TENOS, a small island in the Ægean, near Andros, | She lived to her 103d, or, according to Pliny, to be called also Hydrussa, from the number of its springs. 117th year. (Plut., Vit. Cic.-Val. Max., 8, 13— It was very mountainous, but produced excellent Ep. ad Attic., 11, 16, &c.) wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was also called Tenos. Near the town was situate a temple of Neptune, held in great veneration, and much frequented by the inhabitants of the surrounding isles, who came thither to offer sacrifices to the god. (Strabo, 487.-Mela, 2, 7.-Ovid, Met., 7, 469.) TERENTIANUS, I. a Roman, to whom Longines de cated his treatise on the Sublime.-II. Maurus, a grammarian. Vid. Maurus Terentianus.) TERENTIUS PUBLIUS, a Latin. comic poet, a native of Carthage, born about the 560th year of Rome. in what manner he came or was brought to the latter my is uncertain. He was in his earliest youth the shaw TENTYRA (plur.) and TENTYRIS, a city of Egypt in of one Terentius Lucanus at Rome, whose name ha the Thebaid, situate on the Nile, to the northwest of been perpetuated only by the glory of his slave. He Koptos. This city was at variance with Ombos, the ing obtained his freedom, he became the friend of Le former killing, the latter adoring, the crocodile; a hor- lius and the younger Africanus, and it is both prerid instance of religious fury, which took place in con- ble in itself, and appears to have been credited as a sequence of this quarrel, forms the subject of the fif- fact by the ancients, that he was assisted in the camteenth satire of Juvenal. About half a league from position of his dramas by Lælius and Scipio, as an the ruins of this city stands the modern village of teur critics. After he had given six comedies to the Denderah. Among the remains of Tentyra is a tem- stage, Terence left Rome for Greece, whence he neve ple of Isis, one of the largest structures in the The- returned. According to one account he perished baid, and by far the most beautiful, and in the best sea while on his voyage from Greece to Italy, beng preservation. It contained, until lately, the famous zo- ing with him a hundred and eight comedies, which be diac, which was framed in the ceiling of the temple. had translated from Menander. According to others, This interesting monument of former ages was taken he died in Arcadia for grief at the loss of those comedown by a French traveller, M. Lelorrain, after the dies, which he had sent before him by sea to Rene most persevering exertions for twenty days, and trans- In whatever way it was occasioned, his death happe ported down the Nile to Alexandrea, whence it was ed at the early age of thirty-four, and A.U.C. 694– shipped to France. The King of France purchased it The titles of his six plays are as follows: the Asins, for 150,000 francs. The dimensions of the stone are Eunuchus, Heautontimoroumenos, Adelphi, Phom, twelve feet in length by eight in breadth, including and Hecyra.-His Andria was not acted till the year some ornaments, which were two feet in length on each 587; two years, according to the Eusebian Chronicle side. In thickness it is three feet. The planisphere after the death of Cæcilius; which unfortunate and the square in which it was contained were alone throws some doubt on the agreeable anecdote recome removed, the side ornaments being allowed to remain. ed by Donatus, of his introduction, in a wretched gu To obtain this relic of former ages proved a work of into the house of Cæcilius, in order to read his car immense labour, as it had actually to be cut out of edy to that poet, by whom, as a mean person, he was the ceiling and lowered to the ground. Many con- seated on a low stool, till he astonished him with the jectures have been advanced by the learned, especially matchless grace and elegance of the Andria, when w of France, on the antiquity of this zodiac; but recent was placed on the couch, and invited to partake it discoveries have shown the folly of these speculations; supper of the veteran dramatist. Several writers ha the temple having been, in fact, erected under the Ro- conjectured that it might be to some other than e man sway, and the name of the Emperor Nero appear-cilius that Terence read his comedy; or, as it is ing upon it. (Am. Quarterly, vol. 4, p. 43.) certain that the Andria was his first comedy, that s TEOS or TEIOS, a city on the east of Ionia, situated might be some of the others which he read to Cæcil upon a peninsula southwest of Smyrna. It belonged us. Supposing the Eusebian Chronicle to be accurate to the Ionian confederacy, and had a harbour which in the date which it fixes for the death of Cecilies, Livy calls Geræsticus (37, 27). During the Persian is just possible that Terence may have written and sway we learn that the inhabitants, despairing of being read to him his Andria, two years previous to its rep able to resist the power of that great empire, aban-resentation.-Most, if not all, of Terence's plots were doned nearly all of them their native city, and retired taken by him from the Greek stage. He has given to Abdera in Thrace. This colony became so flour-proof, however, of his taste and judgment in the adishing in consequence, that it quite eclipsed the parent ditions and alterations made on those borrowed sub state. (Herod., 1, 168.