these conquests after the defeat of Mithradates. Lucullus, the Roman commander, invaded Armenia, and defeated, near Tigranocerta, the mixed and numerous army of Tigranes. (Vid. Lucullus.) The peace concluded in the year 63 B.C. left him only Armenia. (Vid. Mithradates VII.)

TIGRANOCERTA, the capital of Armenia, built by Tigranes during the Mithradatic war. It was situate to the east of the Tigris, on the river Nicephorius, and, according to Tacitus, stood on a hill nearly surrounded by the latter river. It was a large, rich, and powerful city. It was inhabited not only by Orientals, but also by many Grecian colonists, and likewise by captives who had been carried off by Tigranes from some of the Greek cities of Syria which had been conquered by him from the Seleucida. Lucullus, during the Mithradatic war, took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less than 8,000 talents in ready money. The Roman commander sent home the greater part of the foreign inhabitants, but still the city remained, after this, no unimportant place. The remains of Tigranocerta are at Sered on the BitlisSoo. (Tac., Ann., 12, 50.—Id. ibid., 14, 24.—Plin., 6, 9.)

whose territory is supposed to have answered to the modern Zurich. Considerable doubt, however, has been thrown upon the correctness of this opinion. (Consult Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., s. v.— -Oberlin. ad Cæs., B. G., 1, 27.)

TIMACUS, now the Timok, a river of Masia falling into the Danube. (Plin., 3, 26.)

TIMEUS, I. a Pythagorean philosopher, a native of Locri, born about B.C. 380. He was a preceptor of Plato's. We have remaining of his productions only a single work (if indeed this be his), written in the Doric dialect, and treating "of the Soul of the World and of Nature" (πεрi vxãç кóoμw kaÌ QÚσLOÇ). There exists, however, much uncertainty as to its being the work of Timæus or not. Tennemann (Syst. der Plat. Phil., vol. 1, p. 93) attempts to prove that it is merely an extract from the Timæus of Plato. Other critics, on the contrary, charge Plato with copying from this work into his dialogue. We owe the preservation of this piece of Timaus' to Proclus, who has placed it at the head of his commentary on Plato's Timæus. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 313.)— II. A native of Tauromenium, in Sicily, who flourished about 260 B.C. Having been driven into exile TIGRIS, a large river of Asia, rising in the mount- by Agathocles, he repaired to Athens, where he occuains of Armenia Major, in the district of Sophene, and pied himself with the composition of a great historical falling into the Euphrates. A rising ground prevents work on the affairs of Greece, on those of Sicily, the it from proceeding to the Euphrates in the early part wars of Pyrrhus, of Agathocles, &c. It bore the title of its course. A deep ravine in the mountains above of Ἑλληνικὰ καὶ Σικελικά, or, rather, Ιταλικὰ καὶ Amida, or Diarbekir, opens a passage for it, and it Eikeλiká, and was divided into more than 40 books. takes its speedy course across a territory which is very It appears, from a passage in Polybius (3, 32), that unequal, and has a powerful declivity. Its extreme this work did not contain a synchronistic relation of rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances, events, but consisted rather of detached portions of has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median history, in each of which the author treated separately language, Diglito with the Syrians, Delkat or Didhi- of some important event. Cicero cites Timæus as a lat in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; all which model of what was called the "Asiatic" style. (Brut., terms denote the flight of an arrow. (Wahl, Vorder c. 95.