with the title of mother, and often granted to her intercession what he had sternly denied to his favourites and ministers. On the death of Alexander, a most touching tribute to his memory was offered by Sisygambis. She who had survived the massacre of her eighty brothers, who had been put to death in one day by Ochus, the loss of all her children, and the entire downfall of her house, now, on the decease of the en

he was well acquainted with its beauties. In the passage of Athenæus where Archilochus is cited, Athenæus represents the inhabitants of Siris as rivalling in all respects the luxury and affluence of the Sybarites. Siris and Sybaris had reached, about 500 B.C., the summit of their prosperity and opulence. Shortly afterward, according to Justin (20, 2), the former of the two was almost destroyed in a war with Metapontum and Sybaris. When the Tarentines settled at Hera-emy and conqueror of her line, seated herself on the clea they removed all the Sirites to the new town, of which Siris became the harbour. (Diod. Sic., 12, 36. -Strabo, 263.) No vestiges of this ancient colony are now apparent; but it stood probably on the left bank, and at the mouth of the Sinno. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 352.)

619.

ground, covered her head with a veil, and, notwithstanding the entreaties of her grandchildren, refused nourishment, until, on the fifth day after, she expired. (Quint. Curt., 3, 3, 22.-Id., 5, 2, 20.-Id., 10, 5, 24. -Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 7, p. 117.)

SISYPHUS, I. the son of Eolus, was said to have SIRIUS (Zeipios), a name given to the dog-star. been the founder of Ephyra, or ancient Corinth. Ho Homer, though he mentions the dog-star twice, does married Merope, the daughter of Atlas, by whom he not employ the term. Hesiod, however, uses the ap- had four sons, Glaucus, Ornytion, Thersandrus, and pellation on several occasions (Op. et D., 417, 587, Halmus. When Jupiter carried off Ægina, the daugh- Scut. Herc., 397.) But then, in the first of ter of the Asopus, the river-god, in his search, came these passages, he means by Sirius the sun. Nor is after her to Corinth. Sisyphus, on his giving him a this the only instance of such a usage. In Hesychius, spring for Acrocorinthus, informed him who the rav for example, we have, Zɛípios, ó hλios, kai ỏ toù kv-isher was. The King of the Gods sent Death to punish vos dorp," Sirius, the sun, and also the dog-star." the informer; but Sisyphus contrived to outwit Death, He then goes on to remark, Zoookλñs tòv áoтpov and even to put fetters on him; and there was great κύνα· ὁ δὲ ̓Αρχίλοχος τὸν ἥλιον, Ίβυκος δὲ πάντα τὰ joy among mortals, for no one died. Pluto, however, άoτpа, "Sophocles calls the dog-star so; Archilochus set Death at liberty, and Sisyphus was given up to the sun; Ibycus, however, all the stars." Eratosthenes, him. When dying, he charged his wife to leave his moreover (c. 33), observes: "Such stars (as Sirius) as-body unburied; and then, complaining to Pluto of her tronomers call Σειρίους (Sirios) διὰ τὴν τῆς φλογός. unkindness, he obtained permission to return to the κίνησιν, on account of the tremulous motion of their light, to upbraid her with her conduct. But, when light." It would seem, therefore, that oɛípios was he found himself again in his own house, he refused originally an appellative, in an adjective form, em to leave it. Mercury, however, reduced him to obeployed to indicate any bright and sparkling star; but dience; and when he came down, Pluto set him to which originally became a proper name for the bright-roll a huge stone up a hill, a never-ending still-beginest of the fixed stars: The verb geplάeiv, formed from this, is, according to Proclus, a synonyme of λáμnei, "to shine," "to be bright." (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 239, seqq.)

SIRMIO, a peninsula on the shores of the Lacus Benacus (Lago di Garda), now Sirmione, and the favourite residence, in former days, of the poet Catullus. (Catull., 31.)

