them to wait upon him and to wash his feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated him in the way that he himself was accustomed to treat travellers. According to Ovid, the earth, as well as the sea, refused to receive the bones of Sciron, which remained for some time suspended in the air, till they were changed into large rocks, called Scironides Petra, or Scironia Saxa. (Vid. Scironides Petræ.) (Ovid, Met., 7, 444.—Mela, 2, 13.-Plin., 2, 47.-Seneca, N. Q., 5, 17.)

Without my family you were slaves. Is this the respect you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection? This firmness silenced the murmurs of the assembly; and, some time after, Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome to Caïeta, where, with his friend Lælius, he passed the rest of his time in innocent pleasures and amusement, in diversions which had pleased them when children; and these two eminent men were often seen on the seashore picking up light pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of SCIRONIDES PETRÆ or SCIRONIA SAXA, a celebrated the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary pass or defile on the southern coast of Megaris, said to ease, Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of have been the haunt of the robber Sciron until he was state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the destroyed by Theseus. (Eurip., Hippol., 979.-Ovid, dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against Met., 7, 444.) This narrow pass was situated, as we him when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and learn from Strabo (391), between Megara and Cromdeclared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the omyon, a small maritime town belonging to Corinth. provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was The road followed the shore for the space of several seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic; and miles, and was shut in on the land side by a lofty mountnot only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, ain, while towards the sea it was lined by dangerous preand the neighbouring states, conducted their illus- cipices. Pausanias reports (1,44), that it was rendered trious friend and patron to his house. It seemed al- more accessible by the Emperor Hadrian, so that two most the universal wish that the troubles might be carriages could pass each other. According to modquieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship, ern travellers, the Scironian Way, now called Kaki and many presumed that that honour would be on the Scala, is difficult and rugged, and only frequented by morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the passengers. The precipices are two hours from Meexpectations of Rome were frustrated: Scipio was gara and six from Corinth. (Chandler, vol. 2, c. 44. found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of all; and-Dodwell, vol. 2, p. 182.- Walpole's Collection, vol. those who inquired for the causes of this sudden 1, p. 332.)

fended itself against the Romans in their war with Gentius; but, instead of offering any resistance, it surrendered on the first approach of the enemy's forces. Polybius calls it Scorda. (Excerpt., 28, 7.) In the division of the territories of Gentius, Scodra retained its distinction as capital of the Labeates. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 41.)

SCOMBRUS, a mountain range of Thrace, near Rhodope, and, together with the latter, forming part of the same great central chain. Thucydides calls the name Scomius (2, 96), but Aristotle Scombrus. (Meteorol., 1, 13.)

death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and con- SCODRA, a city of Illyria, the capital of Gentius, sitcluded that he had been strangled, B.C. 128. This uate between the rivers Clausula and Barbana. From assassination, as it was then generally believed, was the position here given to Scodra, which is that ascommitted by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac-signed by Livy (44, 31), the site of the place does not chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sem- precisely correspond to that of Scutari. Scodra was pronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charg-a place of great strength, and might easily have deed with introducing the murderers into his room. No inquiries were made after the authors of his death. Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death of Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their concern by their loud lamentations. Emilianus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he is said to have saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable compositions, written by Phoenician and Punic authors. In the midst of his greatness he died poor; and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds' weight of silver and two and a half of gold. His SCOPAS, a celebrated architect and sculptor, born in liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the the island of Paros, and who appears to have flourgreatest commendations; and, indeed, no higher enco-ished chiefly between Olymp. 97 and 107 (B.C. 392 mium can be passed upon his character, private as and 352). It was his fortune to be employed as one well as public, than the words of his rival Metellus, of the four artists who were engaged by Artemisia, who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and queen of Caria, in erecting and adorning the Mausoattend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived leum, that splendid monument to the memory of her or should live in Rome.-XII. Q. Metellus Scipio, husband Mausolus. Scopas was employed also to adopted son of Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. His pre- contribute one of the columns to the temple of Diana vious name was P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Metel- at Ephesus, and the one which he executed was relus Scipio was consul with Pompey, his son-in-law, garded as the most beautiful of all. He seems, intowards the close of the year 52 B.C., the latter hav-deed, to have been scarcely, if at all, inferior to Polying been sole consul previously. Metellus and Pom- cletus or Myron. His statues were numerous; among pey re-established the consulship, which had been the most remarkable of them were, the images of Vecompletely prostrated by Clodius; and the former was afterward sent into Syria as proconsul, having sided, of course, with Pompey against Cæsar. After the battle of Pharsalia he passed into Africa to Juba, assembled a body of troops there along with that prince and Cato, and finally engaged with Cæsar in the battle of Thapsus, but was totally defeated, 46 B.C. Having endeavoured to escape to the coast of Spain, and being driven back by stress of weather to the African shore, his vessels were overpowered by the fleet of P. Sithius, and he, to avoid falling into the hands of Cæsar, destroyed himself. (Appian, Bell. Civ., 2, 100.-Auct., Bell. Afric., 96.)