-De Orat., 2, 13.) Polybius, and, after him, Diund Mittel Asien, 1, p. 710.-Compare Rosenmuller, odorus Siculus, have charged Timæus with credulity ad Gen., 2, 14.) Besides this branch, which is best and unfairness. Naturally gloomy and morose, he was known to the moderns, Pliny has described to us, in exasperated by the treatment which he had experienced detail, another, which issues from a chain of mount- from Agathocles. His ill-humour, however (if it may ains, now the mountains of Kurdistan, to the west of be so termed), never degenerated into misanthropy; the Arsissa Palus or Lake of Van. It passes by the he was even open at times to kindly affections. TiLake Arethusa. Its course being checked by a part moleon was the hero whom he admired; and Cicero of Mount Taurus, it falls into a subterranean cavern says that the former owed a part of his glory to the called Zoroander, and appears again at the bottom of circumstance of his having had such an historian of the mountain. The identity of its waters is shown by his exploits as Timæus. (Ep. ad Fam., 4, 12.) The the reappearance of light bodies at its issue that have ancients praised his geographical knowledge, and his been thrown up into it above the place where it en- care in indicating the chronology of the events which ters the mountains. It passes also by the Lake Thos- he describes. He appears also to have composed anpitis, near Arzanene or Erzen, buries itself again in other work, on the " Olympiads," and it is said he subterranean caverns, and reappears at the distance was the first historical writer that employed this era. of twenty-five miles below, near Nymphæum. This Longinus, after speaking of Timæus as in general an branch joins the western Tigris. As the Tigris and able, well-informed, and sensible writer, charges him Euphrates approach, the intermediate land loses its with frequent puerilities and frigid expressions, which elevation, and is occupied by meadows and morasses. he ascribes to an over-eagerness for novelty of ideas Several artificial communications, perhaps two or three and language. (Long., 4.)-We have only some of which are natural, form a prelude to the approach- fragments remaining of the historical work. These ing junction of the rivers, which finally takes place have been collected by Göller, in his treatise “De near the modern Koma. The river formed by their Situ et Origine Syracusarum," p. 209, seqq. (Schöll, junction was called Pasitigris, now Shat-el-Arab, or Hist. Lat. Gr., vol. 3, p. 219, seqq.)-III. A sophist the river of Arabia. It has three principal mouths, of the third century of our era, who wrote a book callbesides a small outlet: these occupy a space of thirty-ed Lexicon vocum Platonicarum. It was edited with six miles. For farther particulars, vid. Euphrates. The Tigris, though a far less noble stream than the Euphrates, is one of the most celebrated rivers in history, and many famous cities, at various periods, have decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned Nineveh, Seleucia, Ctesiphon, and, in modern times, Bagdad, Mousul, Diarbekr. The length of the Tigris is eight hundred miles. (Herod., 1, 89.-Id., 5, 52.-Id., 6, 20.-Polyb., 5, 46.-Tac., Ann., 6, 37.Id. ibid., 12, 13.—Mela, 1, 2.-Id., 3, 8.- -Plin., 2, 103.-Id., 6, 9.-Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 191, Am. ed.)