SIRMIUM, an important city of Pannonia Inferior, on the northern side of the Saavus or Save, between Ulmi and Bassiana. Under the Roman sway it was the metropolis of Pannonia. The Emperor Probus was born here. The ruins of Sirmium may be seen at the present day near the town of Mitrowitz. (Plin., 3, 25.- Zosim., 2, 18. - Herodian, 7, 2.— Amm. Marc., 21, 10.)

SISĂPO, a town, or, rather, village of Hispania, in the northern part of Bætica, supposed to answer to Almaden, on the southwestern limits of La Mancha. The territory around this place not only yielded silver, but excellent cinnabar; and even at the present day large quantities of quicksilver are still obtained from the mines at Almaden. The Sisapone of Ptolemy (probably the same with the Cissalone of Antoninus) was a different place, and lay more to the northwest of the former, among the Oretani. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 316.-Ukert, vol. 2, p. 378.)

SISENNA, L., a Roman historian, the friend of Pomponius Atticus. He wrote a history, from the taking of Rome by the Gauls down to the wars of Sylla, of which some fragments are quoted in different authors. He was considered superior to all the Roman historians that had preceded him, and hence Varro entitled his own treatise on history Sisenna. This same writer commented on Plautus. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 1, p. 164.)

SISIGAMBIS OF SISYGAMBIS, the mother of Darius, the last king of Persia. She was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great, at the battle of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The conqueror treated her with the greatest kindness and attention, saluted her

ning toil; for, as soon as it reached the summit, it
rolled back again down to the plain. The craft of
Sisyphus, of which the following is an instance, was
proverbial. Autolycus, the son of Mercury, the cele
brated cattle-stealer, who dwelt on Parnassus, used
to deface the marks of the cattle which he carried off
in such a manner as to render it nearly impossible to
identify them. Among others, he drove off those of
Sisyphus, and he defaced the marks as usual; but,
when Sisyphus came in quest of them, he, to the great
surprise of the thief, selected his own beasts out of
the herd; for he had marked the initial of his name
under their hoof. (The ancient form of the Σ was M
which is of the shape of a horse's hoof.) Autolycus
forthwith cultivated the acquaintance of one who had
thus proved himself too able for him; and Sisyphus,
it is said, seduced or violated his daughter Anticlea
(who afterward married Laertes), and thus was the
real father of Ulysses. (Pherecyd., ap. Schol. ad Od.,
19, 43.-Schol. ad Il., 10, 267.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr.,
344, &c.)-Homer calls Sisyphus the most crafty of
men (Il., 6, 153); Hesiod speaks of him in a similar
manner (ap. Schol. ad Pind., Pyth., 4, 252); Ulys-
ses sees him rolling his stone in Erebus (Od., 11, 593).
Of the antiquity of this legend, therefore, there can
be little doubt. Sisyphus, that is, the Very-wise, or
perhaps the Over-wise (Zíovpoç, quasi Li-σopoç, by a
common reduplication), seems to have originally be-
longed to that exalted class of myths in which we find
the Iapotidæ, Ixion, Tantalus, and others, where, un-
der the character of persons with significant names,
lessons of wisdom, morality, and religion were sensibly
impressed on the minds of men. Sisyphus is, then,
the representative of the restless desire of knowledge,
which aspires to attain a height it is denied man to
reach; and, exhausted in the effort, suddenly falls
back into the depths of earthly weakness. This is
expressed in the fine picture of the Odyssey, where
every word is significant, and where, we may observe,
Sisyphus is spoken of in indefinite terms, and not as-
signed anv earthly locality or parentage. (Welcker,

66

These mines were formerly visited by Bruce, whose account of them is amply confirmed by the latest travellers. The Smaragdus Mons appears to have been a very short distance from the sea; being that called by the Arabs Maaden Uzzumurud, or the Mine of Emeralds. (Strab., 225.—Plin., 37, 5.— Russcil's Egypt, p. 418.)