nus, Pothus, and Phaethon. Many of his compositions were among the noblest ornaments of Rome in the days of Pliny. An Apollo of his workmanship stood on the Palatine Mount. A Vesta seated, with two female attendants reclining on the ground, adorned the Servilian gardens. His statues also of Neptune, of Thetis, and of Achilles, of the Nereïds riding on the mightiest monsters of the deep, were highly prized, and placed in the chapel of Cneius Domitius in the Flaminian circus. A colossal image of Mars, and an exquisite statue of Venus, were also greatly admired at Rome, and the latter was preferred to a similar statue by Praxiteles, which has been thought to have furSCIRON, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered nished the original idea of the Venus de Medicis. the inhabitants of the country, and threw them down (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v. - Strab., 604. — Pausan., 8, from the highest rocks into the sea, after he had obliged | 45, 4.-Plin., 36, 5, 4.)

SCORDISCI, a numerous and powerful tribe of Illyria, in the interior of the country, and reaching as far as the Danube. Strabo divides them into the greater and the less, and places the former between the Noaras or Gurck, and the river Margus. The latter adjoined the Triballi and Mysi of Thrace. The Scordisci having successively subdued the nations around them, extended their dominion from the borders of Thrace to the Adriatic. They were, however, in their turn conquered by the Romans, though not without numerous struggles and much bloodshed. Though Strabo classes the Scordisci with the Illyrian nations, he seems also to acknowledge them as of Gallic origin: they were probably of the same race as the Taurisci and Carni, both Celtic people. (Strab., 313.-Id., 318.— Flor., 3, 4.-Liv., Epit., 63.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 46.)

and tells of Scylax of Caryanda being sent by that monarch, along with others, to ascertain where the In dus entered the sea. He makes them to have reached the Indus, sailed down the river to the sea, and thea, continuing their voyage on the sea towards the west, to have reached, in the 30th month, the place from which the Phoenician king despatched the Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa. (Herod., 4, 44.) Suides gives a brief account of Scylax, in which he has erdently confounded different persons of the same name: "Scylax of Caryanda, a mathematician and musician, wrote a periplus of the coast beyond the Pillars of Hercules, a book respecting Heraclides, king of Mylassa, a description of the circuit of the earth, and a answer to Polybius's history." The periplus, which still remains, bearing the name of Scylax, is a brief survey of the countries along the shores of the Medi Scori, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland. It is terranean and Euxine, of the western coast of Europe, generally conceded that the earliest inhabitants of together with part of the western coast of Africa, su Caledonia were of Celtic origin. According to Scot-veyed by Hanno, as far as the island of Cerne. tish traditions, the Scoti came from Spain, and were concludes with an account of the passages across the one people with the Silures, who occupied what now sea, from Greece to Asia, and an enumeration of 20 answers to Wales. They first possessed themselves important islands in the order of their magnitude. A of Ireland, which from them received the name of Sco-question has been raised as to the date of the perplas tia, and for some time retained the appellation. They of Scylax. The subject has been discussed by A afterward passed over into what was called from them buhr, in his historical and philological tracts. (Kits Scotland. (Ammian. Marcell., 20, 1.—Id., 26, 4.- historische und philologische Schriften, p. 105, s Id., 27, 8.-Beda, Hist. Eccles., 1, 1.-Adelung, Having first stated the opinions of former critics, and Mithradates, vol. 2, p. 84.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, rejected the argument derived from the omission of pt. 2, p. 92, seqq.) the city of Rhodes (which was founded 408 B.C.), on account of the corruption of the text, Niebuhr re marks that the proofs of its date are partly positive and partly negative, viz., derived either from the tice of or a silence respecting certain towns. By