TIGURINI, a warlike people among the Helvetii,

great ability by Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat., 1754, 8vo.A later edition of this same, containing all Ruhnken's notes, appeared from the Leipsic press in 1828, 8vo, under the editorial care of Koch.-As regards the period when he is supposed to have flourished, consult the remarks of Ruhnken (Præf., p. xiv.).

TIMAGENES, a native of Alexandrea, son of the banker of Ptolemy Auletes. Having been reduced to slavery when the city was taken by Gabinius (55 B.C.), he was brought to Rome, and sold to Faustus, the son of Sylla, who gave him his freedom. He exercised, after this, the profession of a cook, and then that of a litterbearer (lecticarius). Abandoning, subsequently, this

humble employment, he set up as a teacher of rheto- | jected the painter, with the majority of his judges, to ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was the imputation of insensibility. He must either have much sought after on account of his agreeable manners represented him in tears, or convulsed at the flash of and intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering the uplifted steel, forgetting the chief in the father, and bons mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seems, in that state of stupefaction which levels all features had appointed him his historiographer, and extended and deadens expression. He might, indeed, have his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended chosen a fourth mode; he might have exhibited his by a witty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his fainting and palsied in the arms of his attenda presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag- and, by this confusion of male and female character, enes burned the history which he had composed of the merited the applause of every theatre in Paris. Bu reign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he Timanthes had too true a sense of nature to expose enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol- father's feelings or to tear a passion to rags; nor ad lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander the Greeks yet learned of Rome to steel the face. I and his successors, entitled Tɛpì Baoiλéwv (“Of he made Agamemnon bear his calamity as a man be Kings"). This work formed one of the principal made him also feel it as a man. It became the leader sources whence Quintus Curtius drew the materials of Greece to sanction the ceremony with his presence, of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed it did not become the father to see the daughter his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in neath the dagger's point: the same nature that threw Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his a real mantle over the face of Timoleon, when be a days. It is on account of his residence in this part of sisted at the punishment of his brother, taught Tim the East that some authors give him the epithet of thes to throw an imaginary one over the face of Aga "the Syrian." Besides his History of Alexander, memnon; neither height nor depth, but prepricy Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which expression, was his aim." (Fuseli, Lecture on An is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch. Art.-Works, vol. 2, p. 49.)-This celebrated pe (Bonamy, Recherches sur l'historien Timagène. — was painted, as Quintilian informs us, in contest with Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser., &c., vol. 13, p. 35.) Colotes of Teos, a painter and sculptor from the scard Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan- of Phidias, and it was crowned with victory atte drean and Timagenes the Syrian, but in this he is rival exhibition. (Quintil., 2, 13.— Cic., Orth wrong. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 75.) 74. Eustath., 1. c.)-On another occasion, b painted a sleeping Cyclops in an exceedingly s compass, yet wishing to convey the idea of his gib tic size, he introduced a group of Satyrs, measur his thumb with a thyrsus. A deep meaning was be discovered in every work of his pencil: yet tendency to expression and significant delineation du not detract from the beauty of the forms which he ated; for his figure of a prince was so perfecti proportion and so majestic in its air, that it app to have reached the utmost height of the ideal picture was preserved in the temple of Peace at Rome. (Encyclop. Metropol., div. 2, vol. 1, p. 407—Salg, Dict. Art., s. v.)-II. A painter, who flourished i the age of Aratus, and made a picture representaļ the battle between this general and the Etolians, new Pellene. (Plut., Vit. Arat., c. 32-Sillig, Diet. Art, s. v.)

TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustathius (ad Il., 24, 163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quintilian (2, 13), of Cythnus. He was a contemporary of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin., 35, 9, 36), and must, consequently, have lived about Olymp. 96. The most important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10, 36). Timanthes has not been so much brought forward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius; but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems to have thrown a large share of intellect and thought into his productions. He appears to have been unequalled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we have some remarkable examples. One of these was displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted TIMĀVUS, a celebrated stream of Italy, in the tem relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va- tory of Venetia, northeast of Aquileia, and falling rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have the Hadriatic. Few streams have been more cele reached its utmost expression in the face of Menelaus; ted in antiquity or more sung by the poets than the but that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter, Timavus. Its numerous sources, its lake and subter heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance ranean passage, which have been the theme of the of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess- Latin muse from Virgil to Claudian and Ausories ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of now so little known, that their existence bas eve the father with his mantle, and left his agony to the been questioned, and ascribed to poetical invertin imagination of the spectators.-In Fuseli's Lecture on It has, however, been well ascertained, that the name Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the of Timao is still preserved by some springs wi subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course rise near S. Giovano di Carso and the castle of D of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir and form a river, which, after a course of little met Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M. Falconet in re- than a mile, falls into the Hadriatic. The pur garding the circumstance of the mantle-enveloped face of these sources seems to vary according to the dr of Agamemnon as little better than a mere trick on ence of the seasons, which circumstance will acco the part of the artist. The remarks of Fuseli, in for the various statements made by ancient writers r answer to this and similar animadversions, are worthy specting them. Strabo, who appears to derive s of being quoted: "Neither the French nor the Eng-formation from Polybius, reckoned seven, all of which lish critic appears to me to have comprehended the real motive of Timanthes; they ascribe to impotence what was the forbearance of judgment. Timanthes felt like a father; he did not hide the face of Agamemnon because it was beyond the power of his art, nor because it was beyond the possibility, but because it was beyond the dignity of expression; because the inspiring feature of paternal affection at that moment, and the action which, of necessity, must have accom- TIMOLEON, a Corinthian of noble birth and distinpanied it, would either have destroyed the grandeur of guished ability as a warrior and statesman. His broth The character and the solemnity of the scene, or sub-er Timophanes having, partly by popularity and party

with the exception of one, were salt. According to Posidonius, the river really rose in the mountains some distance from the sea, and disappeared cer ground for the space of fourteen miles, when it isced forth again near the sea at the springs above mention ed. (Strabo, 215.-Pliny, 2, 106.) This account seems also verified by actual observation. (Cremer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 130.)

