considerable height upon the his reign a renewal of the flagitious, tyrannical, and rocks." (Travels, vol. 7, p. 274.-Compare Dodwell, sanguinary deeds which had condemned to infamy the Tour, vol. 2, p. 139.-Gell's Itin., p. 214.) name and government of Nero. But from the hour that Titus ascended the throne of his father, a total change took place in all that was previously vicious and objectionable in his character. He discarded all the ministers of his loose days, and, being resolved to reform the state of public morals, began by reforming himself. Although still strongly attached to the beautiful Berenice, he dismissed her to her own country, because he knew that such a connexion was disagreeable to the senate and people. He abolished also the law of treason, under the sanction of which so many acts of tyranny had been committed; and he not only discountenanced, but severely punished, all spies and informers. His whole time was now devoted to the duties of his high station, and his chief pleasure consisted in rendering services and kindnesses to his friends and to his people. His benevolence and goodness of heart would doubtless find ample scope; yet it is recorded of him, that one evening, recalling to mind the events of the day, and not finding that he had done anything during its course beneficial to mankind, he exclaimed in accents of regret, "My friends, I have lost a day!" This well-known exclamation, and the course of benevolent deeds by which it was accredited, procured for him the truly glorious title of the "Delight of the Human Race" (Delicia humani generis).-A fresh war which broke out in Britain was the occasion of drawing forth the extraordinary qualities of Cnæus Julius Agricola, who pushed his conquests far into the country; and from the circumstance of some soldiers, who had been worsted in a skirmish, taking to their bark, and being driven by the wind and tide to a Roman camp on a distant coast, he conceived the idea, and completed the discovery, that Britain was an island. But the public prosperity was clouded by a terrible convulsion of Nature-the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. After an interval of extreme heat and drought, the whole plain was shaken, as in an earthquake, with a sound of subterranean thunder, and a roaring agitation of the air and sea; at the same time, a torrent of smoke and flame, accompanied by showers of stones, bursting from TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, son of Vespasian, the crater, darkened the sun like an eclipse. Suddensucceeded his father on the imperial throne. Previously a column of black ashes rose perpendicularly into to his accession, his military talents had been proved the air, hovered like a cloud, and fell; and in its fall by the successful issue to which he had brought the overwhelmed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. sanguinary and protracted war which was waged with This memorable event took place in A.D. 79, and the Jews, and which ended in the destruction of Jeru- serves to give a melancholy interest to the first year salem. At the close of the Jewish war he was re- of Titus's sovereignty. The dark cloud of smoke and ceived at Rome with the title of Cæsar, and admitted dust carried dismay even to the walls of the capital. to the honour of a joint triumph with his father the The darkness which sank down upon the city terriemperor. He soon became the depositary of all pow-fied the inhabitants of Rome to such a degree, that er, and the source of the executive authority in all its many of them threw themselves, with their families, branches; discharging the office of censor, which Ves- into ships bound for Africa and Egypt; imagining that pasian had assumed, and even watching over the du- Italy was about to atone for its sins by enduring the ties of prætorian prefect, never before administered uttermost wrath of the gods. A pestilence soon afbut by a Roman knight. The only stain which was ter succeeded at Rome, of which it is said that not ever attached to the life of Titus belongs to this period fewer than 10,000 persons died daily during a conof his history, before his accession to sovereign author-siderable period. This malady is ascribed by histori TITORMUS, a herdsman remarkable for his strength, in which he is said to have far surpassed even Milo. The latter having met him on one occasion, and having observed his great size of body, wished to make trial of his strength; but Titormus declined at first, saying that he was not possessed of much power of body. At length, however, descending into the river Evenus, he selected a stone of enormous size, and for three or four times in succession drew it towards him and then pushed it back again. After this he raised it up as high as his knees, and finally took it up on his shoulders and carried it for some distance; at last he flung it from him. Milo, on the other hand, could with difficulty even roll the same stone. Titormus gave a second proof of his vast strength by going to a herd of cattle, seizing a bull, the largest of the whole number, and fierce withal, by the foot, and holding it so firmly that it could not escape. Having then grasped another one, while in the act of passing, with the other hand, he held it in a similar manner. Milo, on seeing this, raised his hands to the heavens and exclaimed, "Oh, Jupiter! hast thou begotten in this man another Hercules for us?" Hence, says Elian, came the common expression, "This is another Hercules." (Ælian, Var. Hist., 23, 22.