pos

SCRIBONIA, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudiated that Augustus night marry Livia. She had been married twice before she be-itive arguments, it is shown that this work was written came the wife of the emperor. (Suet., Vit. Aug., 62.) SCRIBONIUS, I. L. Libo, a Roman historian, author of Annals cited by Cicero (Ep. ad Att., 13, 31).II. Largus Designatianus, a physician, born at Rome, or in the island of Sicily. In A.D. 43 he accompanied the Emperor Claudius on his expediton into Britain. He was a physician of the Eclectic school, and wrote a treatise De Compositione medicamentorum. As this work is written in very inferior Latin, some critics have supposed that it was originally composed in Greek, and afterward translated into Latin. Scribonius has copied from Nicander, and has also derived many absurd and superstitious remedies from other medical writers. The best edition of this work is that of Rhodius, Patav., 1655, 4to.

SCULTENNA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising on the northern confines of Etruria, and flowing from the east of Mutina into the Padus. It is now the Panaro. (Strab., 218.-Liv., 41, 12.)

SCYLACIUM, a Greek city, on the coast of the Bruttii, in a southwest direction from Crotona, and communicating its name to the adjacent gulf (Sinus Scylacius). According to Strabo, it was colonized by the Athenians under Mnestheus; but he neither mentions the time, nor the circumstances which led to its establishment. (Strab., 361.) Servius, however, observes, that these Athenians were returning from Africa (ad En., 3, 552). At a later period received a Roman colony. (Vell. Paterc., 1, 15.) Scylacium was the birthplace of Cassiodorus. It is now Squillace. The epithet navifragum is applied by Virgil to this place. (En., 3, 553.) Heyne considers the appellation to allude to the rocky and dangerous shore in its vicinity, or else to the frequent storms which prevailed in this quarter, between Tria Promontoria Iapygum and Cocinthum. (Heyne, ad Virg., l. c.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 398.)

SCYLAX, a celebrated geographer and mathematician of Caryanda in Caria. He is noticed by Herodotus in a passage where the latter speaks of various discoveries made in Asia by Darius, son of Hystaspes,

after, by negative that it was written before, a certa date. The uncertain interval being thus narrowed by different historical proof, Niebuhr determines that t periplus was written about 360 B.C. (Foreign view, vol. 4, p. 193.) Letronne has subsequen written on the same subject (Journal des Stress, Fevr. Avr. et Mai, 1825), and has pronounced the periplus of Scylax a compilation, in which the mater als of different writers and times have been made use of. In this opinion Müller coincides. (Etrusker, vel 1, p. 159.) Clinton (Fasti Hellenici, pt. 2, p. 566) thinks that Suidas confounded him with the more cient Scylax, who wrote, according to him, after Fo lybius, B.C. 146, and he considers the opinion of Vo sius most probable, that the extant work is an epitome of the ancient Scylax. This periplus has reached us in a corrupted state. The best editions of Seylar art, that of Hudson, in the Geographi Græci Miners; and that of Gail, in his edition of the same writers, Paris, 1826, vol. 1, p. 151, seqq.