by the aid of a mercenary force, made himself tyrant of ed to death his unoffending wife and daughters? and Corinth, Timoleon, after vain remonstrance, came to what of the general, who, holding little less than absohim with a kinsman of his, brother to the wife of Ti-lute authority over his followers, referred such a matmophanes, and a friend named Theopompus, and, cov- ter to the decision of such a body? Having everyering his own face, stood by while the others slew him. where established for Syracuse and for himself a suWhen the Syracusan ambassadors arrived to seek aid perintending authority, which rested on the support of a from Corinth against their tyrants, the deed was recent, prevailing party, like the control of Athens or Laceand all Corinth was in a ferment; some extolling Ti- dæmon over their allies, Timoleon sought to restore moleon as the most magnanimous of patriots, others good order, abundance, and population to the long-afexecrating him as a fratricide. The request of the flicted island. Syracuse was still very thinly peopled, Syracusans offered to the Corinthians the means of and it was torn by mutual jealousy between the remcalming their dissensions by the removal of the ob- nant of the ancient Syracusans, and the numerous mernoxious individual, and to Timoleon a field of honour- cenaries and foreign adventurers who had been reable action, in which he might escape from the misgiv-warded for their services with lands and houses, and adings of his own mind and the reproaches of his moth- mission to all the rights of citizens. At one time the er, who never forgave him. Timoleon proceeded to struggle ripened to a civil war, of which we know not Sicily with a small band of mercenaries, principally the circumstances or the issue; but probably it was raised by his own credit. On arriving he received suppressed without the ruin of either party. At once considerable re-enforcements, and soon gained a foot- to supply the void in the city and to strengthen his goving in Syracuse. The greater part of the city had al- ernment by a body of adherents who owed their all to ready been taken by Hicetes from Dionysius, and the him, Timoleon invited colonists from Greece, and setwhole was divided between three parties, each hostile tled at one time four thousand families on the Syrato both the others. Timoleon was, in the end, success- cusan territory, and on a neighbouring plain of great ful. Hicetes withdrew to Leontini, and Dionysius extent and fertility no less than ten thousand. Simisurrendered, himself and his friends retiring to Corlar measures were adopted in many of the other cities inth; while two thousand mercenaries of the garrison under his control. He revised the ancient laws of Syrengaged in the service of Timoleon. This final ex- acuse, and restored them with amendments skilfully pulsion of Dionysius took place fifty years after the rise adapted to the altered state of the commonwealth. But E of his father, and four years after the landing of Ti- to amalgamate into a united people so many bodies of moleon in Sicily (B.C. 343). Timoleon remained mas- men of various interests, and mostly trained to war ter of a city, the largest of all in the Grecian settle- and violence, was a work only to be accomplished by ments; but almost a desert, through the multitudes the energy of one able man; and in accomplishing that slain or driven into banishment in successive revolu- work, Timoleon was both enabled and obliged, by the tions. So great, it is said, was the desolation, that lawless habits of his followers, to exercise an authority the horses of the cavalry grazed in the market-place, not less arbitrary than that of any tyrant he had overwhile the grooms slept at their ease on the luxuriant thrown. In one most important particular he is supeherbage. The winter was passed in assigning desert- rior, not only to those chiefs, to Gelon and Dionysius, ed lands and houses as a provision to the few remain- and to all who ever held like power in Sicily, but pering Syracusans of the Corinthian party and to the mer-haps to all, with the single exception of Washington, cenaries instead of pay, which the general had not to who have ever risen to the highest power in times of give. In winter, when Grecian warfare was slackened tumult; for he appears to have directed his efforts or interrupted, the possession of good houses would honestly and wisely to the object, not of establishing a doubtless be gratifying; but to men unused to peace- dynasty of princes, but of so settling the government ful labour, lands without slaves and cattle were of lit- and training the people that they should be able, after tle worth; and it was necessary, in the spring, to find his death, to govern themselves without an arbitrary them some profitable employment. Unable sufficient-leader. He died highly honoured and generally bely to supply the wants of his soldiers from any Gre- loved; and, for many years after his death, the whole cian enemy, Timoleon sent one thousand men into the of Sicily continued in unusual quiet and growing prosterritory belonging to Carthage, and gathered thence perity. Yet, in doing justice to the great qualities of abundance of spoil. The measure may seem rash, Timoleon, and the sincerity of his zeal for the public but he probably knew that an invasion was preparing, good, we cannot but own that he was unscrupulous in and that quiescence would not avert the storm, while the choice of means, even beyond the ordinary laxity of a rich booty would make his soldiers meet it better. political morality in Greece, and that his fame is tarThe Carthaginians landed in Sicily. Their force is nished by some acts of atrocious cruelty and of gross instated at seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse; justice. (Corn. Nep., Vit. Timol.-Plut., Vit. Timol. while Timoleon could only muster three thousand-History of Greece (Lib. Us. Knowl.), p. 119, seq.) Syracusans and nine thousand mercenaries. Never- TIMOмACHUS, a painter of Byzantium, who flourishtheless, he advanced to meet them in their own pos-ed in the age of Cæsar the Dictator, and executed for sessions; and, by the union of admirable conduct with him pictures of Ajax and Medea, which were placed singular good fortune, won a glorious victory, which in the temple of Venus Genetrix. For these paintings was soon followed by an honourable peace. Timoleon, the artist received 80 talents. (Plin., 35, 11, 40.professing to be the liberator of Sicily, next directed his arms against the various chiefs or tyrants who held dominion in the towns. In this he may probably have been actuated by a sincere hatred of such governments; but he frequently seems to have little consulted the wishes of the people, whose deliverer he declared him- TIMON, I. a disciple of Pyrrho, who flourished in the self. Most of the smaller chiefs withdrew; the more time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and lived to the age of powerful, resisting, were conquered; and, being given 90 years. He first professed philosophy at Chalcedon, up to their political adversaries, were put to death-in and afterward at Athens, where he remained till his some cases with studied cruelty. Among the victims death. He took little pains to invite disciples to his was Hicetes, who was submitted, with his whole fam- school, and seems to have treated the opinions and disily, to the judgment of that mixed multitude now call-putes of the philosophers with contempt; for he wrote ed the Syracusan people, and all were put death. a poem called Silli, in which he inveighs with bitter There is much appearance that Hicetes deserved his sarcasms against the whole body. He was addicted to fate; but what shall we say of the people which dooin- intemperance. With him terminated the succession