Tril., p. 550.) In the legendary history, however, we | twenty-five miles in a straight line from the Red Sea. find him placed at Corinth, and apparently the representative of the trading spirit of that city. He is, as we have already said, a son of Eolus, probably on account of his name (Aióλoç, “ cunning"); or it may be that the crafty trader is the son of the Windman, as the wind enables him to import and export his merchandise. He is married to a daughter of the symbol of navigation, Atlas, and her name would seem to indicate that he is engaged with men in the active business of life (Méрones, mortals, from μópos, death; of being a mere adjectival ending). His children are Glaucus, a name of the sea-god; Ornytion (Quickmover); Thersandrus (Warm-man); and Halmus (Seaman), who apparently denote the fervour and bustle of commerce. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 399, seqq. -Welcker, Tril., p. 550, seqq.-Völcker, Myth. der Iap., p. 118, not.)-II. A dwarf of M. Antony. He was of very small stature, under two feet, but extremely shrewd and acute, whence he obtained the name of Sisyphus, in allusion to the cunning and dexterous chieftain of fabulous times. (Horat., Sat., 1, 3, 47.Compare Heindorf, ad loc.)

SITHONIA, the central one of the three promontories which lie at the southern extremity of Chalcidice in Macedonia. As Chalcidice was originally a part of Thrace, the term Sithonia is often applied by the poets to the latter country; hence the epithet Sithonis. -The Sithonians are mentioned by more than one writer as a people of Thrace. (Lycophr., 1408, et Schol, ad loc.) Elsewhere the same poet alludes obscurely to a people of Italy descended from the Sithonian giants (v. 1354).

SITONES, a German tribe in Scandinavia (Tacitus, Germ., 54), separated by the range of Mount Sevo from the Suiones. Reichard places them on the southern side of Lake Malar, where the old city of Si-turn or Sig-tuna once lay. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 923.)

SMERDIS, I. a son of Cyrus, put to death by order of his brother Cambyses. The latter, it seems, had become jealous of Smerdis, who had succeeded in partially bending the bow which the Ichthyophagi had brought from the King of Æthiopia, a feat which no other Persian had been able to accomplish. Cambyses had also subsequently dreamed that a courier had come to him from Persia (he was at this period in Egypt) with the intelligence that Smerdis was seated on his throne, and touched the heavens with his head. This vision having filled him with alarm, lest Smerdis might destroy him in order to seize upon the crown, he despatched Prexaspes, a confidential agent, to Per sia, with orders to kill Smerdis, which was according ly done. According to one account, he led the prince out on a hunt, and then slew him; while others said that he brought him to the borders of the Persian Gu and there threw him headlong from a precipice. (He rod., 3, 30)-II. One of the Magi, who strongly resembled Smerdis the brother of Cambyses. As the death of the prince was a state secret, to which, however, some of the Magi appear to have been privy, the false Smerdis declared himself king on the death of Cambyses. This usurpation would not, perhaps, have been known, had he not taken too many precautions to conceal it. Otanes, a Persian noble of the first rank, suspecting at last that there was some impos ture, from the circumstance of Smerdis never quiting the citadel, and from his never inviting any of the nobility to his presence, discovered the whole affar through his daughter Phædyma. This female bad SITTIUS, P., a Roman knight, a native of Nuceria, been the wife of Cambyses, and, with the other wives and hence called Nucerinus by Sallust (Cat., 21). of the late king, had been retained by the usurper. Having been prosecuted a short time before the dis- At her father's request, she felt the head of Smerdis covery of Catiline's conspiracy, he fled from a trial, while he slept, and discovered that he had no ear and, being accompanied by a body of followers, betook Otanes, on this, was fully convinced that the pretend himself to Africa, where he afterward proved of ser-ed monarch was no other than the magus Smerdis, be vice to Julius Cæsar, against Scipio and Juba, and received the city of Cirta as his reward. (Appian, Bell. Civ., 4, 55.-Vid. Cirta.)

having been deprived of his ears by Cyrus on account of some atrocious conduct. Upon this discovery, the conspiracy ensued which ended with the death of Smerdis, and the elevation of Darius, son of Hystas pes, to the vacant throne. (Herod., 3, 69, segg) A general massacre of the Magi also ensued, which was commemorated by the annual festival called by the Greeks Magophonia. (Consult remarks at the begin ning of the article Magi.)