SCYLLA, I. a daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, who became enamoured of Minos as that monarch besieged her father's capital. (Vid. Nisus.). A fearful monster, of whom mention is made in the Odyssey. Having escaped the Sirens, and shunned the Wandering Rocks, which Circe had told him lay beyond the mead of these songsters, Ulysses came to the terrific Scylla and Charybdis, between which the goddess had informed him, his course lay. She said (Od., 12, 73, seqq.) he would come to two lofty cliffs opposite each other, between which he must pass One of these cliffs towers to such a height that its summit is for ever enveloped in clouds, and no man even if he had twenty hands and as many feet, could ascend it. In the middle of this cliff, she says, 19 cave facing the west, but so high that a man in a ship passing under it could not shoot up to it with a bow. In this den dwells Scylla (Bitch), whose voice sounds like that of a young whelp; she has twelve feet and six long necks, with a terrific head, and three rows of close-set teeth on each. Evermore she stretches out

a separate part of the work, of what is obscure, in order that Nicomedes may thus have a concise outline of the geography of the day. This work, which has little merit as a poem, is somewhat more valuable as a geographical treatise; the information it gives respecting the establishment of the Greek colonies is particularly useful; but in some other respects it is not very accurate. This production, together with the fragments (which we owe to the labours of Holstenius), may be found in the minor Greek geographers, of Hudson, Gail, &c.

SCYRIAS, a name applied to Deïdamia as a native of Scyros. (Ovid, A., 1, 682.)

SCYROS, an island of the Ægean Sea, northeast of Euboea, and now called Scyro. Thucydides informs us that its first inhabitants were Dolopians, who were afterward expelled by the Athenians (1, 98). It is to this early period that we must assign the adventures of Achilles and the birth of Neoptolemus. (Strabo, 437.) Here Theseus was said to have terminated his

precipice. (Lycophr., 1324.) Scyros, according to Strabo, was also celebrated for its breed of goats and its quarries of varied marble, which vied with those of Carystus and Synnada. In the geographer's time it was in great request at Rome for public edifices and other ornamental purposes. (Strab., 437.-Plin., 36, 26.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 453.)

these necks and catches the porpoises, seadogs, and other large animals of the sea which swim by, and out of every ship that passes each mouth takes a man. The opposite rock, the goddess informs him, is much lower, for a man could shoot over it. A wild fig-tree grows on it, stretching its branches down to the water; but beneath, "divine Charybdis" three times each day absorbs and regorges the dark water. It is much more dangerous, she adds, to pass Charybdis than Scylla. As Ulysses sailed by, Scylla took six of his crew; and when, after he had lost his ship and companions, he was carried by wind and wave, as he floated on a part of the wreck between the monsters, the mast by which he supported himself was sucked in by Charybdis, and he held by the wild fig-tree till it was thrown out again, when he resumed his voyage.-Such is the earliest account we have of these monsters, in which, indeed, it may be doubted if Charybdis is to be regarded as an animate being. The ancients, who were so anxious to localize all the wonders of Homer, made the Straits of Messina the abode of Scylla and Charyb-existence, by having fallen, or been pushed down a dis. The whole fable has been explained by Spallanzani, according to whom Scylla is a lofty rock on the Calabrian shore, with some caverns at the bottom, which, by the agitation of the waves, emit sounds resembling the barking of dogs. The only danger is when the current and wind are in opposition, so that vessels are impelled towards the rock. Charybdis is not a whirlpool or involving vortex, but a spot where SCYTHE, the inhabitants of Scythia. (Vid. Scythia.) the waves are greatly agitated by pointed rocks, and SCYTHIA, a general name given by the ancient the depth does not exceed 500 feet. (Spallanz., 3, Greeks and Romans to a large portion of Asia, and dip. 99.)-In Homer the mother of Scylla is named Cra- vided by them into Scythia intra and extra Imaum, tæis (Od., 12, 124), but her sire is not spoken of. that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. The ScythiStesichorus called her mother Lamia (Eudocia, 377); ans have been considered by some writers as the same Hesiod said she was the daughter of Phorbas and Hec- people with the Gomerians, and as being the descendate (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 4, 828); Arcesilaus said, ants of Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet. Their name of Phorcys and Hecate (Schol. ad Od., 12, 85); oth- is derived by some from the Teutonic scheten or schuers asserted that Triton was her sire. (Eudocia, 377.) ten, or the Gothic skiuta, all signifying "to shoot," Later poets feigned that Scylla was once a beautiful this nation being very expert with the bow. (Compare maiden, who was fond of associating with the Nere- Jamieson's Hermes Scythicus, p. 6.) Others make ids. The seagod Glaucus beheld and fell in love with it equivalent to the Latin potatores; others, again, her, and, being rejected, applied to Circe to exercise derive it from shakhaa, “a quiver;" while a fourth her magic arts in his favour. Circe wished him to class deduce the term from the Persian Ssagh, "a transfer his affections to herself; and, filled with rage dog," and suppose it to have been applied by way of at his refusal, she infected with noxious juices the contempt. This last opinion, however, to say nothing water in which Scylla was wont to bathe, and thus of the others, is decidedly erroneous, since the dog transformed her into a monster. (Ovid, Met., 14, 1, was held in high estimation among the Persians, and seqq.-Hygin., fab., 199.) According to another ac- ranked among the good animals of Ormusd. (Plut., count, the change in Scylla's form was effected by de Isid. et Osir., p. 369, F., p. 514, Wytt.) It was Amphitrite, in consequence of her intimacy with Nep- a symbol also of faith, and especially of the hope of an tune. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 650.) Charybdis was immortal existence, and holds a conspicuous place, said to have been a woman who stole the oxen of Her- therefore, on sepulchral monuments. (Compare Creu cules, and who was, in consequence, struck with thun-zer, Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 752.) Sir William Jones der by Jupiter, and turned into a whirlpool. (Serv. ad En., 3, 420.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 271, seqq.) SCYLLEUM, a promontory of Argolis, opposite the Attic promontory of Sunium, and said to have derived its name from Scylla, the daughter of Nisus. It formed, together with the promontory of Sunium, the entrance of the Saronic Gulf, and closed, also, the Bay of Hermione. (Strab., 373.)

