nesus. tutions were aristocratical, because none were the known of any other kind. The effect of the u would even be, in the first instance, to increase the influence of the noble class, by concentrating it in one spot; and hence it proved too powerful for both the kug and the people. In this sense we may say with Ptarch, that Theseus gained the assent of the great men to his plan by surrendering his royal prerogares, which they shared equally among them. The was no more than the first of the nobles; the four kings of the tribes (Pvλobaoıλeiç.—Polluz, 8, IIIL all chosen from the privileged class, were his constant assessors, and acted rather as colleagues than as cour sellors. The principal difference between them and him appears to have consisted in the duration of their office, which was probably never long enough to leave them independent of the body from which they wer taken and to which they returned.-But there was also a sense in which Theseus might, without in priety, be regarded as the founder of the Athenian de we read, he found no difficulty; but the powerful men and at a later day obtained his bones from the island were only induced to comply with his proposals by his of Scyros, and interred them beneath the soil of Att promise that all should be admitted to an equal share ca. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 387, seqq.-Phut, of the government, and that he would resign all his Vit. Thes.)-Theseus, whose name signifies the Or royal prerogatives except those of commanding in war derer or Regulator (Onoɛús, from đéo, -ce, **to place" and of watching over the laws. To the nobles, there- or "establish"), seems rather to indicate a period than fore, he reserved all the offices of state, with the privi- an individual, though it is very possible that the name lege of ordering the affairs of religion, and of inter- may have been borne by one who contributed the lar preting the laws both human and divine. The result gest share, or put the finishing hand, to the change of these and other regulations was the increase of the which is commonly considered as his work. Theseus, city and of the population in general. Thucydides indeed, is represented by the ancients in quite an asfixes on this as the epoch when the lower city was biguous light; as, on the one hand, the founder of a added to the ancient one, which had covered, as we government which was, for many centuries after him, have remarked, little more than the rock that afterward rigidly aristocratical; and, on the other hand, as the became the citadel. And hence there may seem to parent of the Athenian democracy. If we make die have been some foundation for Plutarch's statement, allowance for the exaggerations of poets or rheatthat Theseus called the city Athens, if this name prop-cians, who adorn him with the latter of these titles erly signified the whole enclosure of the Old and New order to exalt the antiquity of the popular instit Town.-As a farther means of uniting the people, tions of later times, we shall perhaps find that nei Theseus established numerous festivals, particularly ther description is entirely groundless, though the farthe Panathenæa, solemnized with great splendour ev-mer is more simply and evidently true. His inst ery fifth year, in commemoration of this union of the inhabitants of Attica. Theseus firmly established the boundaries of the Attic territory, in which he included Megaris, and set up a pillar on the Isthmus of Corinth to mark the limits of Attica and the PeloponThese civic cares did not prevent Theseus from taking part in military enterprises: he accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons, who then dwelt on the banks of the Thermodon; and he distinguished himself so much in the conflict, that Hercules, after the victory, bestowed on him, as the reward of his valour, the hand of the vanquished queen. (Vid. Antiope.) When the Amazons afterward, in revenge, invaded the Attic territory, they met with a signal defeat from the Athenian prince. (Vid. Amazones.) Theseus was also a sharer in the dangers of the Calydonian hunt; he was one of the adventurous band who sailed in the Argo to Colchis; and he aided his friend Pirithous and the Lapithe in their conflict with the Centaurs. The friendship between him and Pirithous was of a most intimate nature, yet it had ori-mocracy, both with respect to the tendency and re ginated in the midst of arms. (Vid. Pirithous.) Like mote consequences, and to the immediate effect, of faithful comrades, they aided each other in every pro- the institutions ascribed to him. The incorporation ject. Each was ambitious in love, and would possess of several scattered townships in one city, such a daughter of the gods. Theseus, in whose favour took place in Attica, was in many, perhaps in mos the lot had fallen, carried off, with the assistance of