-Strab., 633.) Teos is cel-jects; and, had he lived an age later, when all the arts ebrated in the literary history of Greece for having were in full glory at Rome, and the empire at its height given birth to Anacreon, and also to Hecatæus the of power and splendour, he would have found domes historian, though the latter is more frequently known tic subjects sufficient to supply his scene with interest by the surname of the Abderite. (Strab., l. c.) This and variety, and would no longer have accounted town produced also Protagoras the sophist, Scyth-greater merit "Græcas transferre quam proprias P inus an Iambic poet, Andron a geographical writer, bere."-Terence was a more rigid observer than his and Apellicon the great book-collector, to whom liter- predecessors of the unities of time and place; but ature is indebted for the preservation of the works of none of his dramas, with a single exception, has that Aristotle. Though deserted, as we have already re- of plot been adhered to. The simplicity, and exact marked, by the greater part of its inhabitants, Teos unity of fable in the Greek comedies would have been still continued to exist as an Ionian city, as may be insipid to a people not thoroughly instructed in the seen from Thucydides (3, 32). The chief produce of genuine beauties of the drama. Such plays were and the Teian territory was wine (Liv. 37, 27), and Bac- too thin contexture to satisfy the somewhat gross chus was the deity principally revered by the inhabi- lumpish taste of a Roman audience. The Latin poets, therefore, bethought themselves of combining (10 stories into one; and this junction, which we call the double plot, affording the opportunity of more anci dents, and a greater variety of action, was better suited to the tastes of those they had to please. Of all the Latin comedians, Terence appears to have practised this art the most assiduously. Plautus has very irequently single plots, which he was enabled to support by the force of drollery. Terence, whose genios lee tants. It is singular that Pliny (5, 38) should rank Teos among the islands of Ionia; at most, it could only be reckoned as a peninsula. The site once occupied by this ancient city is now called Boudroun. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 353.) TERENTIA, I. the wife of Cicero. She became mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter called Tulli ola. Cicero repudiated her, and she married Sallust, Cicero's enemy, and afterward Messala Corvinus. were the apparent number of licenses and mixture of different species of verse, that, according to Wester hovius, in order to reduce the lines to their original accuracy, it would be necessary to evoke Lælius and Scipio from the shades.-As regards the respective merits of Terence and Plautus, it may be observed that the former was chiefly desirous of recommendir.g himself to the approbation of a select few, who were possessed of true wit and judgment, and the dread of whose censure always kept him within the bounds of good taste, while the sole object of Plautus, on the other hand, was to excite the merriment of an audience endued with little refinement. If, then, we merely consider the intrinsic merit of their productions, without reference to the circumstances or situation of the authors, still Plautus will be accounted sudent which inflame curiosity and hurry on the mind to the conclusion. We delight, on the contrary, to dwell on every scene, almost on every sentence of Terence. Sometimes there are chasms in Plautus's fables, and the incidents do not properly adhere; in Terence all the links of the action depend on each other. Plautus has more variety in his exhibition of characters and manners, and more art in working up materials from the different employments and pursuits of men; but his pictures are often overcharged, while those of Terence are never more highly coloured than becomes the modesty of nature. The lan another way, or whose taste was abhorrent from all sort of buffoonery, had recourse to the other expedient of double plots; and this probably gained him the popular reputation of being the most artful writer for the stage. The Hecyra is the only one of his comedies of the true ancient cast; hence the want of success with which it met on its first and second representations. When first brought forward, in 589, it was interrupted by the spectators leaving the theatre, attracted by the superior interest of a boxing-match and rope-dancers. A combat of gladiators had the like unfortunate effect when it was attempted to be again exhibited in 594. The celebrated actor, L. Ambivius, encouraged by the success which he had experienced in reviving the condemned plays of Cæcilius, ventured to produce it a third time on the stage, when it recived a patient hearing, and was frequently repeat-perior in that vivacity of action and variety of incied. Still, however, most of the old critics and commentators speak of it as greatly inferior to the other plays of Terence. On the whole, however, the plots of Terence are, in most respects, judiciously laid the incidents are selected with taste, arranged and connected with inimitable art, and painted with exquisite grace and beauty.