SCYMNUS, a Greek geographer, a native of Chios, who flourished about 80 B.C., during the reign of Nicomedes II., king of Bithynia. He dedicated to this monarch his work entitled Periegesis (Ilepinynaus), or Description of the World, written in Greek Iambics. We have remaining of this the first 741 lines, and fragments of 236 others, which together form, according to the critics, not more than a fourth part of the entire work. Scymnus informs the monarch that he has collected and abridged, for his use, all the information he found scattered among various writers respecting the establishment of colonies, the founding of cities, &c. He proposes to give, first, an account of all that is clear and well ascertained in geographical knowledge; while he promises to treat, in

likewise indulges in some speculations on this subject (Asiatic Researches, vol. 2, p. 401), as well as Ritter in his Erdkunde (vol. 2, p. 729). Von Hammer, however, appears to furnish the most ingenious explanation. According to this learned Orientalist, the writers of the East, and, more particularly, the work entitled Schahnameh, refer what the Greeks tell us concerning the incursion of the Sacæ, to the Turks and Ssakalib, as they are styled; and even the very festival which the Greeks term Tà Lákata is found in the ancient Persian calendar as a day set apart to commemorate a victory gained over the Turks. Hence Von Hammer proposes to read Toúpyovs for 'Aμovpyious in the text of Herodotus (7, 64). These Turks are the same, according to the German scholar, with the Turanians, and with the Ssakalib of the Schahnameh; and this name Ssakalib, from Ssaklab or Scoklob, presents a remarkable coincidence with what Herodotus states respecting the Scythians (4, 6), that they call themselves EKONÓTOL. As in Herodotus, therefore, the Sace and Amyrgii are said to be the same, so in the Schahnameh the Turks and the Ssakalib ́ are identical. This same term Ssakalib will

SEDUSII, a German nation on the northeast bank of the Rhenus. They are named in conjunction with the Marcomanni, and are supposed to have been situate between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Necker (Nicer).

SEGESTA, a town of Sicily. (Vid. Egesta.)

SEGNI, a people, with a town of the same name, in Belgic Gaul. A small town, called Signei, points out the place which they once inhabited. (Cas., B. G,6)

SEGOBRIGA, the capital of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, southwest of Cæsaraugusta. Accord ing to Reichard, it is now Priego; but the actual po sition is much disputed. (Compare Ukert, Geogr

SEGONTIA OF SEGUNTIA, I. a town of Hispania Teraconensis, in the territory of the Celtiberi, and to the west of Cæsaraugusta.-II. A city of the Arevac Hispania Tarraconensis, now Siguenza. (Itis. Art, 436, 438.)