parts of Greece the first stage in the growth of a free his friend, the celebrated Helen, daughter of Leda, commonalty, which, thus enabled to feel its own then a child of but nine years, though already of sur- strength, was gradually encouraged successfully to passing loveliness, and placed her under the care of his resist the authority of the nobles. And hence, in lamother Ethra, at Aphidnæ, whence she was subse- ter times, the dismemberment of a capital, and its requently rescued by her brothers Castor and Pollux. partition into a number of rural communities, was es He then prepared to aid his friend in a bolder and more teemed the surest expedient for establishing an ars perilous attempt, the abduction of Proserpina from the tocratical government. (Thirlwall's Hist. of Greesty palace of Pluto; an attempt which resulted in the im- vol. 2, p. 9, seqq.)—Regarded as the patron-her af prisonment of both by the monarch of Hades. From that people of Greece among whom literature fo this confinement Theseus was released by Hercules; ished most, Theseus is presented to us under a mere but Pirithous remained ever a captive. (Vid. Piri- historic aspect than the other heroes of mythology. thous.) After the death of Antiope, who had borne Though his adventures are evidently founded on those him a son named Hippolytus, Theseus married Pha-of Hercules, whom he is said to have emulated, e dra, the daughter of Minos, and sister of Ariadne. Hippolytus lost his life in consequence of a false charge preferred against him by his stepmother; Phædra ended her days by her own hand; and Theseus, when too late, learned the innocence of his son. (Vid. Hippolytus.) The invasion of Attica by Castor and Pollux, for the recovery of their sister Helen, and an insurrection of the Pallantida, brought on Theseus the usual fate of all great Athenians-exile. He voluntarily retired to Lycomedes, king of the island of Scyros, and there he met with his death, either by accident or by the treachery of his host; for, ascending, with Lycomedes, a lofty rock, to take a view of the island, he fell or was pushed off by his companion, and lost his life by the fall. The Athenians honoured his memory by feasts and temples, placed him among the gods, are struck by the absence of the marvellous in them indeed, the exploits of Theseus are generally such ef fects as would be produced in historical times by the course of events in the formation of a polity: such, at least, are his achievements in and about Attica Theseus yielded few subjects, therefore, to the Artic dramatists. When they brought him on the stage. was hardly ever as the principal character of the piece. He always, however, appears as the model of a and moderate ruler, the example of a strict obedience to the dictates of law and equity, the protector of the suppliant, the scourge of the evil-doer, and the author of wise and good regulations. (Keightley, L. c) THESMOTHETÆ, a name given to the six remaining archons at Athens, after the chief archon, the Basileus or King-Archon, and the Polemarch. (Vid. Archontes.) THESPIUS, king of Thespiæ, and father of the Thespiades. (Apollod., 2, 4, 10.) The name is sometimes erroneously written Thestius. (Consult the remarks of Heyne, not. crit., ad. Apollod., 2, 7, 8.) THESPROTIA, a district of Epirus, along the coast opposite to Corcyra, and extending also some distance .inland. Of all the Epirotic nations, the Thesproti may be considered as the most ancient. This is evident from the circumstance of their being alone noticed by Homer, while he omits all mention of the Molossians and Chaonians. (Od., 14, 315.) Herodotus also affirms (7, 176) that they were the parent stock whence descended the Thessalians, who expelled the Eolians from the country afterward known by the name of Thessaly. Thesprotia, indeed, appears to have been in remote times the great seat of the Pelasgic nation, whence they disseminated themselves over several parts of Greece, and sent colonies to Italy. (Herod., 2, 56.-Strabo, 327.) Even after the Pelasgic name had become extinct in these two countries, the oracle and temple of Dodona, which they had established in Thesprotia, still remained to attest their former existence in that district. We must infer from the passage of Homer which has been referred to, that the government of Thessaly was at first monarchical. How long this continued is not apparent. Some change must have taken place prior to the time of Thucydides, who assures us that neither the Thesproti nor Chaones were subject to kings. (Thucyd., 2, 80.) Subsequently we may, however, suppose them to have been included under the dominion of the Molossian princes. It were as needless to attempt to define the limits of ancient Thessaly as those of Chaonia: we must therefore be content with ascertaining that it was mainly situated between the rivers Thyamis (Calama) and Acheron (Souli), while it extended beyond the source of the former to the banks of the Aous. