SICORIS, a river of Spain, now the Segre, rising in the Pyrenees, and running into the Iberus, after flowing by the city of Ilerda. It divided the territories of the Ilergete from those of the Lacetani. Some writers regard it as the Sicanus of Thucydides. (Cæs., B. C., 1, 40.-Plin., 3, 3.) lived. After some successes he was compelled tonysius of Halicarnassus, who calls him Siccius, states surrender to the Syracusans, who sent him to Corinth that he gave great offence subsequently to Appius in exile. Here, however, he soon raised new forces, Claudius, the decemvir, by the freedom of his rereturned to Sicily, and, landing on the northern coast, marks relative to the incapacity of the Roman leaders at a point where the Grecian arms had not reached, who were at that time carrying on war against the enfounded there a city called Calacta. Death frustrated emy; and that Appius, pretending to coincide with the schemes which he had again formed for the union him in his views, induced Siccius to go as legatus to of the Siculi, and the latter were reduced once more the Roman camp near Crustumeria. When the brave beneath the sway of Syracuse: but they did not long man had reached the camp of his countrymen, the continue in this state of forced obedience. We find generals there prevailed upon him to take the comthem appearing as the enemies of the Syracusans at mand; and then, upon his objecting to the site of their the time of the Athenian expedition; and also as the camp, as being in their own territory, not that of the allies of the Carthaginians when the latter had be- enemy, they begged him to select a new spot for an gun to establish themselves in the island. Dionysius, encampment. A body of their immediate partisans, however, again reduced them; and Timoleon after-to the number of 100 men, were sent with him, on his ward restored to them their freedom, and they con- setting out for this purpose, as a guard for his person, tinued for some time subsequently either in the en- who attacked, and, after a valiant resistance on his part, joyment of a brief independence, or subject to that slew him on the route, in accordance with previous inpower which chanced to have the ascendancy in the structions, and then brought back word that he had island, whether Syracusan or Carthaginian, until the been slain by the enemy. The falsehood, however, whole of Sicily fell into the hands of the Romans. was soon discovered, and the army gave Siccius Under this new power the cities on the coast of the splendid burial. (Dion. Hal., 11, 37.) island were seriously injured, both because the Roman policy was not very favourable to commerce, and the conquerors were unwilling that the Greek colonies in Sicily should again become powerful. With some exceptions, however, the Sicilian cities were allowed the enjoyment of their civil rights as far as regarded the form and administration of their gov- SICULI, an ancient nation, who in very early times ernments, and hence the mention so often made by dwelt in Latium and about the Tiber, and, indeed, upon Cicero of a Senatus Populusque in many cities of the the site of Rome itself. All this is confirmed by Latin island. Hence, too, the power they enjoyed of regu- and Enotrian traditions. (Dion. Hal., 1, 9.—Id., 2, lating their own coinage. As, however, collisions 1.-Varro, L. L., 4, 10.—Antiochus, ap. Dion. Hal., arose between this conceded power and the magis-1, 73.) A part of the town of Tibur bore the name trates sent to govern them from Rome, we read of a of Sicelion (Sicelium) in the time of Dionysius (1, commission of ten individuals, at the head of which 16). The arguments of Niebuhr lead to the conclu was the prætor Publius Rutilius, by whom a perma-sion that these Siculi were the Pelasgians of Latium. nent form of government was devised, which the Si- They were eventually driven out by an indigenous cilians ever after regarded as their palladium against race, highlanders of the Apennines, who descended the tyranny of Roman magistrates. At a later pe- upon them from the mountains, and from the basins riod, Julius Cæsar extended to the whole island the of the Nar and Velinus. Moving south after this disJus Latii, and, by the last will of the dictator, as An- lodgment, they eventually crossed over into Sicily, tony pretended, though brought about, in fact, by a then named Sicania, and gave its new and latest aplarge sum of money paid to the latter, all the inhabi-pellation to that island. (Vid. Sicilia, and Roma.tants of Sicily were admitted to the rights of Roman Malden's History of Rome, p. 109.) citizens. (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 14, 12.) It would seem, however, to have been a personal privilege, and not to have extended to their lands, since we find Augustus establishing in the island the five Roman colonies of Messana, Tauromenium, Catana, Syracuse, and Thermæ. (Plin., 1, 38.-Dio Cass., 54, 7.) Strabo names also as a Roman colony the city of Panormus. (Strabo, 272.