-Herod., 6, 127.-Lucian, de conscrib. Hist., p. 690.-Eustath. ad Hom., Od., 5, p. 206.) ans to the pollution which was supposed to have in- with love, he attempted violence; but the goddess fected the air in consequence of the eruption of the called her children to her aid, and he soon lay slain by mountain; but it is more probable that it originated their arrows. His punishment, however, did not end in the poverty and filth occasioned by the sudden in- with life. He lay extended in Erebus, covering with crease made to the population of the capital, when the his vast frame nine entire jugera, while a vulture kept fugitives from the ruined towns and villages of Cam-feeding upon his liver and entrails, which were conpania sought an asylum within its walls. Such mis- tinually reproduced. (Od., 11, 576, seqq.—Apollod., fortunes wounded deeply the compassionate heart of 1, 4, 1.- Virg., En., 6, 595.—Schol. ad Apollon. Titus. He felt, says Suetonius, not only like a prince, Rhod., 1, 761.) Heyne makes Tityus to have been but as a father, for the sufferings of his people, and an ancient hero, and supposes that part of the fable spared neither labour nor expense to relieve their dis- which relates to the nine acres to have been founded tress. Hastening in person to Campania for the pur- on the circumstance of his having had, after death, a pose of assisting the sufferers in that quarter, Titus tumulus of vast size covering his remains. (Antiquawas recalled to his capital by another frightful calam-rischer Aufsätze, vol. 1, p. 56.) ity. A fire broke out at Rome, which raged three TMOLUS, I. a broad and elevated mass of mountdays and nights with the greatest violence, destroying ains in Lydia, which sends several tributary torrents an immense number of buildings both public and pri- into the Hermus on the one side, and into the Caysvate. Among the former were the Pantheon, the Oc-ter on the other, and divides, in fact, the valleys tavian Library, and the Capitol, which last had been through which those two rivers flow. It was said to but recently rebuilt after the demolition which it had derive its name from Timolus or Tmolus, a Lydian sustained at the hands of the infuriated Germans du- king having been previously called Carmanorius. ring the reign of Vitellius. No sooner had this af- (Auct. de Fluv. in Pactol.) This mountain was flicting event reached the ears of the emperor, than he much celebrated for its wine. (Plin., 5, 29.-Virg., made known his determination to indemnify, out of his Georg., 2, 97.-Senec., Phan., 602.) Hence the freown coffers, all the losses which had accrued either to quent reference to it in the Bacche of Euripides (v. the state or individuals. So unwilling, in fact, was 64, 55, &c.). It appears also to have abounded with he that any one besides himself should have a share in shrubs and evergreens (Callim., fragm., 93); nor was the honour of relieving the fortunes of Rome, that he it less noted for its mineral productions. It yielded is said to have refused the contributions which were tin; and the Pactolus washed from its cavities a rich offered by some of his royal allies, by other cities of supply of golden ore. (Strab., 610, 625.) Strabo the empire, and by certain of the richest among the reports, that on the top of Tmolus there was a watchnobility. Such was now the constitution of Roman tower erected by the Persians; it was of white marsociety, that attention to the amusements of the lower ble, and commanded an extensive view of the surclass of citizens in time of peace had become no less rounding country. Tmolus is now called Bouz Dagh essential to the tranquillity of the empire than military by the Turks. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 441, talents during the pressure of war. With this view seqq.-Compare Arundell's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 25, Titus proceeded to finish the amphitheatre, of which 34, 54.)-II. A city of Lydia, in the vicinity of Mount his father had laid the foundation; adding to it baths Tmolus. According to Tacitus, it was destroyed by and other comforts for the gratification of the popu- an earthquake under Tiberius. (Ann., 2, 47.