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 107.) THESPIA OF THESPIE, a town of Baotia, forty stadia from Ascra, according to Strabo, and near the foot of Helicon, looking towards the south and the Crissæan Gulf. Its antiquity is attested by Homer, who names it in the catalogue of Baotian towns. (Il., 2, 498.) The Thespians are worthy of a place in his tory for their brave and generous conduct during the Persian war. When the rest of Boeotia basely submitted to Xerxes, they alone refused to tender earth and water to his deputies. The troops also under Leonidas, whom they sent to aid the Spartans at Thermopyla, chose rather to die at their posts than desert their commander and his heroic followers. (Herod., 7, 132 et 222.) Their city was, in consequence, burned by the Persians after it had been evacuated by the inhabitants, who retired to the Peloponnesus. (Herod., 8, 50.) A small body of these, however, fought at Platæa under Pausanias. (Herod., 9, 31.) The Thespians distinguished themselves also in the battle of Delium against the Athenians, being nearly all slain at their post. (Thucyd., 4, 96.) The Thebans afterward basely took advantage of this heavy loss to pull down the walls of their city and bring it under subjection, on pretext of their having favoured the Athenians. (Thucyd., 4, 133.) They subsequently made an attempt to recover their independence; but, failing in this enterprise, many of them sought refuge at Athens. (Thucyd., 6, 95.) Thespia was occupied by the Lacedæmonians at the same time that they seized upon the citadel of Thebes. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 4, 42.) The celebrated courtesan Phryne was born at Thespiæ. It is mentioned, that on her having received, as a present from Praxiteles, a beautiful statue of Cupid, she caused it to be erected in her native city, which added greatly to its prosperity, from the influx of strangers who came to view this masterpiece of art. (Strabo, 410.-Athen., 13, 59.) Pausanias affirms, that this celebrated statue was sent to Rome by Caligula, but was afterward restored to Thespia by THESSALIA, a country of Greece, bounded on the Claudius. Nero again removed it to Rome, where it north by the Cambunian Mountains, extending from was destroyed by fire. (Pausan., 9, 26.) Pliny, how- Pindus to Olympus, and separating it from Macedonia; ever, asserts that it still existed in his day in the on the west by the chain of Pindus, dividing it from schools of Octavia. (Plin., 36, 5.)—It is now pretty Epirus; on the south by Mount Eta, and on the east well ascertained, by the researches of recent travellers, by the Egean Sea. It seems to have been the genthat the ruins of Thespia are occupied by the modern eral opinion of antiquity, founded on very early tradiEremo Castro. Sir W. Gell remarks, that "the plantions, that the great basin of Thessaly formed by the of the city is distinctly visible. It seems a regular hexagon, and the mound occasioned by the fall of the wall is perfect." (Itin., p. 119.-— Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 208, seqq.) THESPIADE, the offspring of Hercules by the fifty daughters of Thespius. On attaining to manhood, some of them were sent, by their father's directions, to Thebes in Boeotia, but the greater part as a colony to Sardinia. (Apollod., 2, 7, 6.—Heyne ad Apollod., l. e.-Diod. Sic., 4, 29.-Pausan. 10, 17.) THESPIADES, I. the fifty daughters of Thespius, mothers of the Thespiade by Hercules. (Apollod., 2, 4, 10.)-II. An appellation given to the Muses from Thespiæ, near which was Helicon, one of the mountains sacred to them. (Vid. Musa.) mountains just specified was at some remote period covered by the waters of the Peneus and its tributary rivers, until some great revolution of nature had rent asunder the gorge of Tempe, and thus afforded a passage to the pent-up streams. This opinion, which was first reported by Herodotus, in his account of the celebrated march of Xerxes (7, 129), is again repeated by Strabo, who observes, in confirmation of it, that the Peneus is still exposed to frequent inundations, and also that the land in Thessaly is higher towards the sea than towards the more central parts. (Strabo, 430.)-According to the same geographer, this province was divided into four districts, distinguished by the name of Phthiotis, Estiæotis, Thessaliotis, and Pelasgiotis. In his description, however, of these, he THESPIS, an early Greek dramatic poet, generally appears to have no room for Thessaliotis, which is, in regarded as the inventor of tragedy. He was born at fact, rarely acknowledged by the writers of antiquity; Icaria, a Diacrian demus or borough, at the begin- though we cannot doubt the propriety of Strabo's dining of the sixth century B.C. His birthplace de- vision into tetrarchies, as it derives confirmation from rived its name, according to tradition, from the father Harpocration (s. v. Terpapxía) and the scholiast to of Erigone (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Ikapía.