SEGOVIA, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the farthest part of the territory of the Arevaci, towards the southwest. It is now Segovia. (Plin., 3,4)

furnish also the root of the name Slavi; and if the the- | when he crossed these lofty mountains to invade Italy ory of another writer be admitted, the Saxones will be Their capital was afterward called civitas Sedunerus, descended from the Sacæ. (Compare Bähr, ad Ctes., now Sion. They appear to have sent out numera p. 97.)-The earliest detailed account of the Scyth-colonies, in quest, no doubt, of a milder climate. ian race is given by Herodotus, who states, as has Hence we find tribes of this name in various places. already been remarked, that they called themselves by (Cæs., B. G., 3.) the general name of Scoloti (EKOλóтOL). The appellation of Scythians (Exvbai) originated with the Greeks along the Euxine. Their primitive seats were in the vicinity of the Caspian; but, being driven from these by the Massagetæ, they migrated to the countries around the Tanaïs and north of the Euxine, and the head settlement of the race, according to Herodotus, was now between the Tanaïs and Borysthenes. Only a few tribes attended to agricultural pursuits and had fixed abodes; the greater part were of nomadic habits, and roamed about in their wagons, which served them for abodes. These last subsisted on the produce of their flocks and herds. Herodotus divides them into Royal Scythians (Baoiλýïoi Ekúlai), the Noma-vol. 2, p. 459.) die Scythians (Nouades), and the Agricultural (Tewpyoi). Besides these, there were other tribes living to the west of the Borysthenes, and separated from the main body of the race, such as the Callipoda and Alazones. Until the time of Ptolemy, but little was known respecting the Scythians except what had been obtained from the narrative of Herodotus. In the days of Ptolemy, Scythia, as known to Herodotus, had changed its name to that of Sarmatia (compare Plin., 4, 12), and the northern part of Asia above the Sace and beyond Sogdiana, with an indefinite extent towards the east, was now denominated Scythia. The range of Mount Imaus was considered as dividing this extensive region into two parts, and hence arose the two divisions of Scythia intra Imaum and Scyth-he afterward gained so great an ascendancy over T ia extra Imaum, or Scythia within and without the range of Imaus. The former of these, Scythia intra Imaum, had the following limits assigned to it: on the north, unknown lands; on the east, Imaus; on the south, the Sacæ, Sogdiana, and Margiana, as far as the mouth of the Oxus, and the Caspian Sea to the mouth of the Rha; on the west, Asiatic Sarmatia. Scythia extra Imaum had the following boundaries: on the north, unknown lands; on the west, Imaus; on the south, a part of India; and on the east, Serica.-The Scythians made several irruptions into the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years. SCYTHOPOLIS, a city of Judæa, belonging to the half tribe of Manasseh, on the west of and near to the Jordan. Its Hebrew name was Bethsan, Bethshean, or Bethshan. It was called Scythopolis, or the city of the Scythians, as the Septuagint has it (Ekvov rolig. -Judges, 1, 27), from its having been taken possession of by a body of Scythians in their invasion of Asia Minor and Syria. It is now Bysan or Baisan. (Plin., 5, 18.-Ammian. Marcell., 19, 27.-Joseph., Ant., 5, 1.-Id. ibid., 12, 12.-Id., Bell. Jud., 3, 4.)

SEBASTE, I. vid. Samaria.-II. The name was common to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus. Sebaste (Zebaoth, sc. nóλic) is the Greek form for Augusta, sc. urbs.

SEBENNYTUS, a town of the Delta in Egypt, north of Busiris, and the capital of the Sebennytic nome. The modern Semenud corresponds to its site. (Plin.,

5, 18.)

SEBĒTUS, a small river of Campania, now the Maddalona, falling into the Bay of Naples, whence the epithet Sebetis, given to one of the nymphs who frequented its borders, and became mother of Ebalus by Telon. (Virg., Æn., 7, 734.)