—Comlace. This was the famous Colosseum, or Flavian påre Niceph. Call., 1, 17.) Amphitheatre, the remains of which, at the present TOGATA, an epithet applied to Cisalpine Gaul, where day, still present so striking a feature among the an- the inhabitants wore the Roman toga, i. e., enjoyed tiquities of Rome. The dedication of this superb edi- the rights of Roman citizenship. The cities of Cisalfice was celebrated by games of the most magnificent pine Gaul obtained the privilege of Latin cities, and, character. The sports lasted a hundred days, during consequently, the right of wearing the Roman toga, which invention was racked to discover new modes of by a law of Pompeius Strabo, about A.U.C. 665. (Aspleasing the eye, and of stimulating the depraved fan-con., Comm. in Pison., p. 490.-Vid. Gallia Cisalcy of the multitude. It was observed that, on the last day of the games, the emperor appeared greatly dejected, and even shed tears. Hoping that his nerves would be strengthened by the purer air of the country, he retired to the neighbourhood of Reate, whence his family originally sprang, and whither he was accompanied by his brother Domitian. A fever with which he was seized was unduly checked by the use of the bath, to which he had become much addicted; and it is added by Suetonius, that the symptoms of the disease were greatly aggravated by adopting a suggestion of Domitian's, that the patient should be put into a tub filled with snow. Thus died, on the 13th day of September, A.D. 81, Titus, in the same house where his father had expired, after a pacific reign of two years and nearly three months. The character of this prince has been given in the history of his actions; and his name, even at the present day, conveys to the reader all those ideas of justice, clemency, wisdom, and benevolence, which enter into the conception of a good sovereign; and his virtues were prized still more highly when contrasted with the violent and ungovernable temper of his brother, who succeeded him on the throne. (Sucton., Vit. Tit.-Dio Cass., 66, 15, seqq. -Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 607, seqq.) TITYUS, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara, the daughter of Orchomenus. Tityus happened to see Latona, on one occasion, as she was going to Delphi. Inflamed pina.) TOLETUM, now Toledo, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the river Tagus, and the capital of the Carpetani. According to Sylva and other Spanish bistorians, this city was founded by a considerable body of Jews, who, on their emancipation from captivity 540 years before the vulgar era, established themselves here, and called the place Toledoth or Toledath, that is, mother of the people. This is all a mere fa ble. Cæsar made this city a place of arms, and Augustus rendered it one of the seats of justice in Spain Modern Toledo was formerly celebrated for the exquisite temper of its sword-blades, for which, according to some of the ancient writers, Toletum was also famous. (Plin., 3, 4.—Itin. Ant., 438, 446.—Grat, Falisc., Cyneg., 351.) TOLISTOBOII, one of the Celtic tribes in Galatia, in Asia Minor. They occupied that portion of the country which extended along the left bank of the Sangarius from its junction with the Thymbris to its source, and was separated from Bithynia by that river. The principal town of this tribe was Pessinus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 85.) TOLOSA, now Toulouse, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus. The situation of Tolosa was very favourable for trade, and under the Romans it became the centre of the traffic which was carried on between the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of this part of Gaul. Minerva had a rich temple there, which Cæpio the consul plun- | (Herod., 1, 205.-Consult remarks under the article dered; and as he was never after fortunate, the words Cyrus.) aurum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cæpio is said to have plundered 15,000 talents. This wealth seems to have belonged, for the most part, to private individuals, who had placed in the temple for safe keeping. (Mela, 2, 5.-Cic., N. D., 3, 20.—Cæs., B. G., 3, 20.) na. TOLUMNIUS. Vid. Lars Tolumnius. TOMARUS, a mountain of Epirus, on the declivity or at the foot of which stood the celebrated DodoCallimachus (Hymn. in Cer., 52) calls it Tmarus. Pliny (4, 1), on the authority of Theopompus, assigns it a hundred springs around its base. Cramer makes it the same with the modern Mount Chamouri. (Consult remarks under the article Dodona, page 451, col. 1, and also Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 115, seqq.) ToPazos, an island on the western side of the Sinus Arabicus, in what was called the Sinus Immundus, and not far to the south of Berenice. It was called also Ophiodes, from its containing many serpents. Ptolemy gives it the name of Agathonis Insula. The stone topazus was found here, whence the appellation given to the island. (Agatharch. in Huds. Geogr. Min., 1, 54.