—Hygin., fab., Apollonius Rhodius. (Argon., 3, 1089.)—There is 130), and had always been a seat of the religion of hardly any district in Greece for which nature seems Bacchus; and the origin of the Athenian tragedy and to have done so much as for Thessaly. It may with comedy has been confidently referred to the drunken justice be called the land of the Peneus, which, defestivals of the place (Athenæus, 2, p. 40): indeed, it scending from Pindus, flowed through it from west to is not improbable that the name itself may point to the east. A multitude of tributary streams poured from old mimetic exhibitions which were common there. the north and the south into this river. No other dis(Welcker, Nachtrag, p. 222.) An account of the im-trict had so extensive an internal navigation; which, provements introduced by Thespis will be found under with a little assistance from art, might have been caranother article. (Vid. Theatrum.) ried to all its parts. Its fruitful soil was fitted alike emergency to the rest of Greece; but, as it was not invasion to the battle of Leuctra, except the fact me tioned by Thucydides of an expedition having m undertaken by the Athenians, under the command a Myronides, with a view of reinstating Orestes, son d Echecratidas, prince of Thessaly, who had been ba ished from his country. The Athenian general, a that occasion, advanced as far as Pharsalus; but i for pasturing and the cultivation of corn; its coasts, especially the Sinus Pagasæus, afforded the best harbours for shipping; nature seemed hardly to have left a wish ungratified. It was in Thessaly that the tribe of the Hellenes, according to tradition, first applied themselves to agriculture; and thence its several branches spread over the more southern lands. (Vid. Hellas.) Almost all the names of its towns recall some association connected with the primitive history and heroic age of the nation.-Early traditions, preserved by the Greek poets and other writers, ascribe to Thessaly the more ancient names of Pyrrha, Æmo-historians of the affairs of Thessaly, from the Persian nia, and Eolis. (Rhian., ap. Schol. in Apoll. Rhod., 3, 1089.-Steph. Byz., s. v. Aipovía.-Herod., 7, 176.) Passing over the two former appellations, which belong rather to the age of mythology, the latter may afford us matter for historical reflections, as referring to that remote period when the plains of Thessaly were occupied by the Eolian Pelasgi, to whom Greece was probably indebted for the first dawnings of civili-progress being checked by the superiority of the The zation, and the earliest cultivation of her language. salian cavalry, he was forced to retire without hara (Strabo, 220.) This people originally came, as He- accomplished any of the objects of the expedia. rodotus informs us, from Thesprotia (Herod., 7, 176. (Thucyd., 1, 111.)-The Thessalians appear to ha -Strab., 444); but how long they remained in pos- taken no part in the Peloponnesian war, though y session of the country, and at what precise period it might naturally be inclined to favour the Atce assumed the name of Thessaly, cannot, perhaps, now cause, from their early alliance with that state. Het be determined. In the poems of Homer it never oc- it was that Brasidas felt it necessary to use such curs, although the several principalities and kingdoms crecy and despatch in traversing their territory o of which it is composed are there distinctly enumera-march towards Thrace. (Thucyd., 4, 78.) Some ted and described, together with the different chiefs to troops, which were afterward sent by the Lacedeme whom they were subject: thus Hellas and Phthia are nians in order to re-enforce their army in that quarts, assigned to Achilles; the Melian and Pagasean terri- met with a more determined opposition, and were tories to Protesilaus and Eumelus; Magnesia to Phi-compelled to retrace their steps. (Thucyd., 5, 1) loctetes and Eurypylus; Estiæotis and Pelasgia to On another occasion we find the Thessalians in league Medon and the sons of Esculapius, with other petty with the Baotians, endeavouring to harass and leaders. It is from Homer, therefore, that we derive cept the march of Agesilaus through their country, the earliest information relative to the history of this his return from Asia Minor. This attempt, howeve, fairest portion of Greece. This state of things, how-was rendered abortive by the skilful manœuvres f ever, was not of long continuance; and a new consti- Spartan prince; and the cavalry of Thessaly, tot tution, dating probably from the period of the Trojan standing its boasted superiority, met with a decad expedition, seems to have been adopted by the common repulse from the Lacedæmonian horse. (Xen, H consent of the Thessalian states. They agreed to Gr., 4, 3, 2.)