Id., 35, 4, 9.) The Medea is the subject of an epigram in the Anthology. (Anthol. Palat., P. 2, p. 667.) This epigram has been imitated by Ausonius, in the 22d of his collection. For an account of other pieces of Timomachus, consult Sillig (Dict. Art., s. v.).

more of you who intend to hang yourselves, you may come before the fig-tree is cut down." (Ding. Laert, 1 9, 112. -Suid., s. v.-Leclerc, in Biogr. Univ., val 46, p. 83, seqq.)

TIMOPHANES, a Corinthian, brother to Time He attempted to make himself tyrant of his country by means of the mercenary soldiers with whom he ad fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timeleon wished to convince him of the impropriety measures; and, when he found him unmoved, be caus

He commencement of the article.)

of the public professors in the school of Pyrrho. The small field, and in this field a fig-tree, on which many fragments of Timon were edited, in 1820, by Wölke, citizens have already hung themselves. I intend new Varsav., 8vo, and in 1821, by Paul, Berol., 8vo.-II. to build a house on this spot, and wish to give you Surnamed the Misanthrope, was a native of the bor-notice before I begin, in order that if there be any ough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of mankind. Born some time before the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, it is possible that the vices and crimes of which he was an eyewitness during this period of trouble may have contributed to the development of that morose spirit which procured for him the surname by which he is always known. It appears from the ancient writers, and indirectly from the testimony of Plato himself (Phædon, p. 67, ed. 1602), that this hatred towards his fellow-men was originally exci-ed him to be assassinated. (Vid. Timoleon, at de ted by the false and ungrateful conduct of others. lavished upon those around him a large fortune in TIMOTHEUS, I. a poet and musician of Miletus, ben presents and in services of all kinds, and, when his 446 B.C. He was received with hisses the first une wealth was all expended, he found that he had lost not he exhibited in public at Athens, and farther appr only his property, but his friends. Misanthropy then tions would have been totally abandoned, had not Essucceeded to unbounded liberality; and, shunning the ripides discovered his abilities, and encouraged t society of his fellow-men, and retiring to a small spot to follow a profession in which he afterward gazed of ground in the suburbs, he gave himself up to the much applause. According to Pausanias, he perfect workings of an irritated and deeply disappointed spirit; ed the cithara, by the addition of four new strings or, if ever he did mix on any occasion with the busy the seven which it had before. Suidas, howen, world at Athens, it was only to applaud, with cruel states that it had nine before, and that Time irony, the errors and follies of his fellow-citizens. only added two. The truth appears to be this: Cold and repulsive to all others, he appeared to take lyre of Terpander had seven strings; that of Phys a lively interest in the young Alcibiades; but it was musical opponent of Timotheus, nine strings; and only because he saw in him the future author of evil of Timotheus, eleven. Hence, no doubt, the reas to his country. He even publicly declared the mo- of Suidas, that the last-mentioned individual sosed tives that prompted him to this singular attachment; only two strings. As, however, the two strings for, happening one day to meet Alcibiades returning by Phrynis were ordered to be removed by a poblis from the place of assembly, accompanied by a large decree, Pausanias might say, without improprie concourse, in place of turning away and avoiding him Timotheus had added four strings. This innova as he avoided others, he came directly up, and, grasp was not well received by the Lacedæmonians, and ing his hand, exclaimed, "Go on, my son; you do was condemned by a decree, which has