-Diod. Sic., 3, 40.-Plin., 37, 8.)—The topaz of the Romans was the modern chrysolite, a stone which has always an admixture of green with the yellow. This probably proceeds from particles of copper dissolved in an acid, and taken up with those of the lead into the matter of the gem at the time of its original concretion. (Hill's Theophrastus, p. 73.) TORONE, I. a haven of Epirus, below the river Thyamis, and opposite Corcyra. It appears to have been TOMOS OF TOMI, a town situate on the western shores in the vicinity of the modern Parga. Ptolemy gives of the Euxine Sea, about 36 miles below the mouths Torone as the form of the name (p. 85), but Pluof the Danube. The name was fabled by the Greek tarch calls it Toryne (Topúvn). This last writer remythologists to have been derived from róuos, "a cut-ports that the fleet of Augustus was moored here for ting" or "separation," because Medea had here, as a short time previous to the battle of Actium. (Vit. they maintained, cut to pieces her brother Absyrtus, Anton.)-II. A town of Macedonia, situate towards and strewed his remains along the road in order to the southern extremity of the Sithonian peninsula, and stop her father's pursuit. (Vid. Ovidius, page 949, giving name to the Sinus Toronacius, or Gulf of Cascol. 2.) Tomi is still called Tomeswar, though some- sandria. The harbour of Torone was called Cophos times otherwise styled Baba. It is celebrated as be- (Kwoóc, mute, silent), from the circumstance that the ing the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. noise of the waves was never heard there; hence the (Vid. Ovidius, page 949, col. 1.) proverb κωφότερος τοῦ Τορουναίου Λιμένος. (Prov. Græc. Schott., p. 101.—Strabo, 330.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 256.) TORQUATUS. Vid. Manlius II. Gell., 15, 24.) Some of his verses are cited by Cicero. (Tusc. Quæst., 4, 31.- Id., de Fin., 2, 4.) As regards the amusing deception played off on Joseph Scaliger by Muretus with some pretended lines of Trabea, consult Fabricius (Bibl. Lat., 4, 1, 3.—Bayle, Dict., vol. 4, p. 392.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 1, p. 139.) TOMYRIS, a queen of the Massagetæ in the time of Cyrus the Great. The Persian monarch sent ambassadors to her, asking her hand in marriage; but the Scythian queen, well aware that the king was more TRABEA, Q., a Roman comic poet, who flourished anxious for the crown of the Massagete than the pos-about A.U.C. 622, or 132 B.C. (Gronov. ad Aul. session of her own person, interdicted his entrance into her territories. Cyrus thereupon marched openly against the Massagete, and began to construct a bridge over the river Araxes. While he was thus employed, Tomyris sent an ambassador, recommending him to desist from his enterprise; but adding that, if he still persisted in his design, the Scythian forces would retire for three days' march from the river, and would thus allow him an opportunity of crossing without the aid of a bridge: when once on the opposite side of the river, he could then try his strength with her subjects. Or, if he did not like this plan, he might withdraw his own army a similar distance from the river, and the Massagete would then cross over into the Persian territories, and contend with him there. Cyrus, by the advice of Croesus, accepted the former part of the offer, and, having crossed the Araxes, planned the following stratagem, suggested to him by Crosus. He advanced one day's march into the territories of the Massagetæ, and then, leaving his camp full of provisions and wine, and his worst troops in charge of it, he returned with his best to the banks of the Araxes. What he had foreseen took place. The Massagetæ came with the third part of their entire force, under the command of Spargapises, the son of Tomyris, attacked the Persian camp, cut to pieces the troops stationed there, and then banqueted on the abundant stores which they found in the camp, and drank to excess of the wine. Cyrus, returning on a sudden, surprised the whole number, slew many, and took a much larger number prisoners; among the latter, the son of Tomyris himself. This prince, on recovering from the intoxication into which he had fallen, slew himself through a feeling of shame; and Tomyris, soon after, assembling all her forces, engaged in battle with Cyrus, whom she totally defeated. The Persian monarch himself was numbered among the slain; and the queen, having searched for and found his dead body, cut off the head, and plunged it into a skin-bag full of human blood, exclaiming at the same time, "I will give thee