-While Sparta, however, was struc unite themselves into one confederate body, under the to make head against the formidable coalition, of w direction of one supreme magistrate or chief, distin- Boeotia had taken the lead, Thessaly was acq guished by the title of Tagus (Tayós), and elected by degree of importance and weight among the states the consent of the whole republic. The details of this Greece which it had never possessed in any federal system are little known; but Strabo assures us period of its history. This was effected, apparently, that the Thessalian confederacy was the most consider-solely by the energy and ability of Jason, who, able, as well as the earliest, society of the kind establish- being chief or tyrant of Phera, had risen to the ra ed in Greece. (Strab., 429.) How far its constitution of Tagus, or commander of the Thessalian states. By was connected with the celebrated Amphictyonic coun- his influence and talents, the confederacy received th cil, it seems impossible to determine, since we are so accession of several important cities; and an imp little acquainted with the origin and history of that an- military force, amounting to 8000 cavalry, more man cient assembly. There can be little doubt, however, 20,000 heavy-armed infantry, and light troops s that this singular coalition, which embraced matters of cient to oppose the world, had been raised and hitel a political as well as a religious nature, first rose by him for the service of the commonwealth. ( among the states of Thessaly, as we find that the ma- Hist. Gr., 6, 1, 6.) His other resources being equaly jority of the nation who had votes in the council were effective, Thessaly seemed destined, under his direc either actually Thessalians, or connected in some way tion, to become the leading power in Greece. We with that part of Greece. This mode of government, may estimate the influence that he had already an however, seems to have succeeded as little in Thessaly quired, from the circumstance of his having been ca as in the other Hellenic republics where it was adopted upon to act as mediator between the Bouans and ed; and that province, which, from its local dvanta- Spartans after the battle of Leuctra. (X, Hist ges, ought to have ranked among the most powerful Gr., 6, 4, 22.)-This brilliant period of political and leading states of Greece, we find, if we except a pe-ence and power was, however, of short duration riod of brilliant but momentary splendour, to have been Jason not long after lost his life by the hand of an one of the most weak and insignificant. We learn from sassin, during the celebration of some games which Herodotus, that when Xerxes meditated the invasion of had instituted; and Thessaly, on his death, relapsed Greece, he was encouraged in the design by the Aleua-into that state of weakness and insignificance tr da, whom the historian terms kings of Thessaly, but who, probably, like the Pisistratida, had only usurped the regal power, and, upon being deprived of their authority, sought the aid of the Persian monarch to recover their lost dominion. (Herod., 7, 6.) It is evident that the Thessalian nation did not concur in their projects, as we find they applied for assistance in this which it had so lately emerged. (Xen., Hist. Gr, 6, 4, 32.) The Thessalians, finding themselves able to defend their liberties, continually threatened by the tyrants of Phere, successors of Jason, first sought the protection of the Baotians, who sent to ther and a body of troops commanded by the brave Pris They next applied for assistance to Philip of Maccust, who succeeded in defeating, and finally expelling these | of Thessalonica was Halia, and quotes a passage from oppressors of their country; and, by the important a work written by Lucillus of Tarrha on this place, to services thus rendered to the Thessalians, secured account for the reason which induced Philip to call his their lasting attachment to his interests, and finally ob- daughter Thessalonica. Cassander is said to have tained the presidency of the Amphictyonic council. collected together the inhabitants of several neighbour(Polyb., Exc., 9, 28.) Under his skilful management, ing towns for the aggrandizement of the new city, the troops of Thessaly became a most important addi- which thus became one of the most important and tion to the resources he already possessed; and to this flourishing ports of northern Greece. It surrendered powerful re-enforcement may probably be attributed to the Romans after the battle of Pydna (Liv., 44, 10), the success which attended his campaign against the and was made the capital of the second region of MaceBaotians and Athenians. On the death of Philip, the donia. (Id., 45, 