been preserved well to augment your own power, for you are only for us in Boëthius (de Musica, 1, 1, P. 1372, augmenting it to the lasting injury of these." One sil., 1570), and which furnishes, also, a good specimen account says that Timon, having subsequently become of Doric prose. (Maittaire, Dialectic., p. 385. possessed of a new fortune, probably by agriculture, Sturz.) The decree concludes with ordering that the changed to a complete miser, and shut himself up, to- kings and the ephori do publicly reprimand Timethes gether with his riches, in a kind of tower, which was and compel him to cut off the newly-added s called, for a long time afterward, the tower of Timon. his lyre, and come back to the old number of seve This tradition is not, it is true, very consistent with the Athenæus relates, that when this decree was on the rank which Pliny ( 7, 19) assigns him among the "auc-point of being carried into execution, Timotheus s tores maxima sapientia," nor with the apophthegmed the Lacedæmonians that they had in their ow ascribed to him by Stobæus (Serm., 7, p. 107), that a small image of Apollo holding a lyre which had e"cupidity and avarice are the cause of all human ills;" actly the same number of strings as his own, and but nothing ought to surprise us in so whimsical a upon this, he was acquitted. (Athenæus, 14, p. character; and besides, if in the folly of avarice we e. f.) His new system of music met with numer see nothing of the sage, we certainly see enough of adversaries throughout Greece; and Plutarch and the misanthrope. The end of Timon was worthy of Athenæus have preserved many of the sarcasmas his life. Having broken a limb by a fall, and having, were launched at him in consequence by the cam in his aversion for his fellow-men, refused all assist poets of the day. All these attacks, however, on ance, a gangrene set in and he died. But this was served to confirm the reputation of the musician. A not all. Nature herself seems to have seconded the ter having distinguished himself in most of the Gre intentions of Timon, by separating him, even after cian cities, Timotheus retired to Macedonia, to the death, from the habitable world; for his tomb having court of King Archelaus, where he died at a very ad been erected near the seashore, the ground around it vanced age, two years before the birth of Aler was gradually covered by the water, and the spot thus the Great. Timotheus composed pieces in limest rendered inaccessible. The character of Timon is every department of poetry. A hymn in honour of made a frequent subject for epigrams in the Greek Diana obtained for him a very large sum of met Anthology, and many sayings of his are quoted by the from the Ephesians, for whom he had composed ancient writers. The two following are the best: The ancients cite his Nomes, his Proems or predes, Timon, after having renounced the society of his fel- eighteen Dithyrambics, twenty-one Hymns, two P low-men, still kept up a kind of intimacy with another entitled Danae and Semele; four Tragedies, &c. We misanthrope named Apimantus. During a repast in have merely a few fragments of his product cus which they were celebrating the second day of the maining. They are given by Grotius, in his Exer Anthesteria (xóeç), Apimantus, charmed with the tête-ex tragadiis et comadiis Græcis, &c., Pers, 156, à-tête, exclaimed, "Oh, Timon! what an agreeable 4to. (Recherches sur la Vie de Timothet, per B Ay," replied the other, "were you only rette.-Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser., vol. 10-Wess, On another occasion, the people of Athens Biogr. Univ., vol. 46, p. 92, seqq.)-II. A celebrated were surprised to see him ascend the tribune, and musician, a native of Thebes in Boeotia. He was of waited in profound silence to hear what he would say. of those who were invited to attend at the celebration "Athenians," exclaimed the new orator, "I have of the nuptials of Alexander the Great. He exceled