SLAVI, an ancient and powerful tribe in Sarmatia, stretching from the Dniester to the Tanaïs, and called also by the name of Antes. Having united with the Venedi, they moved onward towards Germany and the Danube, and became engaged in war with the Franks that dwelt north of the Rhine. In the reign of Justinian they crossed the Danube, invaded Dalmatia, SMINTHEUS (two syllables), one of the surnames of and finally settled in the surrounding territories, espe- Apollo. He was worshipped under this name in the cially in what is now called Slavonia. As belonging city of Chrysa, where he also had a temple cailed to them were reckoned the Bohemani or Bohemi (Bo- Sminthium. The names Smintheus and Sminthium hemians); the Maharenses; the Sorabi, between the are said to have been derived from the term quiser, Elbe and Saale; the Silesii, Poloni, Cassubii, Rugii, which in the Eolic dialect signifies a rat; and Stra&c. They did not all live under one common rule, bo gives the following legend on the subject, from the but in separate communities. They are represented old poet Callinus. According to him, the Tenen, as large, strong, and warlike, but very deficient in per-migrating from Crete, were told by an oracle to settle sonal cleanliness. Among the descendants of the in that place where they should first be attacked by Slavonic race may be enumerated the Russians, Poles, the original inhabitants of the land. Having halted Bohemians, Moravians, Carinthians, &c. (Consult for the night in this place, a large number of fieldHelmond, Chron. Slavorum.-Karamsin, Histoire de mice came and gnawed away the leathern straps l'Empire de Russie, trad. par St. Thomas, Paris, their baggage and thongs of their armour. Deeming 1819-26.-Foreign Quarterly, vol. 3, p. 152, seqq.) the oracle fulfilled, they settled on the spot, and raised SMARAGDUS MONS (Euúpaydos opos), a mountain a temple to Apollo Smintheus. Various other fabu of Egypt, to the north of Berenice, where emeralds lous tales respecting these rats are to be found it (smaragdi) were dug. It appears to have been one Strabo, who observes that there were numerous spots of a group of mountains, and the highest of the numon this coast to which the name of Sminthia was alber; and all of them would seem to have contained tached. The temple itself was called Sminthium more or less of this valuable material. The modern (Strab., 604, 612.) The same geographer, however, name of this mountain is Zubara, and the situation is does not allow, as Scylax does (p. 36), that this edi

of

him, as a necessary consequence from his own conces sions. He commonly conducted these conferences with such address as to conceal his design, till the respondent had advanced too far to recede. On some occasions he made use of ironical language, that vain men might be caught in their own replies, and be compelled to confess their ignorance. He never assumed the air of a morose and rigid preceptor, but communcated useful instruction with all the ease and pleasan try of polite conversation. Socrates was not less distinguished by his modesty than his wisdom. His dis courses betrayed no marks of arrogance or vanity. He professed" to know only this, that he knew nothing." In this declaration, which he frequently repeated, he had no other intention than to convince his hearers of the narrow limits of the human understanding. Ne thing was farther from his thoughts than to encourage universal scepticism: on moral subjects he always expressed himself with confidence and decision; but be was desirous of exposing to contempt the arrogance of those pretenders to science who would acknowledge themselves ignorant of nothing.—The moral lessons which Socrates taught, he himself diligently practised; and hence he excelled other philosophers in personal merit no less than in his method of instruction. His conduct was uniformly such as became a teacher of moral wisdom.-Though Socrates was rather unfortenate in his domestic connexion, yet he converted this infelicity into an occasion of exercising his virtues. Xanthippe, concerning whose ill-humour ancient wr ters relate many amusing tales, was certainly a wonan of a high and unmanageable spirit. But Socrates, while he endeavoured to curb the violence of her tenper, improved his own. And, after all, indeed, it very probable that the infirmities of this female have been greatly exaggerated, and that calumny has had some hand in finishing the picture. (Vid. Xanthippe)