29.) Situated on the great Egnatian states of Thessaly, in order to testify their veneration Way, 227 miles from Dyrrhachium, and possessed of for his memory, issued a decree, by which they con- an excellent harbour, well placed for commercial interfirmed to his son Alexander the supreme station which course with the Hellespont and Asia Minor, it could he had held in their councils; and also signified their not fail of becoming a very populous and flourishing intention of supporting his claims to the title of com- city. The Christian will dwell with peculiar interest mander-in-chief of the whole Grecian confederacy. on the circumstances that connect the name of St. The long absence of that enterprising prince, while Paul with the history of this place. It will be seen, engaged in distant conquests, subsequently afforded from the epistles which he addressed to his converts his enemies an opportunity of detaching the Thessa- here, how successful his exertions had been, notwithlians from his interests; and the Lamiac war, which standing the opposition and enmity he had to encounwas chiefly sustained by that people against his gener- ter from his misguided countrymen.-Pliny (4, 10) als Antipater and Craterus, had nearly proved fatal to decribes Thessalonica as a free city; and Lucian as the Macedonian influence, not only in Thessaly, but the largest of the Macedonian towns. (Asin., 46.— over the whole continent of Greece. By the conduct Compare Ptol., p. 84.-Hierocl., p. 638.) Later hisand ability of Antipater, however, the contest was torians name it as the residence of the prefect, and the brought to a successful issue, and Thessaly was pre- capital of Illyricum. (Theodoret, Hist. Eccles., 5, served to the Macedonian crown (Polyb., 4, 76) un-17.-Socrat., Hist. Eccles., c. 11.) For an account til the reign of Philip, son of Demetrius, from whom of the dreadful massacre that once took place here, it was wrested by the Romans after the victory of consult the article Theodosius II.-The modern name Cynoscephalæ. All Thessaly was then declared free of the place is Saloniki. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, by a decree of the senate and people (Liv., 33, 32), but vol. 1, p. 236, seqq.-Compare Clarke's Travels, vol. from that time it may be fairly considered as having 7, p. 443, seqq.)-II. A daughter of Philip, married passed under the dominion of Rome, though its pos- to Cassander, and from whom the city of Thessalonica session was still disputed by Antiochus (Liv., 36, 9, is said to have received its name. (Vid. preceding arseqq.), and again by Perseus, the son of Philip. Thes- ticle.) saly was already a Roman province, when the fate of the empire of the world was decided in the plains of Pharsalia. With the exception, perhaps, of Boeotia, this seems to have been the most fertile and productive part of Greece, in wine, oil, and corn, but more especially the latter, of which it exported a considerable quantity to foreign countries. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 1, 4.-Theophr., Hist. Plant., 8, 7, et 10.) Hence, as might be expected, the Thessalians were the wealthiest people of Greece; nor were they exempt from those vices which riches and luxury generally bring in their train. (Athen., 12, 5, p. 624.-Theopomp., ap. eund., 6, 17, p. 260.-Plat., Crit., p. 50.)-Like the Lacedæmonians, they employed slaves, who were named Penestæ; these probably were a remnant of the first tribes that inhabited the country, and that had been reduced to a state of servitude by their invaders. The Penesta formed no inconsiderable part of the population, and not unfrequently endeavoured to free themselves from the state of oppression under which they groaned. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 1, 4.-Aristot., de Repub., 2, 9.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 343, seqq.) THESTOR, a son of Idmon and Laothoë, father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often called Thestorides. (Ovid, Met., 12, 19.-Stat., Ach., 1, 497.) THETIS, one of the sea-deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris. To reward the virtue of Peleus (vid. Peleus), the king of the gods resolved to give him a goddess in marriage. The spouse selected for him was Thetis, who had been wooed by Jupiter himself and his brother Neptune; but Themis having declared that the child of Thetis would be greater than his sire, the gods withdrew. (Pind., Isthm., 8, 58, seqq.) According to another account, she was courted by Jupiter alone till he was informed by Prometheus that her son would dethrone him. (Apollod., 3, 13, 1.-Schol. ad Il., 1, 519.) Others, again, maintain that Thetis, who was reared by Juno, would not listen to the suit of Jupiter, and that the god, in his anger, condemned her to espouse a mortal (Apollod., l. c.), or that Juno herself selected Peleus for her spouse. (Il., 24, 59.