SEDETANI, a people of Spain, supposed to have been the same with the Edetani. (Vid. Edetani.) SEDUNI, a nation of Gaul on the south bank of the Rhodanus, to the east of Lacus Lemanus. They opposed Hannibal near the very summit of the Alps,

SEJANUS, ELIUS, a native of Vulsinii, in Etruria, and prime minister to the Emperor Tiberias. His fe ther was Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, commander of the prætorian guard in the reign of Augustus. His mother was descended from the Junian family. Se nus was at first one of the train of Caius Caesar, but

berius, that the emperor, who was naturally of a s picious temper, was free and open with him, and, while he distrusted others, he communicated his greatest se crets to this fawning favourite. For eight years did this unprincipled man retain an undivided infect over the mind of the emperor; and during that penad he contrived to procure the death or banishment of al most every person who might have checked his pro ress to the possession of imperial power, which was the object of his treacherous ambition. The death of Drusus, the son of Tiberius, was effected by him and the adulterous Livilla (vid. Drusus II.); to him also s attributed the death of the two eldest sons of German cus, and the banishment of their mother, the celebrated Agrippina. The younger son, Caligula, escaped, all probability, in consequence of his almost constant re dence with the army. But the master-stroke of po cy by which Sejanus strove to secure his object, was his persuading the emperor to remove from the cares and dangers of Rome, and to indulge his passions retirement where he would have none around him but the depraved ministers of his vices. Tiberius accordingly retired to Capres, where he abandoned himself to the most disgusting and unnatural indulgences, leaving Sejanus at Rome, in possession of all but the name of imperial power. To this base and bloody favourite the senate displayed the most degrading servility; the peo ple gave him honours second only to those of the eff peror; and the sceptre itself seemed on the point of passing into his grasp. Already were his statues set up by the Romans in their dwellings, in public places, and in temples, along with those of the reigning family, when Tiberius, in an interval of sobriety (he was now almost always intoxicated), either of himself perceived the pass to which matters had come, or was made aware of the real views of Sejanus by his own suit for the hand of an imperial princess, the adulterous widow of Drusus; or finally, as Josephus states, was informed of his plans by a billet from Antonia, the widow of the emperor's brother. The whole demeanour and management of Tiberius, when he had formed the res

olution of destroying the man who had hitherto been | parture of his army, prevented at this time the total his all-intrusted confidant and all-powerful minister, is destruction of the city. That fate befell it under Veadmirably described by Dio Cassius. After a singu- rus, the colleague of Marcus Aurelius. A general of lar course of dissembling, by which he withheld his vic-his, notwithstanding a friendly reception from the intim from proceeding to extremities, he sent Macro habitants, destroyed the city under the pretext of its with full powers to arrest Sejanus, put him to death, having violated its faith. (Eutrop., 8, 5.—Capitolin., and take his place. The decree of arrest was accord- Verus, c. 8.-Dio Cass., 71, 2.) Some idea of the ingly read in the senate; Sejanus was enticed into the size of the place in its best days may be formed from senate-house, by the pretext that Macro was the bear- the circumstance that even at this period 400,000 er of a letter, by virtue of which the minister was to prisoners were taken. (Oros., 8, 15.) The ruins of receive the dignity of tribune; and, being instantly Seleucia, and those of Ctesiphon on the opposite side condemned, was dragged through the streets, and put of the river, are called by the Arabs at the present to death with the utmost ignominy, by those who, a day Al Modain (El Madeien), or "the two cities." few hours before, had followed him with acclamations. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, p. 397, seqq., part 2.)-II. The execution of Sejanus was followed by that of his A city of Susiana, in the territory of the Elymai. Acinnocent children, relations, and even distant connex-cording to Strabo, it was subsequently called Solyce ions. The numerous persons crowded into the pris- (Zoλúkn), and lay on the river Hedyphon. (Strabo, ons as friends of Sejanus were, without any judicial | 744.-Plin., 6, 27.)-III. A city of Cilicia Trachea, proceeding, massacred en masse, and even their bodies were subjected to indignities. (Suet., Vit. Tib.Tacit., Ann., 4, 1, seqq.-Id. ib., 5.-Dio Cass., 58, 9, seqq.)