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 235, seqq.) -The Romans remained in possession of Sicily until Genseric, king of the Vandals, conquered it in the fifth century of our era. Belisarius, Justinian's general, drove out the Vandals, A.D. 535, and it remained in the hands of the Greek emperors nearly three centuries, when it was taken by the Saracens, A.D. 827. The Normans, who ruled in Naples, conquered Sicily | A.D. 1072, and received it from the pope as a papal fief. Roger, a powerful Norman prince, took the title of King of Sicily in 1102, and united the island with the kingdom of Naples, under the name of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. SICULUM FRETUM, the straits that separated ancient Italy from Sicily; now the Straits of Messina, or Faro di Messina. The name was applied in strictness to that part of the strait which lay between the Columna Rhegina on the Italian side, and a similar column or tower on the promontory of Pelorum. The Columna Rhegina marked the termination of the consular road leading to the south of Italy. The most prevalent and the best grounded opinion seems to be that which identifies this spot with the modern la Catona. The Sicilian strait was generally supposed by the ancients to have been formed by a sudden disruption of the island from the mainland. But consult remarks at the commencement of the article Sicilia. (Mela, 2, 4.—Plin., 3, 5.—Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 427.) SICYON, a city of Greece, in the territory of Sicyonia, northwest of Corinth. Few cities of Greece could boast of so high antiquity, since it already existed under the names of Ægialea and Mecone long before SICINIUS, DENTATUS L., a tribune of Rome, cele- the arrival of Pelops in the peninsula. (Strabo, 382. brated for his valour, and the honours he obtained in-Pausan., 2, 6.- Hesiod, Theog., 537.) Homer the field of battle during the period of 40 years, in represents Sicyon as forming part of the kingdom of which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He was Mycenae, with the whole of Achaia. (Ib., 2, 572.) present in 120 battles; obtained 14 civic crowns; 3 Pausanias and other genealogists have handed down mural crowns; 8 crowns of gold; 180 gold chains to us a long list of the kings of Sicyon, from Egialus, (torques); 160 bracelets (armilla); 18 spears (hasta its founder, to the conquest of the city by the Dorians pura); 25 sets of horse-trappings; and all as the re- and Heraclidæ, from which period it became subject ward of his extraordinary valour and services. He to Argos. (Pausan., 2, 6.-Euseb., Chron.-Clem. could show the scars of 40 wounds which he had re- Alex., Strom., 1, 321.) Its population was then diceived, all in the breast. (Val. Max., 3, 2, 24.) Dio-vided into four tribes, named Hyllus, Pamphyli, Dy rious calamities, but especially from an earthquake, which nearly reduced it to desolation. The ruins of this once great and flourishing city are still to be seen near the small village of Basilico. Dr. Clarke informs us that these remains of ancient magnificence are still considerable, and in some instances exist in such a state of preservation, that it is evident the buildings of the city must either have survived the earthquake to which Pausanias alludes, or have been constructed at some later period. In this number is the theatre, which that traveller considers as the finest and most perfect structure of the kind in all Greece. (Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 553, Lond. ed.) Sir W. Gell reports, that " Basilico is a village of fifty houses, siteated in the angle of a little rocky ascent, along which ran the walls of Sicyon. This city was in shape tra plain, about an hour from the sea, where is a great to mulus on the shore. On the highest angle of Sicyon was the citadel." (Itin. of the Morea, p. 15.-Didwell, Tour, vol. 2, p. 294.- Cramer's Anc. Greec vol. 3, p. 46, seqq.)-Sicyonian almonds are mention ed by Athenæus (8, p. 349, c.), and are supposed have been of a softer shell than ordinary. (Cassut, ad loc.) We read also of the Sicyonian shoes ( wvia), which were very celebrated, and were worn by the luxurious and effeminate in other countries. (Athe næus, 4, p. 155, c.) SICYONIA, the territory of Sicyon, on the Sis Corinthiacus, west of Corinthia, and separated from by the small river Nemea. (Strabo, 382.—VIL Scyon.) mante, and Ægialus, a classification introduced by the Dorians, and adopted, as we learn from Herodotus (5, 68), by the Argives. How long a connexion subsisted between the two states we are not informed; but it appears that when Clisthenes became tyrant of Sicyon, they were independent of each other, since Herodotus relates that, while at war with Argos, he changed the names of the Sicyonian tribes, which were Dorian, that they might not be the same as those of the adverse city; and in order to ridicule the Sicyonians, the historian adds that he named them afresh, after such animals as pigs and asses; sixty years after his death the former appellations were, however, restored. Sicyon continued under the dominion of tyrants for the space of one hundred years; such being the mildness of their rule, and their observance of the existing laws, that the people gladly beheld the crown thus transmit-gular, and placed upon a high flat, overlooking the ted from one generation to another. (Aristot., Polit., 5, 12.