-Apoll. Rhod., 4, 793, seq.) Chiron, being made aware of the will of the gods, advised Peleus to aspire to the hand of the nymph of the sea, and instructed him how to win her. Peleus therefore lay in wait, and held her fast, though she changed herself into every variety of form, becoming fire, water, a serpent, and a lion. The wedding was solemnized on Mount Pelion: all THESSALONICA, I. a city of Macedonia, at the north- the gods, except Discord (vid. Discordia), were invited, eastern extremity of the Sinus Thermaïcus. It was and they all, with this single exception, honoured it at first an inconsiderable place, under the name of with their presence (Il., 24, 62), and bestowed armour Therme, by which it was known in the times of Herod- on the bridegroom. (I., 17, 195.-Ib., 18, 84.) otus, Thucydides, Eschines (Fals. Legat., 29), and Chiron gave him an ashen spear, and Neptune the imScylax. The latter speaks also of the Thermaan mortal Harpy-born steeds Balius and Xanthus. The Gulf. Therme was occupied by the Athenians prior muses sang, the Nereides danced, to celebrate the to the Peloponnesian war, but was restored by them wedding, and Ganymedes poured out nectar for the to Perdiccas shortly after. (Thucyd., 1, 51.-Id., 2, guests. (Eurip., Iph. in Aul., 1036, seqq.-Catul29.) We are informed by Strabo that Cassander lus, Nuptia Pel. et Thet.) The offspring of this changed the name of Therme to Thessalonica, in hon-union was the celebrated Achilles. When the goddess our of his wife, who was daughter of Philip. (Epit., wished to make this her child immortal, the indiscreet 7, p. 330.-Scymn., Ch., v. 625.-Zonar., 12, 26.) curiosity of Peleus frustrated her design, and, leaving Stephanus of Byzantium asserts that the former name her babe, she abandoned for ever the mansion of her THESSALIOTIS, a part of Thessaly lying below the Peneus, and to the west of Magnesia and Phthiotis. (Vid. Thessalia, near the beginning of the article.) THIRMIDA, a town in the interior of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain by the soldiers of Jugurtha. (Sall., Jug., c. 12, 41.) The site is unknown. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 372.) husband, and returned to her sister Nereïdes. (Vid. | inconceivable that, in the later historic times, when Achilles, where a full account is given.) the Thracians were contemned as a barbarian race, a notion should have sprung up that the first civiliza tion of Greece was due to them; consequently we cannot doubt that this was a tradition handed down from a very early period. Now if we are to under stand it to mean that Eumolpus, Orpheus, Musea, and Thamyris were the fellow-countrymen of those Edonians, Odrysians, and Odomantians who, in who spoke a barbarian language, that is, one uninte gible to the Greeks, we must despair of being able to comprehend these accounts of the ancient Threcan minstrels, and of assigning them a place in the history of Grecian civilization; since it is manifest that a this early period, when there was scarcely any inter course between different nations, or knowledge of foreign tongues, poets who sang in an unintelige language could not have had more influence on the mental development of the people than the twittering of birds. Nothing but the dumb language of miracy and dancing, and musical strains independent of ticulate speech, can at such a period pass from nation to nation, as, for example, the Phrygian music passed over to Greece; whereas the Thracian minstrels are constantly represented as the fathers of poetry, which, of course, is necessarily combined with language When we come to trace more precisely the country of these Thracian bards, we find that the trads.com refer to Pieria, the district to the east of the Olympos range, to the north of Thessaly, and the south of Emathia or Macedonia. In Pieria, likewise, was Late thra, where the Muses are said to have sung the ment over the tomb of Orpheus: the ancient poets, moreover, always make Pieria, not Thrace, the be place of the Muses, which last Homer clearly dista THISBE, I. a beautiful female of Babylon, between whom and a youth named Pyramus, a native of the same place, a strong attachment subsisted. Their parents, however, being averse to their union, they adopt-historical ages, occupied the Thracian territory, and ed the expedient of receiving each other's addresses through the chink of a wall which separated their dwellings. In the sequel, they arranged a meeting at the tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry-tree. Thisbe, enveloped in a veil, arrived first at the appointed place; but, terrified at the appearance of a lioness, she fled precipitately, and in her flight dropped her veil, which, lying in the animal's path, was rent by it, and smeared with the blood that stained the jaws of the lioness from the recent destruction of some cattle. Pyramus, coming soon after to the appointed place, beheld the torn and bloody veil, and, concluding that Thisbe had been destroyed by some savage beast, slew himself in despair. Thisbe, returning after a short interval to the spot where she had encountered the lioness, beheld the bleeding form of Pyramus, and threw herself upon the fatal sword, still warm, as it was, with the blood of her lover. According to the poets, the mulberry that overhung the fatal scene changed the hue of its fruit from snow-white to a blood-red colour. (Ovid, Met., 4, 55, seqq.)