supper!"

away!"

66

a

fountain of Tilphussa. Tiresias, whose period of life was fated to be coextensive with that of the city of the Cadmeans, drank of its waters, and immediately died. The victorious Argives sent his daughter Manto, along with a portion of the spoil, to Delphi, according to the vow which they had made. In obedience to the command of the oracle, Manto afterward went thence, and, marrying Rhakios of Mycena or Crete, founded the town and oracle of Clarus. She bore to Rhakios (or, as others said, to Apollo) a son named Mopsus, a celebrated prophet. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod., 1, 308.-Pausan., 7, 3.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 980.)-The name Tiresias (Teipeσías) is apparently derived from répaç (old form reipaç), a prodigy, and that of his daughter from μúvriç. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 344, seq.)

particularly in playing on the flute; and his perform- don their city, and he was the companion of their ance is said to have animated the monarch in so pow-flight. It was still night when they arrived at the erful a degree, that he started up and seized his arms; an incident which Dryden has so beautifully introduced into English poetry. (Burette, Recherches, &c. -Weiss, Biogr. Univ., vol. 46, p. 93.)-III. An Athenian commander, son of Conon, inherited the valour and abilities of his father. In 375 B.C. he gained a signal victory over the Lacedæmonian fleet off Corcyra, and made himself master of this island. Then directing his course towards Thrace, he took several important cities in this quarter, and afterward delivered Cyzicus from the foe. He subsequently shared the command of the fleet with Iphicrates. The latter, having wished to attack the enemy during a violent tempest, and not obtaining the consent of Timotheus to so hazardous a step, caused him to be brought to trial at Athens. Timotheus was condemned to pay a fine of 100 talents; but, being unable to raise so large a sum, he retired to Chalcis, where he ended his days. His disinterestedness equalled his courage and military talents. He never appropriated to himself any portion of the booty taken from the foe. On one occasion he paid into the public treasury 1200 talents. There existed a very close intimacy between Timotheus and Plato. (Corn. Nep., in Vit.-Elian, V. H., 2, 10.-Eschin., vol. 1, p. 247, ed. Reiske.-Cic., Off, 1, 32.-Id., de Orat., 3, 34.)

TINGIS, the capital of Mauritania Tingitana, on the northwestern coast of Africa, and a short distance to the east of the Ampelusian promontory. It was fabled to have been built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it; and as the tomb of the founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a skeleton six cubits long. Some editions of Plutarch read ¿¿ýkovтa (60) instead of 5 (6); the latter, however, is decidedly the true reading. Plutarch copies here, according to Strabo, the fable of Gabinius respecting the stature of Antæus.-The modern name of the place is Tangier. (Mela, 1, 5.—Id., 2, 6.— Plin., 5, 1.)

TIPHYS, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus, in the Propontis, and Erginus was chosen in his place. (Apollod., 1, 9.-Hygin., fab., 14, 18.)