-Strab., 382.) It appears, however, from Thucydides, that, at the time of the Peloponnesian war, it had been changed to an aristocracy. In that contest, the Sicyonians, from their Dorian origin, naturally espoused the cause of Sparta, and the maritime situation of their country not unfrequently exposed it to the ravages of the naval force of Athens. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 4, 7.) After the battle of Leuctra, we learn from Xenophon that Sicyon once more became subject to a despotic government, of which Euphron, one of its principal citizens, had placed himself at the head, with the assistance of the Argives and Arcadians. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 1, 32.) His reign, however, was not of long duration, he being waylaid at Thebes, whither he went to conciliate the favour of SIDE, I. a city of Pamphylia, west of the river Me that power, by a party of Sicyonian exiles, and mur- las, and lying on the Chelidonian bay. It was found dered in the very citadel. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 3, 4.) ed by the Cumeans of Æolis. (Scylar, Perl, p -On the death of Alexander the Great, Sicyon fell | 40.—Strab., 667.) Arrian relates, that the Sidez, into the hands of Alexander, son of Polysperchon; but, soon after their settlement, forgot the Greek language, on his being assassinated, a tumult ensued, in which and spoke a barbarous tongue peculiar to themselves. the inhabitants of the city attempted to regain their It surrendered to Alexander in his march through Pa liberty. Such, however, was the courage and firmness phylia. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., 1, 26.) Side, may displayed by Cratesipolis, his wife, that they were years after, was the scene of a naval engagement be finally overpowered. Not long after this event, De- tween the fleet of Antiochus, commanded by Hannal, metrius Poliorcetes made himself master of Sicyon, and that of the Rhodians, in which, after a severe and, having persuaded the inhabitants to retire to the contest, the former was defeated. (Livy, 37, 2, acropolis, he levelled to the ground all the lower part seqq.) When the pirates of Asia Minor had atta red of the city which connected the citadel with the port. to that degree of audacity and power which rendered A new tower was then built, to which the name of them so formidable, we learn from Strabo that Side Demetrius was given. This, as Strabo reports, was became their principal harbour, as well as the marketplaced on a fortified hill dedicated to Ceres, and dis- place where they disposed of their prisoners by au tant about 12 or 20 stadia from the sea. (Strab., 382. tion. (Strabo, 664.) Side was still a considerabie -Compare Pausan., 2, 7.) The change which was town under the emperors; and, when a division wa thus effected in the situation of this city does not ap- made of the province into two parts, it became the pear to have produced any alteration in the character metropolis of Pamphylia Prima. (Hieroci., p. 683 – and political sentiments of the people. For many Consil. Const., 2, p. 240.) Minerva was the desy years after they still continued to be governed by a principally worshipped here.-An interesting account succession of tyrants, until Aratus united it to the of the ruins in this place is to be found in Captain Achæan league. By the great abilities of this its dis- Beaufort's valuable work, with an accurate plan. "I tinguished citizen, Sicyon was raised to a high rank stands," observes this writer, "on a low penis, among the other Achæan states, and, being already and was surrounded by walls. The theatre appears celebrated as the first school of painting in Greece, like a lofty acropolis rising from the centre of the continued to flourish under his auspices in the cultiva- town, and is by far the largest and best preserved of tion of all the finest arts; it being said, as Plutarch any that came under our observation in Asia Minor, reports, that the beauty of the ancient style had there The harbour consisted of two small moles, connected alone been preserved pure and uncorrupted. (Plut., with the quay and principal sea-gate. At the extrem Vit. Arat.Strabo, 382.-Plin., 35, 12.) Aratus ity of the peninsula were two artificial harbours is died at an advanced age, after an active and glorious larger craft. Both are now almost filled with sand life, not without suspicion of having been poisoned by and stones, which have been borne in by the swell." order of Philip, king of Macedon. He was interred at (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 146, seqq.) Mr. Fellows, Sicyon with great pomp, and a splendid monument however, says, that the ruins of Side are inferior t was erected to him as the deliverer of the city. scale, date, and age to any that he had previously (Plut., Vit. Arat.