-In the representation of characters and manners, Terence was considered by the ancients as surpassing all their comic poets. In this department of his art, he shows that comprehensive knowledge of the humours and inclinations of mankind, which enabled him to delineate characters as well as manners with a genuine and apparently unstudied sim-guage of Plautus is more rich and luxuriant than that plicity. All the inferior passions which form the range of comedy are so nicely observed and accurately expressed, that we nowhere find a truer or more lively representation of human nature.-Erasmus, one of the best judges of classical literature at the revival of learning, says that there is no author from whom we can better learn the pure Roman style than from the poet Terence. It has been farther remarked of him, that the Romans thought themselves in conversation when they heard his comedies. Terence, in fact, gave to the Roman tongue its highest perfection in point of elegance and grace. For this ineffabilis amanitas, as it is called by Heinsius, he was equally admired by his own contemporaries and the writers in the golden period of Roman literature. He is called by Cæsar puri sermonis amator, and Cicero characterizes him as "Quicquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens." Even in the last age of Latin poetry, and when his pure simplicity was so different from the style affected by the writers of the day, he continued to be regarded as the model of correct composition. Ausonius, in his beautiful poem addressed to his grandson, hails him, on account of his style, as the ornament of Latium. Among all the Latin writers, indeed, from Ennius to Ausonius, we meet with nothing so simple, so full of grace and delicacy-in fine, nothing that can be compared to his comedies for elegance of dialogue, presenting a constant flow of easy, genteel, unaffected conversation, which never subsides into vulgarity or grossness, and never rises higher than the ordinary level of polite conversation. Of this, indeed, he was so careful, that when he employed any sentence which he had found in the tragic poets, he stripped it of that air of grandeur and majesty which rendered it unsuitable for common life and comedy. The narratives in particular possess a beautiful and picturesque simplicity. As to what may be called the poetical style of Terence, it has been generally allowed that he has used very great license in his versification. Politian is thought to have been the first who at all divided his plays into lines; but a separation was afterward more correctly executed by Erasmus. Priscian says that Terence uses more licenses than any other writer. Bentley, after Priscian, admitted every variety of iambic and trochaic measure; and such of Terence, but is far from being so equal, uniform, and chaste. It is often stained with vulgarity, and sometimes swells beyond the limits of comic dialogue, while that of Terence is puro simillimus amni. The verses of Plautus are, as he himself calls them, numeri innumeri; and Hermann declares that, at least as now printed, they are full of every kind of error. Terence attends more to elegance and delicacy in the expression of passion, Plautus to comic expression. In fact, the great object of Plautus seems to have been to excite laughter among his audience, and in this object he completely succeeded; but for its attainment he has sacrificed many graces and beauties of the drama. The humour of Plautus consists chiefly in words and actions, that of Terence in matter. The pleasantries of Plautus, which were so often flat, low, or extravagant, finally drew down the censure of Horace, while Terence was extolled by that poetical critic as the most consummate master of dramatic art. In short, Plautus was more gay, Terence more chaste; the first has more genius and fire, the latter more manner and solidity. Plautus excels in low comedy and ridicule, Terence in drawing just characters, and in maintaining them to the last. The plots of both are artful, but Terence's are more apt to languish, while Plautus's spirit maintains the action with vigour. His invention was greatest; Terence's art and management Plautus gives the stronger, Terence a more elegant delight. Plautus appears the better comedian of the two, Terence the better poet. Plautus shone most on the stage, Terence pleases best in the closet. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. 1, p. 279, seqq., Lond. ed.-Malkin's Classical Disquisitions, p. 5, seqq.)-The best editions of Terence are, that of Bentley, Cantab., 1726, and Amst., 1727, 4to (that of Amsterdam being the better of the two); that of Westerhovius, Hag. Com., 1726, 2 vols. 4to; and that of Zeune, Lips., 1774, 2 vols. 8vo; beautifully, but not very accurately, reprinted at the London press in 1820, 2 vols. 8vo.