and the hardihood with which he endured fatigue. I to deduce the truths of which he wished to convince During the severity of a Thracian winter, while others were clad in furs, he wore only his usual clothing, and walked barefoot upon the ice. In an engagement, in which he saw Alcibiades, whom he accompanied during this expedition, falling down wounded, he advanced to defend him, and saved both him and his arms, and then, with the utmost generosity, entreated the judges to give the prize of valour, although justly his own due, to the young Alcibiades. Several years afterward, Socrates voluntarily entered upon a military expedition against the Baotians, during which, in an unsuccessful engagement at Delium, he retired with great coolness from the field; when, observing Xenophon lying wounded on the ground, he took him upon his shoulders, and bore him out of the reach of the enemy. Soon afterward he went out a third time, in a military capacity, in the expedition for the purpose of reducing Amphipolis; but this proving unsuccessful, he returned to Athens, and remained there until his death. It was not until Socrates was upward of sixty years of age that he undertook to serve his country in any civil office. At that age he was chosen to represent his own district in the senate of five hundred. In this office, though he at first exposed himself to some degree of ridicule from want of experience in the forms of business, he soon convinced his colleagues that he was superior to them all in wisdom and integrity. While they, intimidated by the clamours of the populace, were willing to put to the vote the illegal proposition relative to the Athenian commanders who had conquered at the Arginusa, Socrates, as presiding officer for the day, remained unshaken, and declared that he would only act as the law permitted to be done. Under the subsequent tyranny he never ceased to condemn the oppressive and cruel proceedings of the thirty tyrants; and when his boldness provoked their resentment, so that his life was in danger, fearing neither treachery nor violence, he still continued to We have already alluded to the constant warfare be support, with undaunted firmness, the rights of his tween Socrates and the Sophists. It was this same fellow-citizens. The tyrants, that they might create warfare that brought him, how undeservedly we need some new ground of complaint against Socrates, sent hardly say, under the lash of the comic Aristophanes an order to him to apprehend, along with several oth- Not that the poet was in this case guilty either of the ers, a wealthy citizen of Salamis: the rest executed foulest motives or of the grossest mistake; but if we the commission; but Socrates refused, saying that he suppose, what is in itself much more consistent with would rather himself suffer death than be instrument- the opinions and pursuits of the comic bard, that be al in inflicting it unjustly upon another. Observing observed the philosopher attentively, indeed, but from with regret how much the opinions of the Athenian a distance, which permitted no more than a superficial youth were misled, and their principles and taste cor- acquaintance, we are then at no loss to understand rupted by so-called philosophers, who spent all their how he might have confounded him with a class of time in refined speculations upon nature and the origin men with which he had, in reality, so little in common, of things; and by mischievous sophists, who taught in and why he singled him out to represent them. He their schools the arts of false eloquence and deceitful probably first formed his judgment of Socrates by the reasoning, Socrates formed the wise and generous de- society in which he usually saw him. Aristophanes, sign of instituting a new and more useful method of too, might either immediately, or through hearsay, hare instruction. He therefore assumed the character of a become acquainted with expressions and arguments of moral philosopher; and, looking upon the whole city of Socrates, apparently contrary to the established rell Athens as his school, and all who were disposed to gion. And, indeed, it is extremely difficult to deter lend their attention as his pupils, he seized every oc- mine the precise relation in which the opinions of Soccasion of communicating moral wisdom to his fellow-rates stood to the Grecian polytheism. He not only citizens. He passed his time chiefly in public. It was spoke of the gods with reverence, and conformed to the his custom in the morning to visit the places of public re- rites of the national worship, but testified his respect for sort, and those set apart for gymnastic exercises; at the oracles in a manner which seems to imply that be be noon to appear among the crowds in the market-place or lieved their pretensions to have some just ground. On courts of law; and to spend the rest of the day in those the other hand, he acknowledged one Supreme Being as parts of the city where he would be likely to meet with the framer and preserver of the universe (ó rov A the largest number of persons. The method of instruc- xóopov ovvτáтTV Tε kai ovvéxwv. —Mem., 4, 3, 13); tion which Socrates chiefly made use of was to pro- used the singular and the plural number indiscri pose a series of questions to the person with whom nately concerning the object of his adoration; and he conversed, in order to lead him to some unforeseen when he endeavoured to reclaim one of his friends, conclusion. He first gained the assent of his respond- who scoffed at sacrifices and divination, it was, ent to some obvious truths, and then obliged him to cording to Xenophon, by an argument drawn exclu admit others, in consequence of their relation or resem-sively from the works of the one Creator. (Mem blance to those to which he had already assented. 4.) We are thus tempted to imagine that he treated Without making use of any direct argument or persua- many points to which the vulgar attached great impor sion, he chose to lead the person he meant to instruct tance, as matters of indifference, on which it was neis