-Pausan., 2, 8.) After the disso- seen. The Greek style scarcely to be traced lution of the Achæan league, little is known of Sicyon; any of the ruins; but the Roman is visible in every it is evident, however, that it existed in the time of part. In few buildings except the theatre are the Pausanias, from the number of remarkable edifices and stones even hewn, the cement being wholly trusted to monuments which he enumerates within its walls; for their support. "The glowing colours," continues though he allows that it had greatly suffered from va- Mr. Fellows, "in which this town described in the in 'Modern Traveller,' as quoted from Captain Beaufort's | um of the produce of all nations. - Sidon, however, admirable survey, show how essential it is to know upon what standard a description is formed. It would have given Captain Beaufort much pleasure to have gone inland for a few miles, and to have seen the theatres and towns in perfect preservation as compared with Side, and of so much finer architecture. From the account which he gives, I was led to expect that this would form the climax of the many cities of Asia Minor, but I found its remains among the least interesting." (Fellows' Journal of an Excursion in Asia Minor in 1838, p. 203, seg.)—In the middle ages the site of this place bore the name of Scandelor or Candeloro, but it is now commonly called Esky Adalia. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 283.)-II. A town of Pontus, to the east of the mouth of the Thermodon, and giving name to the adjacent plain (Sidene). The river Sidin, which flows at the present day in this same quarter, recalls the ancient name of the town. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 271.) SIDICINUM, or, more correctly, Teanum Sidicinum, a town of the Sidicini, in Campania. (Vid. Teanum.) -The territory of the Sidicini was situate to the east of that of the Aurunci. They were once apparently an independent people, but included afterward under the common name of Campani. This nation was of Oscan origin, and powerful enough to contend with the neighbouring Samnites, and even to afford employment to a large Roman force. The period of their reduction by the Romans is not mentioned. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 193.) under her own kings, continued to enjoy a considerable degree of commercial prosperity. From Joshua we learn that Sidon was rich and powerful when the Israelites took possession of Canaan; and St. Jerome states that it fell to the lot of the tribe of Asher. In the year 1015 B.C. Sidon was dependant on Tyre, but in 720 it shook off the yoke, and surrendered to Salmanazar when he entered Phoenicia. When the Persians became masters of this city in the reign of Cyrus, they permitted the Sidonians to have kings of their own. Sidon was ruined in the year 351 B.C. by Ochus, king of Persia. When the inhabitants saw the enemy in the city, they shut themselves up in their houses with their wives and children, and perished in the flames of the place. According to Diodorus Siculus, those Sidonians who were absent from the city at the time, returned and rebuilt it after the Persian forces were withdrawn. Sidon afterward passed into the hands of the Macedonians, and, lastly, into those of the Romans. After the Roman it fell under the Saracen power, the Seljukian Turks, and the sultan of Egypt; who, in A.D. 1289, that they might never more afford shelter to the Christians, destroyed both it and Tyre. But it again revived, and has ever since been in the possession of the Ottoman Turks. Sidon, at present called Saide, is still a considerable trading town, and the chief mart for Damascus and upper Syria; but the port is nearly choked up with sand. Though presenting an imposing appearance at a distance, as it rises from the water's edge, it is, like all SIDON, in Scripture Tzidon, the oldest and most Turkish towns, ill-built and dirty, and full of ruins; powerful city of Phoenicia, five geographical miles having still discoverable without the walls some fragnorth of Tyrus, on the seacoast. It is supposed to ments of columns, and other remains of the ancient have been founded by Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan, city. Mr. Conner makes the number of inhabitants which will carry up its origin to about 2000 years be- 15,000; of whom 2000 are Christians, chiefly Marofore Christ. (Gen., 10, 15.-Rosenm. ad Gen., l. c.-nites, and 400 Jews, who have one synagogue. They Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., 4, 35.) But if it was founded by Sidon, his descendants were driven out by a body of Phoenician colonists, most probably, who are supposed either to have given it its name, or to have retained the old one in compliment to their god Siton or SIDONIORUM INSULA, islands in the Persian Gulf, Dagon. Justin says that the name Sidon had refer- supposed to be the same with the Sidodona of Arrian. ence to the abundance of fish in this quarter (nam pis-(Vincent's Commerce of the Ancients, vol. 1, p. 358.