-II. Varro. (Vid. Varro I.) TEREUS (two syllables), I. a king of Thrace. He married Progne, the daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war against Megara; and he offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela, whom he was conducting to Thrace by desire of Progne. (Vid. Philomela, and Progne.) TERGESTE, a city of Venetia, in the territory of the Carni, now Trieste. It was situate at the northeastern extremity of the Sinus Tergestinus. In Strabo we find it sometimes called Tergesta, or Tergestæ in the plural. (Strab., 314.) The Greeks knew it by the name of Tergestrum. (Artemid., ap. Steph. Byz.-Dionys. Perieg., v. 384.) It suffered severely, on one occasion, from a sudden incursion of the Iapydes. (Appian, B. Ill., 18.-Strabo, 207.) TERINA, a town of the Bruttii, on the coast of the Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now St. Euphemia. The ad.jacent bay was called Sinus Terinæus. The earliest writers who have noticed this place are Scylax (Periplus, p. 5) and Lycophron. Strabo informs us that it was destroyed by Hannibal, when he found that he could no longer retain it. It was probably restored at a later period, as we find it named by Pliny and Ptolemy. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 416.) TERMILE. Vid. Lycia. TERMINALIA, an annual festival at Rome, observed in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields, and, after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. This festival was originally established by Numa; and though at first it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet, in process of time, landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 641.) TERMINUS, a divinity at Rome, who was supposed to preside over boundaries. His worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the limits of their lands were under the immediate care and superintendence of Heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with a human head, without feet or arms, to intimate that he never moved, wherever he was. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus alone refused to give way. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 641.-Plut., Vit. Num.) the Greek musical scale generally, consult Malle, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 151, seqq.) TERPSICHORE, one of the Muses, daughter of J ter and Mnemosyne. She presided over dancing, which she was reckoned the inventress, and in which, as her name intimates, she took delight (from repra "to delight," and xopóc, a chorus or dance). To be was sometimes ascribed the invention of the either, and not to Mercury. She is represented like a yong virgin crowned with laurel, and holding in her banda musical instrument. (Juv., Sat., 7, 35.) TERRA, one of the most ancient deities in classil mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of Oceans, the Titans, Cyclopes, Giants, Thea, Rhea, Thems, Phoebe, Tethys, and Mnemosyne. (Vid. Ops, and Tellus.) TERRACINA, a city of Latium, called also Ar situate on the seacoast, in a northeastern direction fra the Circeian Promontory. Anxur was probably Volscian name. (Vid. Anxur.) We learn from Heace (Sat., 1, 5, 25) that this city stood on the ty rock at the foot of which the modern Terracina is st uated. According to Strabo (233), it was first named Trachina, a Greek appellation indicative of the regged ness of its situation. Ovid calls it Trachas. (M15 717.) In Dionysius it is written Tappasiva. With the generality of Latin writers it is, however, called Tarracina (Mela, 2, 4), and sometimes, in the plural Tarracinæ. (Liv., 4, 59.) The Romans took the place after a siege of short duration, when it was giv up to plunder. (Liv., l. c.) It was, however, retai by the Volsci, who surprised the garrison. (L,58) It subsequently fell again into the hands of the Rmans, and became of consequence as a naval statio Its port is noticed by Livy (27, 4), and it is classed by that historian with those colonies which were quired to furnish sailors and stores for the Roman fert (27, 38). It is styled "splendidus locus" by Vales Maximus, who relates a remarkable trial which tak place there (8, 1, 13). From Tacitus we learn that was a municipium (Hist., 4, 5); and the efforts made by the parties of Vitellius and Vespasian to obtais p TERPANDER, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, session of this place, sufficiently prove that it was the 670 B.C., whose date is determined by his appearance looked upon as a very important post. (Hist., 3., in the mother-country of Greece: of his early life in seqq.) The Emperor Galba was born at a village neut Lesbos nothing is known. The first account of him Terracina. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 100) describes him in Peloponnesus, which at that time TERTULLIANUS, J. SEPTIMIUS FLORENS, a ce surpassed the rest of Greece in political power, in well-ted Christian writer, born at Carthage about the midordered governments, and probably also in mental cultivation. It is one of the most certain dates of ancient chronology, that, in the 26th Olympiad (B. C. 676), musical contests were first introduced at the feast of Apollo Carneius, and at their first celebration Terpander was crowned victor. He was also victor four successive times in the musical contest at the Pythian temple of Delphi. In Lacedæmon, whose citizens, from the earliest times, had been distinguished for their love of music and dancing, the first scientific cultivation of music was ascribed to Terpander (Plut., de Mus., c. 9); and a record of the precise time had been preserved, probably in the registers of public games. Hence it appears that Terpander was a younger contemporary of Callinus and Archilochus; so that the dispute among the ancients, whether Terpander or Archilochus were the older, must probably be decided by supposing them to have lived about the same time. At the head of all the inventions of Terpander stands the seven-stringed cithara. The only accompaniment for the voice used by the early Greeks was a four-stringed cithara, the tetrachord; and this instrument had been so generally used, and held in such repute, that the whole system of music was founded upon the tetrachord. Terpander was the first who added three strings to this instrument, as he himself testifies in two extant verses. (Euclid, Introd. Harm., p. 19. -For some remarks on Terpander's invention, and on dle of the second century, and considered the post early Latin father extant. He was originally a pag but afterward embraced Christianity, of which be be came an able advocate by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively imagination, pe uous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of soning. It is not known at what period of life he came a Christian. He himself informs us that be was originally a pagan, and of corrupt morals; but the late ter phrase must necessarily be taken in a mild sense, with reference to one who practised such rigid mer ity as Tertullian subsequently did. It is probacte that before his conversion he taught rhetoric, and fol lowed the profession of an advocate; at least, works show a great acquaintance with the principles of law. He became priest at Carthage, or, accord ing to the vulgar opinion, at Rome. He soon, bo ever, separated from the Catholic Church to throw himself into the errors of the Montanists, who, exag gerating Christian purity, regarded as a sin all participation in the pleasures of the world, all communi cation with individuals attached to idolatry, and even the study of the sciences of the day. St. Jerome says that the envy and the calumnies of the Roman clergy against Tertullian was the occasion of this step on his part; and from this remark some have concluded, though without sufficient grounds, that he was es pelled from the Church of Rome by the intolerant [nalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unavenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus, king of Sidon, he built a town which he called Salamis, after his native country. TEUCRI, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer, their king. According to a passage in Virgil (Æn., 3, 108), the Teucri were a colony from Crete, who settled in Troas previous to the founding of Troy, and were the founders of the Trojan race. Apollodorus, however, following, probably, the current Grecian fables on this subject, makes the Teucri to have been descended from Teucris, a son of the Scamander. Heyne, in an excursus to the passage of Virgil mentioned above, gives the preference to the latter account. It is probable that the Teucri were only a branch of the inhabitants of Troas, and originally of Thracian descent. Such, at least, is the opinion of Mannert, and with him agrees Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 77, seqq.). TEUTA, a queen of Illyricum B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to death. This act of violence gave rise to a war, which ended in her overthrow. (Vid. Illyricum.) rive the name from two British words, deu-tatt, which signify God, the parent or creator; a name properly due only to the Supreme Being, who was originally intended by that name. (Lucan, 1, 445.) TEUTHRAS, a king of Mysia, on the borders of the Caïcus. (Vid. Telephus.) spirit of his clerical brethren. However this may have been, a distinction is carefully observed between the works which Tertullian wrote previous to his separation from the Catholic Church and those which he composed afterward, when he had ranged himself among the followers of Montanus. The former are four in number, his Apologeticus, and those which treat of baptism, of penitence, and prayer. The last of these is regarded as his first production. Some authors add a work in two volumes, addressed to his wife, in which he gives her directions as to the course of conduct which she should pursue in the state of widowhood. Most critics consider this to have been composed by him at an advanced age. The works written by Tertullian after he had become a Montanist are, Apologies for Christianity, Treatises on Ecclesiastical Discipline, and two species of polemical works, the one directed against heretics, and the other against Catholics. The latter are four in number, De Pudicitia, De Fuga in Persecutione, De Jejunio, De Monogamia. His principal work is the Apologeticus