In

ther possible nor very desirable to arrive at any certain | personal habits.-The indictment charged Socrates conclusion that he was only careful to exclude from with three distinct offences: with not believing in the his notion of the gods all attributes which were incon- gods which the state believed in; with introducing sistent with the moral qualities of the Supreme Being; new divinities; and with corrupting the young. The and that, with this restriction, he considered the popu- case was one of those in which the prosecutor was allar mythology as so harmless that its language and lowed to propose the penalty due to the crime (ayov rites might be innocently adopted.-The motives which runTós); Melitus proposed death. Before the cause induced Aristophanes to bring Socrates on the stage was tried, Lysias composed a speech in defence of in preference to any other of the sophistical teachers, Socrates, and brought it to him for his use. But he are much more obvious than the causes through which declined it as too artificial in its character. Among he was led to confound them together. Socrates, from the works of Plato is an Apology, which purports to the time that he abandoned his hereditary art, became be the defence which he really made; and, if this was one of the most conspicuous and notorious persons in written by Plato, it probably contains the substance Athens. There was, perhaps, hardly a mechanic who at least of his answer to the charge. The tone is had not, at some time or other, been puzzled or divert- throughout that of a man who does not expect to be ed by his questions. (Mem., 1, 2, 37.) His features acquitted. The first head of the indictment he meets were so formed by nature, as to serve, with scarcely with a direct denial, and observes that he has been any exaggeration, for a highly laughable mask. His calumniously burdened with the physical doctrines of usual mien and gait were no less remarkably adapted Anaxagoras and other philosophers. But that part to the comic stage. He was subject to fits of ab- which relates to the introduction of new divinities, he sence, which seem now and then to have involved him does not positively contradict; he only gets rid of it in ludicrous mistakes and disasters. Altogether, his ex- by a question which involves his adversary in an apterior was such as might of itself have tempted an- parent absurdity. The charge itself seems to have other poet to find a place for him in a comedy. It been insidiously framed, so as to aggravate and distort would be wrong, however, to suppose, as some have a fact which was universally notorious, but which was done, that the holding up of Socrates to ridicule in the then very little understood, and has continued ever comedy of the "Clouds" was the prelude, and, in since to give rise to a multitude of conjectures. fact, the true cause of his condemnation and death. Socrates, who was accustomed to reflect profoundIn the first place, twenty-four years intervened be- ly on the state of his own mind, had, it seems, gradtween the first representation of the "Clouds" and ually become convinced that he was favoured by the trial of the philosopher; and, besides, Aristopha- the gods (who, as he believed, were always willing nes was not the only comic poet who traduced him to communicate such a knowledge of futurity to their and his disciples on the stage. Eupolis, for example, worshippers as was necessary to their welfare) with had charged him with a sleight of hand like that de- an inward sign, which he describes as a voice, by scribed in the "Clouds" (Schol. ad Nub., 180), and which, indeed, he was never positively directed, but had also introduced Chærephon, in his Koλákɛç, as a was often restrained from action. It was by this parasite of Callias. (Schol., Plat., Bekker, p. 331.) inward monitor that he professed to have been proThe time, in fact, in which Socrates was brought to hibited from taking a part in public business. trial, was