— cem Phanices Sidon vocant," 68, 3), an opinion in which Bochart concurs, who understands by "Sidon, SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS, a Christian poet and writer. the eldest son of Canaan," merely the progenitor of He was a native of Gaul, in which country his father the Sidonians and the founder of Sidon, whatever his and grandfather had exercised the functions of prætoindividual name may have been.-The inhabitants of rian prefect, and was born at Lugdunum (Lyons) about Sidon appear to have early acquired a pre-eminence 438 A.D. He received a very finished education, and in arts, manufactures, and commerce; and from their was well acquainted with all the sciences known in superior skill in hewing timber (by which must be un- his time; but poetry was his favourite occupation. derstood their cutting it out and preparing it for build- He married Papianilla, daughter of the consul Fl. ing, as well as the mere act of felling it), Sidonian Avitus, who in 455 was named emperor. Sidonius workmen were hired by Solomon to prepare the wood accompanied his father-in-law to Rome, and there profor the building of his Temple. The Sidonians are nounced, on the first day of the ensuing year, a poetisaid to have been the first manufacturers of glass, and cal panegyric in honour of the new monarch, who recHomer often speaks of them as excelling in many use-ompensed his talent by appointing him senator and ful and ingenious arts, giving them the title of 02v-prefect of Rome, and raising a statue to him in the lidaídaho. (Il., 23, 742.) Add to this, they were at brary of Trajan's forum. Soon after, Ricimer, that a very early period distinguished for their commerce Frank who enjoyed at Rome a much greater power and their skill in maritime affairs. The natural result than the emperor himself, deposed Avitus, and named of these advantages to Sidon was a high degree of Majorianus in his stead. Sidonius was present in the wealth and prosperity; and, content with the riches battle in which his father-in-law lost his life. He which their trade and manufactures brought them, then retired to Lyons, and fell with this city into the they lived in ease and luxury, trusting the defence of hands of the conqueror, who treated him so well, that, their city and property, like the Tyrians after them, to in the following year, Sidonius pronounced a eulogihired troops; so that to live in ease and security is um on this emperor, and was honoured with the title said in Scripture to live after the manner of the Sido- of count (comes). Under the reign of Severus, and nians. In all these respects, however, Sidon was to- during the interregnum which succeeded his death, tally eclipsed by Tyre, at first her colony and after- Sidonius retired once more to Gaul, and settled in the ward her rival. The more enterprising inhabitants of province which afterward bore the name of Auvergne. this latter city pushed their commercial dealing to the Here he lived for some months on an estate which extremities of the known world; raised their city to a belonged to his wife. Anthemius having obtained rank in power and opulence before unknown, and con- the empire in 467, Sidonius went to Rome, and proverted it into a luxurious metropolis, and the empori-nounced a panegyric upon him. The prince, in re are chiefly employed in spinning cotton; which, with some silk, and boots and shoes, or slippers, or morocco leather, form their articles of commerce. (Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 438, seqq.) Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 916.) turn, named him anew prefect of Rome and senator. I promontory was that formerly venerated by the inhab Although Sidonius was not then a priest, his country-itants of Sigæum for containing the ashes of Achiles men, notwithstanding this, chose him, in 472, Bishop-It should also be observed, that to the south of St of Augustunometum (Clermont in Auvergne). After having transferred to his son his honours and his fortune, he entered on the duties of the episcopate, and acquitted himself with zeal and fidelity. When the Visigoths seized upon a portion of Gaul, Sidonius fell into the power of Euric, their king; but, through the protection of Leo, the minister of this barbarian monarch, he was re-established in his bishopric, and discharged the episcopal functions until the day of his death, which appears to have taken place in 484. A French savant traces the pedigree of the Polignac family to Apollinaris. (Mangon de la Lande: Essais historiques, &c., 1828.-Compare Revue Française, 1828, n. 6, p. 303, seqq.)