thy fill of blood" (σè aïμaтos Kopéσw). TRACHIS, OF TRACHIN, a town of Thessaly, in the Melian district, and near the shore of the Sinus Maliacus. It was to this place that Hercules retired after having committed an involuntary murder, as we learn from Sophocles, who has made it the scene of one of his deepest tragedies. (Trach., 39.) Trachis, so called, according to Herodotus, from the mountainous character of the country, forms the approach to Thermopyla on the side of Thessaly. (Herod., 7, 176.) Thucydides states, that in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war, B.C. 426, the Lacedemonians, at the request of the Trachinians, who were harassed by the mountaineers of Eta, sent a colony into their country. These, jointly with the Trachinians, built a town, to which the name of Heraclea was given (Thucyd., 3, 92), distant about sixty stadia from Thermopyle, and twenty from the sea. Its distance from Trachis was only six stadia (Vid. Heraclea VI.)-II. A town of Phocis, east of Panopeus, and close to the Baotian frontier. I was surnamed Phocica, for distinction' sake from the city of Thessaly. Pausanias, who calls it Thracis (Opakíç), speaks of it as having been destroyed in the Sacred war. (Pausan., 10, 3. Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 182.) TRACHONITIS, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan, on the northern confines of Palestine. Its name is derived from the Greek тpaxús, rough, and has reference to its being a rugged and stony country. (Plin., 5, 18.-Josephus, Ant., 15, 13.) TRAJANOPOLIS, I. a city of Cilicia, the same as Selinus. (Vid. Selinus.)-II. A city of Thrace, on the Hebrus, below its confluence with the Zerna. It became the capital of the Roman province of Rhodope, and, according to Reichard, is now Arichoro. (Piol. --Itin. Ant., 322.-Itin. Hierosol., 602.-Hierocl., | the course of which no fewer than 10,000 gladiators 631.) are said to have fought for the amusement of the mulTRAJĀNUS, M. ULPIUS CRINITUS, a Roman emper- titude. It was in commemoration, also, of the conor, the successor of Nerva. The latter, towards the quest of Dacia, that the famous pillar in the forum of close of his short reign, feeling his inability to control Trajan was erected, although it was not completed the seditious troops of the capital, resolved to adopt till the seventeenth year of his reign.-The deepest Trajan as his colleague and successor in the empire, by stain which rests on the memory of Trajan is the whose firmness and decision the prætorian bands might sanction which he gave to the persecutions of the be kept in awe. The result proved the wisdom of his Christians. This persecution raged chiefly in the choice. So high was the character of Trajan, that no Asiatic provinces, where Christianity was most prevaperson could be named equally worthy of the empire; lent; and when Pliny the younger, at that time proand even the seditious soldiery of the prætorian camp consul of Bithynia, wrote to Trajan for instructions submitted without a murmur. The selection of Tra- respecting a matter which was causing the death of jan prevented any contests for imperial power at the so many men, who could not be convicted of any pubdeath of Nerva; so that the new emperor entered lic crimes, the emperor returned an ambiguous answer, without the necessity of bloodshed upon the discharge the purport of which was, "that the Christians should of his high functions. He was by birth a Spaniard, not be sought for, nor indicted on anonymous inhaving been born at Italica, but he was of Italian ex-formation, but that, on conviction, they ought to be traction, and had been early inured to the discipline of punished." Such an answer was contrary to every the army under his father, a commander of considera- principle of justice; for, if criminal, they ought to ble reputation. When he himself became a general, have been sent for; if not criminal, they ought not to he continued to practise the simple habits of a soldier, have been punished. The persecution, being someexcelling his troops, not in personal indulgences, but in what discouraged, was gradually suffered to abate.courage and virtue. On the throne he continued to Trajan's passion for military fame had been but exciexhibit the same excellences, only enhanced by the ted, not satiated, by his Dacian conquests. He next acquisition of a wider scope for their full develop-directed his attention to the East, and resolved to ment. Being superior to fear, it was natural that he wrest from the Parthians, the most formidable foes of should also be above harbouring suspicion. He there- Rome, the empire of Central Asia. The first scene fore abolished the law of treason (judicia majestatis), of his glory was Armenia, which he speedily reduced which had been re-established by Domitian after hav-to a