-II. A town of Boeotia, northwest of Ascra, and near the confines of Phocis. It was famed for its abounding in wild pigeons. (Hom., Il., 2, 502.-Strabo, 411.) Xenophon writes the name in the plural, Thisbæ. (Hist. Gr., 6, 4, 3.) The modern Kakosia marks its site. Sir W. Gell remarks, that the place is remark-guishes from Pieria. (II., 14, 226.) It was not able for the immense number of rock-pigeons still found here. This circumstance, he observes, is the more striking, as neither the birds, nor rocks so full of perforations, in which they build their nests, are found in any other part of the country. (Itin., p. 115.) til the Pierians were pressed in their own territory by the early Macedonian princes, that some of them cross ed the Strymon into Thrace proper, where Herod tus mentions the castles of the Pierians in the expe dition of Xerxes (7, 112). It is, however, quite cab THOAS, I. a king of the Tauric Chersonese when ceivable that, in early times, either on account of ta Orestes and Pylades, in concert with Iphigenia, car-close vicinity or because all the north was comp ried off from that country the statue of the Tauric hended under one name, the Pierians might, in south Diana. (Vid. Orestes and Iphigenia.)-II. King of ern Greece, have been called Thracians. These P Lemnos, and father of Hypsipyle. (Vid. Hypsipyle.) erians, from the intellectual relations which they ma THORAX, I. a mountain near Magnesia ad Maan-tained with the Greeks, appear to have been a Grecian drum, in Lydia, on which the poet Daphidas was crucified for having written some satirical lines against Attalus, king of Pergamus. Hence the proverb, ovλáTTOV Tòv vúρaka, “Take care of Thorax." (Strab., 647.—Cic., de Fat., c. 3.-Erasmus, Chil. 2, cent. 4, n. 52.) race; which supposition is also confirmed by the Greek names of their places, rivers, fountains, de although it is probable that, situated on the limits of the Greek nation, they may have borrowed largely from neighbouring tribes. (Müller's Dorians, voi 1, p. 472, 488, 501.) A branch of the Phrygian so devoted to an enthusiastic worship, once well close to Pieria, at the foot of Mount Bermius, where King Midas was said to have taken the drunken Sue nus in his rose-gardens. In the whole of this region a wild and enthusiastic worship of Bacchus was dif fused among both men and women. It may be easily conceived, that the excitement which the mind thus re ceived contributed to prepare it for poetic enthusiasm These same Thracians or Pierians lived, up to the time of the Doric and Eolic migrations, in certain districts of Boeotia and Phocis. That they had dwelt about the Baotian mountain of Helicon, in the district of THRACES, the inhabitants of Thrace. (Vid. Thra-Thespiæ and Acra, was evident to the ancient histo THORNAX, a mountain of Laconia, north of Sparta, and forming part of the range called Menelaium. It is now Thornika. On this mountain was a temple of Apollo, with a statue of the god, to which a quantity of gold was presented by Croesus (Herod., 1, 69); but the Lacedæmonians made use of it afterward to adorn the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo. (Pausan., 3, 10.- Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 219.) THOTH, an Egyptian deity, corresponding in some degree to the Grecian Hermes and the Latin Mercurius. (Vid. remarks under the article Mercurius.) cia.) THRACIA, I. a name of frequent occurrence in the earliest history of Greek civilization, and designating, in all probability, not the country called Thracia in a later age, but the district subsequently known by the appellation of Pieria.-By far the most remarkable circumstance in the accounts that have come down to us respecting the earliest minstrels of Greece is, that several of them are called Thracians. It is utterly the agreement of many names of places in the county rians, as well from the traditions of the cities as from near Olympus (Libethrion, Pimpleis, Helicon, deb At the foot of Parnassus, too, in Phocis, was said to have been situate the city of Daulis, the seat of the Thracian king Tereus, who is known by his connes ion with the Athenian king Pandion, and by the fa ble of the metamorphosis of his wife Procne mo nightingale. From what has been said, it appears suf |