--We have remaining of Sidonius a collection of letters in prose; and twenty-four poems, the principal of which are the three panegyrics pronounced as above, and some epithalamia." We see in these the productions of a man of talent, not deficient in imagination and poetic fire, and who knows how to interest and please. Although marked by the vices which characterized the literary efforts of the age, namely, subtle conceits and exaggerated metaphors, he may still be regarded as one of the best of the Christian poets. The best edition of Sidonius Apollinaris is that of Labbæus (Labbe), Paris, 4to, 1652. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 96, seqq.) gæum, upon the shore of the Egean, are yet other tumuli, of equal if not greater size, to which hardly any attention has yet been paid; and these are viable far out at sea.' (Travels, vol. 3, p. 210, segg.)-IL A town of Troas, on the sloping side of the prome tory. It was founded posterior to the siege of Try by an Eolian colony, headed by Archæanax of Myt lene. He is said to have employed the stones of ancient Ilium in the construction of his town. The Athenians, some years afterward, sent a body of troops there, headed by Phrynon, a victor at the Olympic games, and expelled the Lesbians. This act of aggres sion led to a war between the two states, which was long waged with alternate success. Pittacus, one of the seven sages, who commanded the Mytileniats, y said to have slain Phrynon, the Athenian leader, a single fight. The poet Alcæus was engaged in of the actions that took place, and had the misfortune to lose his shield. At length both parties agreed refer their dispute to Periander of Corinth, we de cided in favour of the Athenians. (Strab., 599rod., 5, 95.-Diog. Laert., 1, 74.) The latter pecţie, or, rather, the Pisistratidæ, remained then in posses sion of Sigæum, and Hippias, after being expelled in Athens, is known to have retired there, together will his family. (Herod., 5, 65.) The town of Sem SIGA, a city in the western part of Numidia, or no longer existed when Strabo wrote, having bee what was afterward called Mauritania Cæsariensis. destroyed by the citizens of New Ilium. (Stra The Itinerary Antoninus makes it three miles distant-Plin., 5, 30.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 109) from the coast, whereas Ptolemy ranks it among the maritime cities. It had a harbour, probably, on the sea, while the city itself stood inland. Siga was an old Tyrian settlement, and is the only one of the many mentioned by Scylax in this quarter that we can fix upon with certainty. A river of the same name ran by it. Syphax, prince of the Massæsyli, selected this city for his residence, having taken it from the Carthaginians. He afterward took up his abode in Cirta. The modern Ned-Roma, mentioned by Leo Africanus, is thought to answer to the ancient city. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 427.) The modern Jeni Schehr marks the site of the ancest ted, also, for a particular mode of flooring with bricks which was called "opus Signinum." (Timm, 15, 13. Vitruv., 8, in fin.) The modern Segwi marks the ancient site. (Cramer's Anc. It., vol. 2, p. 103.) SIGNIA, a city of Latium, southwest of Ang It became a Roman colony as early as the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. At first it was only a miliay post, which, in process of time, however, became a city. (Dion. Hal., 4, 63.) When Tarquin was throned, he sought the assistance of Signia, but the habitants remained faithful to Rome. (Dion. Ha 58.) They appear to have continued the same ser timents even during the severe trial of the second P nic war; as we find Signia mentioned by Livy among SIGEUM OF SIGEUM, I. a celebrated promontory of the colonies of that period most distinguished for Troas, near the mouth of the Scamander. The mod- steady adherence to the Roman power (27, 10). S ern name is Cape Jenischehr, or, as it is more com- nia is noticed by several writers as producing a monly pronounced, Cape Janissary. Homer does not of an astringent nature. (Strabo, 237.—Pha., 14. & mention either the promontory of Sigæum or of Rho--Sil. Ital., 8, 380.-Martial, 13, 116.) It was teum. These names rather referred to cities which were built after his time. These two promontories formed the limits on either side of the station of the Grecian fleet. Achilles, Patroclus, and Antilochus were buried on Sigæum, and three large tumuli, or SILA SILVA, a forest of vast extent, in the country mounds of earth, are supposed to mark at the present of the Bruttii, to the south of Consentia. It consisted day the three tombs; though, from a passage of Ho- chiefly of fir, and was celebrated for the quantity of mer (Od., 24, 75, seqq.), it would seem that one mound pitch which it yielded. (Plin., 15, 7.—Columele 12 or tomb covered the ashes of all three. "We visit-20.