Roman province. Hence he advanced into Mesing been abrogated by Titus, and prepared to restore opotamia, throwing across the rapid Tigris a bridge as much of the free Roman constitution as was com- not less remarkable than that which spanned the Danpatible with the existence of a monarchy. He restored ube. The greater part of what had been the Assyrian the elective power to the comitia, complete liberty of empire was overrun by his victorious arms. Seleucia speech to the senate, and to the magistrates their former yielded to his might; Ctesiphon, the capital of the authority; and yet he ruled the empire with unrivalled Parthian kingdom, could not resist his prowess; all firmness, holding the reins of power with a strong and opposition appeared fruitless, and victory seemed the steady hand. Of him it has been said, not in the lan- companion of his march. Elated with these successguage of panegyric, but of simple sincerity, that he es, and emulating the glory of Alexander while he was equally great as a ruler, a general, and a man: traversed the countries which had been the scene of and only such a man could with safety, as emperor, his exploits, he descended the Tigris to behold the have used those remarkable words, when, giving a Persian Gulf; and it is said, that, seeing a vessel there sword to the prefect of the prætorian guards, he said, ready to sail for India, he exclaimed, that if he were "Take this sword, and use it; if I have merit, for me; a younger man, he would carry his arms against the if otherwise, against me."-Soon after the accession inhabitants of India. While he had been dreaming of Trajan, the Dacian monarch, Decebalus, sent to de- of the invasion of India, his conquests of the precemand the tribute with which Domitian had purchased ding year were vanishing from his grasp. As soon a disgraceful peace. This Trajan indignantly refused; as the immediate terror of his army was withdrawn, and, levying an army, marched against the Dacians; the countries which he had overrun began to shake off who had already resumed their predatory incursions. the yoke, and the emperor enjoyed the empty glory The hostile armies soon came to an engagement, for of giving away the crown of Parthia to a prince whom both were equally eager; and, after a desperate strug-Dio Cassius calls Parthamaspates, and whose reign gle, the Dacians were routed with dreadful carnage. was likely to last no longer than while the Romans But so great was the loss of the Romans that for were at hand to protect him. Not long after this, some time they were unable to follow up their victory. Maximus, a man of consular rank, on whom Trajan It was, however, decisive; and the Dacians were com- had bestowed the command of a separate army, was pelled, not only to forego their demands, but even to defeated and slain in Mesopotamia; and Trajan, at the become tributaries to Pome. But, unaccustomed to end of the season, fell back with his forces into Syria, servitude, and led by their gallant King Decebalus, with the hope of renewing the invasion in the followthey mustered fresh forces as soon as they had some-ing spring. But he was seized with a lingering illwhat recovered from their overthrow, and prepared for ness, which obliged him to resign all thoughts of taanother contest. The warlike emperor was equally king the command in person; and he wished, thereready for the shock of arms. Not satisfied with expell-fore, to return himself to Rome, leaving the care of ing the invaders, he now determined to carry the war the army to Hadrian, who had married his niece. As into the country of the enemy. For this purpose he Trajan had no children, his wife Plotina is said to erected a stupendous bridge over the Danube, with a have used all her influence to persuade him to adopt strong fortification at each end, defeated the Dacians Hadrian; but it was generally believed that she never in every battle, marched into the heart of their coun- could prevail upon her husband to take this step, and try, and made himself master of their chief town. De- that the instrument which she produced, and sent cebalus, despairing of success, killed himself, and Da- to Hadrian at Antioch immediately before the death cia was restored to a Roman province, and secured in of Trajan, was, in reality, a forgery of her own. Trasubjection by colonies and standing camps. On his jan died at Selinus, in Cilicia, in A.D. 117, after a return from the Dacian war, Trajan gratified the peo-reign of nineteen years and a little more than six ple by rejoicings celebrated on the most magnificent months. In addition to what has already been said scale; for, according to Dio Cassius, the different of his character, we may remark that Trajan was shows that were exhibited lasted for four months, in an affectionate husband and brother. As a sover |