one in which great zeal was professed, and the latter part of his life its warning had been more some was undoubtedly felt, for the revival of the an- frequently repeated, and it had consequently become cient institutions, civil and religious, under which a matter of more general notoriety. There was noAthens had attained to her past greatness; and it was thing in such a claim at all inconsistent with any docto be expected that all who traced the public calami- trine of the Greek theology. But the language of the ties to the neglect of the old laws and usages should indictment was meant to insinuate that in this superconsider Socrates as a dangerous person. But there natural voice Socrates pretended to hear some new were also specious reasons, which will presently be deity, the object of his peculiar worship.-His answer mentioned, for connecting him more immediately with to the third charge is also somewhat evasive, and seems the tyranny under which the city had lately groaned. to show that he did not understand its real drift. NevHis accusers, however, were neither common syco-ertheless, we have the best evidence that it was on this phants, nor do they appear to have been impelled by the issue of the trial mainly turned. Eschines, who purely patriotic motives. This, however, is a point had often, probably, heard all the particulars of this which must always remain involved in great uncer- celebrated cause from his father, asserts that Socrates tainty. Anytus, who seems to have taken the lead in was put to death because it appeared that he had been the prosecution, and probably set it on foot, is said to the instructer of Critias (Timarch., p. 24); and that have been a tanner, and to have acquired great wealth the orator neither was mistaken, nor laid too much by his trade (Schol., Plat., Apol. Socr., p. 331, Bek-stress on this fact, seems to be clearly proved by the ker); but he was also a man of great political activ- anxiety which Xenophon shows to vindicate his masity and influence, for the Thirty thought him consider- ter on this head. (Mem., 1, 2.) But, at the same able enough to include him in the same decree of ban-time, we learn from him, that the prosecutors did not ishment with Thrasybulus and Aleibiades (Xen., Hist. confine themselves to this example of the evils which Gr., 2, 3, 42), and he held the rank of general in the army at Phyle. (Lysias, Agorat., p. 137.) With him were associated two persons much inferior to him in reputation and popularity: a tragic poet named Melitus or Meletus, in whose name the indictment was brought, and who, if we may judge of him from the manner in which he is mentioned by Aristophanes, was not very celebrated or successful in his art. The other associate was one Lycon, who is described as an orator (Apol., p. 24.-Compare Diog. Laert., 2, 38), and who probably fumished all the assistance that could be derived from experience in the proceedings and temper of the law-courts. According to an opinion ascribed to Socrates himself (Apol., p. 23), they were all three instigated by merely personal resentment, which he had innocently provoked by his

had arisen from the teaching of Socrates, and that they made him answerable also for the calamities which Alcibiades had brought upon his country. It was, however, no doubt, the case of Critias that supplied them with their most efficacious appeals to the passions of their hearers. Critias, the bloodthirsty tyrant, the deadly enemy of the people, had once sought the society of Socrates, and had introduced his young cousin and ward, Charmides, to the philosopher's acquaintance. It was true, and probably was not disputed by the accusers of Socrates, that Critias had afterward been entirely alienated from him. But this fact, and many others along with it, were not likely to counteract the impression that he contributed to form the mind and character of Critias. When we consider, too, that Socrates, notwithstanding his con