Adversus Gentes mentioned above. It is addressed to the governors of the provinces; it refutes the calumnies which had been uttered against the religion of the gospel, and shows that its professors were faithful and obedient subjects. It is the best work written in favour of Christianity during the early ages of the Church. It contains a number of very curious historTEUTAS OF TEUTATES, a name of Mercury among ical passages on the ceremonies of the Christian the Gauls, who offered human victims to this deity. Church; as, for example, a description of the agapa-He was worshipped by the Britons also. Some deor love-feasts. Tertullian remoulded this work, and it appeared under the new title Ad Nationes. In its altered state it possesses more method, but less fire than the first. The writings of Tertullian show an ardent and impassioned spirit, a brilliant imagination, a high degree of natural talent and profound erudition. His style, however, is obscure, though animated, and betrays the foreign extraction of the writer. The perusal of Tertullian is very important for the student of ecclesiastical history. He informs us, more correctly than any other writer, respecting the Christian doctrines of his time, the constitution of the Church, its ceremonies, and the attacks of heretics against Christianity. Tertullian was held in very high esteem by the subsequent fathers of the Church. St. Cyprian TEUTONI and TEUTONES, a name given to several read his works incessantly, and used to call him, by united tribes of Germany, who, together with the Cimway of eminence, The Master. Vincent of Lerius bri, made a memorable inroad into southern Europe. used to say "that every word of Tertullian was a sen- The most erudite inquiries as to the origin and causes tence, and every sentence a triumph over error.' of this migration from the north have led to no defiThe best edition of the entire works of Tertullian is nite results, owing to the almost entire ignorance, on that of Semler, 4 vols. 8vo, Hal., 1770; and of his the part of the Greeks, and Romans, of the nature of Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, L. Bat., 1718. the northern population and languages. That the miTETHYS, the wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ura-gration was neither purely Scandinavian or German, nus and Terra. Their offspring were the rivers of nor purely Celtic or Gallic, clearly appears from the the earth, and three thousand daughters, named Oce- accounts of the order of march of the Cimbri and Teuanides or Ocean-nymphs. (Hes., Theog., 337, seqq.) tones, as well as of their bodily stature and mode of The name of Tethys (Tn0ús) is thought to mean the fighting. The barbarian torrent seems to have origiNurse, the Rearer. Hermann renders it Alumnia. nally been loosed from the farther side of the Elbe; (Keightley's Mythology, p. 51.) whence a mongrel horde of Germans and Scandinavians, of gigantic stature, savage valour, and singular accoutrements, descended towards the south. On their route, a number of Celtic tribes, of which the Tigurini and Tectosage are distinguished by name above the others, joined them; and, in conjunction with them, threatened to pour upon the Romans, who just TEUCER, I. a king of part of Troas, son of the Sca- then were pressing farther and farther on the side of mander by Idea. His subjects were called Teucri, what is now Carinthia towards modern Austria, and from his name; and his daughter Batea married Dar- on the west from Provence towards Toulouse. On danus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the side of Carinthia, the Romans took the whole of the government. Dardanus founded the city of the Noricum under their protection; and Carbo was desame name, and also gave to the whole adjacent coun- stroyed with his army in endeavouring to keep off the try the name of Dardania. (Apollod., 3, 12, 1.-Virg., Teutones from that territory. On the other, they had En., 3, 108.)-II. A son of Telamon, king of Sala- extended their sway from the Alps to the Pyrenees, mis, by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. He and had forced the native tribes as far as Lugdunum was one of Helen's suiters, and, accordingly, accom- (Lyons) to accept their protection. The barbarians, panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he sig-however, instead of pouring upon Italy after the de TETRAPOLIS, I. a name given to the city of Antioch, the capital of Syria, because divided, as it were, into four cities, each having its separate wall, besides a common one enclosing all. (Vid. Antiochia I.)-II. A name applied to Doris, in Greece (Dorica Tetrapolis), from its four cities. (Vid. Doris.) TEUTOBURGIENSIS SALTUS, a forest of Germany, lying in an eastern direction from Paderborn, and reaching as far as the territory of Osnabruck. It is famous for the slaughter of Varus and his three legions, by the Germans under Arminius. (Tac., Ann., 1, 60.) For a more particular idea of the locality, consult the remarks of Tappes (Die wahre Gegend und Linie der Hermannusschlacht, Essen., 1820, 8vo). affairs. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled i quest of knowledge, and for some time resiced n Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under the priests Memphis he is said to have been taught geometry, tronomy, and philosophy. It is probable, however, that he was more indebted to his own ingenuity inn to their instructions; for, while he was among them he taught them, to their great astonishment, how measure the height of their pyramids. It cannot ba supposed that Thales could acquire much mathemati cal knowledge from a people incapable of solving s easy a problem. The method pursued by Thales was this: at the termination of the shadow of the pyramd he erected a staff perpendicular to the surface of earth, and thus obtained two right-angled triang which enabled him to infer the ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of its shadow, from the to of the height of the staff to the length of its shadow In mathematics, Thales is said to have invented sereral fundamental propositions, which were afterward incorporated into the elements of Euclid, particu the following theorems: that a circle is bisected by its diameter; that the angles at the base of an iss les triangle are equal; that the vertical angles of two intersecting lines are equal; that if two angles and one side of one triangle be equal to two angles and one side of another triangle, the remaining angles and sides are respectively equal; and that the angle m semicircle is a right angle. Astronomical as well mathematical science seems to have received co erable improvements from Thales. He was so wel quainted with the celestial motions as to be able predict an eclipse, though probably with no great de gree of accuracy as to une; for Herodotus, who lates this fact, only says that he foretold the year which it would happen. He taught the Greeks the division of the heaven into five zones, and the set tial and equinoctial points, and approached so res the knowledge of the true length of the solar rev tion, that he corrected their calendar, and made ther year contain 365 days.-Thales held that the first p ciple of natural bodies, or the first simple substance from which all things in the world are formed, is feat of Carbo, turned back and spread desolation in It is probable that by the term water. This meant to express the same idea which the cosmogons expressed by the word chaos, the notion annexed i which was, a turbid and muddy mass, from which al things were produced. His most celebrated p and successors in the Ionic school were Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus, the master of Socrates. Thales died at the age of 90, in the 58th Olympiad. (Sosicr., ap. Diog. Laerts, 1, 38-C ton, Fast. Hellen., vol. 1, p. 3. — Enfield, Hat. Ph THAÏS, a celebrated Greek hetærist, who accompanied Alexander on his expedition into Asia, and instigated him, while under the influence of wine, to set fire to the royal palace at Persepolis. (Vid. Persepolis.) After the death of Alexander she attached her-los., vol. 1, p. 149, seqq.) self to Ptolemy, son of Lagus, by whom she had two Bons and a daughter. This daughter was named Irene, and became the wife of Ennostus, king of Soli, in the island of Cyprus. There is no good reason for the opinion that she lived with the poet Menander before accompanying the army of Alexander. This supposition arose from Menander's having composed a piece entitled Thais. (Athenæus, 13, p. 576, D.Bayle, Dict., s. v.-Michaud, Biogr. Univ., vol. 45, p. 230.) THALESTRIS, otherwise called MINITHYA (Justin. & 4), a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, came 25 days' journey, through the most hostile nations, to meet Álexander, in his Asiatic c quests, and raise offspring by him.” (Justin, 12, 3– Quint. Curt., 6, 5.) THALIA (Oúnela, "the Blooming one"), I. one of the Muses, generally regarded as the patroness of comest She was supposed by some, also, to preside over h bandry and planting.-II. One of the Graces. (Fi THALA, a city of Africa, in the dominions of Ju-Gratiæ.) gurtha. It is supposed by some to be the same with THAMYRIS, an early Thracian bard, son of PhilsTelepte, now Ferreanach, though this seems doubtful. mon and Argiope. He is said to have been remark3Mannert, however, inclines to this opinion. (Consult ble for beauty of person and skill on the lyre, and to Shaw's Travels in Barbary, vol. 1, pt. 2, c. 5.) have challenged the Muses to a contest of skil. He THALES, a celebrated philosopher, the founder of was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of sight the Ionic sect, born at Miletus in the first year of the for his presumption. (Apollod., 1, 3, 3.)-Consult the 35th Olympiad. He was descended from Phoenician remarks of Heyne (ad Apollod., 1. c.) on the nature of parents, who had left their country and settled at Mi- the stipulation between the contending parties. (Hom., jetus. The wealth which he inherited, and his own Il., 2, 595, seqq.-Heyne, ad loc.) superior abilities, raised him to distinction among his THAPSACUS, a city and famous ford on the Euphra countrymen, so that he was early employed in public tes. The city was situate on the western bank of thể |