TIRIDATES, a monarch of Parthia, raised to the throne after Phraates had been expelled for his cruelty and oppression. Tiridates, however, upon learning that Phraates was marching against him with a numerous army of Scythians, fled with the infant son of Phraates to Augustus. Augustus restored his son to Phraates, but refused to deliver up Tiridates. (Vid. Parthia.)

TIRO, M. Tullius, a freedman of Cicero's, held in high esteem by his master, and made eventually his private secretary and the superintendent of all his affairs. He performed many important services for Cicero, and received from the liberality of his grateful master a small rural domain, where he passed the rest of his days in retirement. Tiro wrote a Biography of Cicero, now lost; and made a collection of his bons mots (joci) in three books. This has shared the fate of his other work. He was the author, likewise, of several other works; and a passage in one of Cicero's letters (Ep. ad. Fam., 16, 18) gives us reason to suppose that he had attempted, among other things, even tragic composition. It is to the care of Tiro that we are indebted for the preservation of the letters of Cicero. To him, likewise, is attributed the invention of stenography or short-hand writing. This is hardly correct. He would merely seem to have reduced to a more perfect system an art which had existed long before. The poet Ennius was the first who used this manner of writing. Isidorus ascribes to him the invention of the art; in all likelihood, however, he merely borrowed it from the Greeks. (Isid., Orig., 1, 21, 1.- Weiss, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 46, p. 128, seq.)

TIRESIAS, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Encres and the nymph Chariclo, of the race of Udæus, one of the Sparti. (Vid. Sparti.) Various accounts are given as to the cause of his blindness: one ascribes it to his having seen Minerva bathing (Phere- TIRYNS OF TIRYNTHUS, a city of Argolis, southeast cyd., ap. Apollod., 3, 6, 7.- Callim., Lav. Pall., 75, of Argos, and about twelve stadia from Nauplia. It seqq.); another to his having divulged to mankind the was celebrated for its massive walls, and is said to have secrets of the gods. (Apollod., l. c.) The Melam- been founded by King Protus, brother of Acrisius, podia related that Tiresias, happening to see two ser- who, as Strabo reports, employed for the construction pents together on Mount Citharon, killed the female, of his citadel workmen from Lycia. These are the and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this Cyclopes, or Chirogasteres as they are sometimes callstate he continued for seven years; at the end of ed, who built the treasury at Athens, and the great which period, observing two serpents similarly cir- doorway, which is still to be seen at Mycena. The cumstanced, he killed the male, and thus returned to poets have also ascribed to them the construction of On some occasion, Jupiter and Ju- the walls of Argos. (Strab., 373.-Apollod., 2, 2, 1. his pristine state. no fell into a dispute as to which derived more pleas- Eustath. ad Il., 2, p. 286.)-Prœtus was succeeded ure from the conjugal state, the male or female. Un- by Perseus, who transmitted Tiryns to his descendant able to settle it to their satisfaction, they agreed to Electryon. Alcmena, the daughter of this prince, was refer the matter to Tiresias, who had known both married to Amphitryon, on whom the crown would His answer was, that of ten parts but one have devolved had he not been expelled by Sthenelus Juno, incensed at this, deprived the of Argos. His son Hercules, however, afterward reguiltless arbitrator of the power of vision. Jupiter gained possession of his inheritance, whence he dethereupon, as one god cannot undo the acts of another, rived the name of Tirynthius. (Hes., Herc. Scut., 81. gave him, in compensation, an extent of life for seven-Apollod., 2, 4, 5.-Pind., Ol., 10, 37.-Id., Isthm., generations, and the power of foreseeing coming events. 6, 39.) This hero, after the murder of Iphitus, fled Tiresias lived at Thebes, where he was contempo- from Tiryns, and retired into the Trachinian country. rary with all the events of the times of Laius and Homer represents the city of Tiryns as subject to the At the conclu-kings of Argos at the time of the Trojan war. Edipus, and the two Theban wars. sion of the last he recommended the Thebans to aban-2, 559.) But it was afterward destroyed by the Ar1347

states.

falls to man.

(N.,