-Dioscorides, 1, 98.) Strabo describes the S ed," says Dr. Clarke, "the two ancient tumuli called the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus. They are to the northeast of the village of Yeni-Cher. A third was discovered by Sir W. Gell near the bridge for passing the Mender; so that the three tumuli mentioned by Strabo are yet entire. (Strabo, 596.) The largest was opened by order of M. de Choiseul. Many authors bear testimony to the existence of the tomb of Achilles, and to its situation on or by the Sigean promontory. It is recorded of Alexander the Great, that he anointed the stélé upon it with perfumes, and ran naked around it, according to the custom of honouring the manes of a hero. (Elian, Var. Hist., 12, 7.Diod. Sic., 17, 17.) Elian distinguishes the tomb of Achilles from that of Patroclus, by relating that Alexander crowned one, and Hephaestion the other. It will not, therefore, be easy to determine, at the present day, which of the three tombs now standing upon this as occupying an extent of 700 stadia, or eighty-seven miles, from the neighbourhood of Rhegium northward (Strab., 260.-Plin., 3, 11.) Virgil also alludes to in a beautiful passage. (En., 12, 715) These mense woods may probably, in ancient times, have furnished the Tyrrheni with timber for their fleets, s we know they afterward did to the sovereigns of St cily and to the Athenians. (Thucyd., 6, 90-ies, 5, 43.—Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 437.) SILANUS, the name of a Roman family belonging to the plebeian house of the Junii. The most remark able of the name were the following: I. Marcus St lanus, served under Scipio in Spain (B.C. 207), and was sent, on one occasion, by that commander with 10,500 men against Mago and the Celtiberians, whom he succeeded in conquering. In the following ye he brought to Scipio the auxiliaries from the Spanish prince Colcha, and aided him in gaining the victory near Bæcula, over the forces of the Carthaginians.- it may be remarked in passing, designates various em- SILARUS, I. a river of Lucania, in Italy, dividing that province from Campania. It takes its rise in that part of the Apennines which belonged to the Hirpini; and, after receiving the Tanager, now Negri, and the Calor, now Calore, it empties into the Gulf of Salerno. The waters of this river are stated by ancient writers to have possessed the property of incrusting, by means of a calcareous deposition, any pieces of wood or twigs which were thrown into them. (Strabo, 251. Plin., 2, 106.) This fact is confirmed by Baron Antonini, della Lucania, p. 2, disc. 1. The banks of this river were greatly infested by the gadfly. (Virg., Georg., 3, 146, seqq.) The modern name of the stream is the Silaro. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 360.)-II. A river of Cisalpine Gaul, to the east of Bononia, running into the Padusa, or Spinetic branch of the Padus. It is now the Silaro. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 89.) SILENTIARIUS, Paulus, a poet in the reign of the Emperor Justinian. He was the primarius or chief of the Silentiarii at the court of that monarch, whence the second part of his name. The title of Silentiarius, SILENUS, a demigod, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and the attendant of Bacchus. Pindar calls him the Naiad's husband (fragm. incert., 73). Socrates used to compare himself, on account of his baldness, his flat nose, and the quiet raillery in which he was so fond of indulging, to the Sileni born of the divine Naiads. (Xenophon, Symp., 5, 7.—Compare Elian, V. H., 3, 18.) Others said that Silenus was a son of Earth, and sprung from the blood-drops of Uranus. (Serv. ad Virg., Ecl., 6, 13.-Nonnus, 14, 97.-Id., 29, 262.) Marsyas is called a Silenus. Like the seagods, Silenus was noted for wisdom. Hence some modern expounders of mythology think that Silenus was merely a river-god, and they derive the name from 122w, ɛihéw, to roll, expressive of the motion of the streams. The connexion between Silenus and Bacchus and the Naiades thus becomes easy of explanation; in their opinion, all being deities relating to water or moisture. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 234.)-The two legends relative to Midas and Silenus have already been noticed under the former article. (Vid. Midas.)-Silenus was represented as old, bald, and flat-nosed, riding on a broad-backed ass, usually intoxicated, and carrying his can (cantharus), or tottering along supported by his staff of fennel (ferula). -For other views of the legend of Silenus, consult Creuzer (Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 207, seqq.), Rolle (Recherches sur le Culte de Bacchus, vol. 3, p. 354, seqq.), and Welcker (Nach. zur Tril, p. 214, seqq.).—According to another account, Midas mixed some wine with the waters of a fountain to which Silenus was accustomed to come, and so inebriated and caught him. He detained him for ten days, and afterward restored him to Bacchus, for which he was rewarded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched. Some authors assert that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often introduced speaking, with all the gravity of a philosopher, concerning the formation of the world and the nature of things.-The legend of Silenus is evidently of Oriental origin. (Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 207, seqq.-Consult also Rolle, Recherches sur le Culte de Bacchus, vol. 3, p. 354, segg.) |