SELEMNUS. Vid. Argyra II.

SELENE, the sister of Helios, and the same with Luna or the Moon. According to another view of the subject, she was the daughter of Helios, the latter being regarded as the source of light. (Eurip., | Phan., 178, seqq.-Nonnus, 44, 191.) A third view makes her the mother by him of the four Seasons. (Quint. Smyrn., 10, 334, seq.) In one of the Homeric hymns Selene is called the daughter of Pallas, son of Megamedes. It was said that Selene was enamoured of Endymion, on whom Jupiter had bestowed the boon of perpetual youth, but united with perpetual sleep; and that she used to descend to him every night, on the summit of Mount Latmus, the place of his repose. She bore to Jupiter a daughter named Pandia; and Hersa (Dew) was also the offspring of the King of Heaven and the Goddess of the Moon. (Hom. Hymn., 32, 15.—Alcman, ap. Plut., Quæst. Nat., 24.) In explanation of this last legend it may be remarked, that the moon was naturally, though incorrectly, regarded as the cause of dew; and nothing, therefore, was more obvious than to say that the dew was the progeny of the moon and sky personified after the usual manner of the Greeks. The name Selene (Zen) is plainly derived from oéλas, brightness, and is one of the large family of words of which 2a or An (Helle, Germ.), may be regarded as the root. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 61, seq.)

a short distance to the north of the mouth of the Calycadnus. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, and is sometimes called, for distinction' sake, Seleucia Trachea. (Steph. Byz., s. v.—Amm. Marcell., 14, 2.)— IV. A city in the northwestern part of Pisidia, south of Amblada. It was sometimes called Seleucia Ferrea, and ad Taurum. (Hierock, p. 673.)-V. A city on the coast of Pamphylia, west of Side, and coinciding probably with the Syllon of Scylax.-VI. A city of Apamene, not far from the city of Apamea. It was sometimes called Seleucia ad Belum. (Pliny, 5, 23.- Hierocles, p. 712.)-VII. A city of Syria, on the seacoast, near the mouth of the Orontes, and southwest of Antioch. It was called Seleucia Pieria, from Mount Pierus in its vicinity, and was founded by Seleucus. The city was strongly fortified, and had a large and secure harbour. Browne identifies Seleucia with Suadea, the port of Antioch, about four hours distant from it. Others give the modern name as Kepse. (Strabo, 751. — Polyb., 5, 59.—Mela, 1, 12.—Pliny, 5, 18.)

SELEUCIDE, a surname given to the dynasty of Seleucus, comprising the monarchs who reigned over Syria from B.C. 312 to B.C. 66. The first of these dates gives the commencement of the reign of Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the dynasty. The last date gives the time when Pompey reduced Syria under the Roman sway. Some compute the era of the Seleucida from B.Č. 301, the date of the battle of Ipsus. (Consult Vaillant, Seleucidarum Imperium, Horag., 1732. — Reineccius, Familia Seleucidarum, Wittenb., 1571.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. 308, seqq.)

SELEUCIA, I. a famous city of Asia, built by Seleucus, one of Alexander's generals, and situate on the western bank of the Tigris, about forty-five miles north of ancient Babylon. It was the capital of the Macedonian conquests in Upper Asia, and is said to have been the first and principal cause of the destruction of Babylon. Pliny reports (6, 26) that the intention of Seleucus was to raise, in opposition to Babylon, SELEUCUS, I. surnamed Nicator, or "the Conquera Greek city with the privilege of being free. Many or," was the son of Antiochus, a general of Philip's. ages after the fall of the Macedonian empire, Seleucia He served from early youth under Alexander, accomretained the genuine characteristics of a Grecian col-panied him to Asia, and there had commonly the comony, arts, military virtue, and the love of freedom. mand of the elephants. After the death of that monIts population consisted of 600,000 citizens, governed by a senate of 300 nobles. The rise of Ctesiphon, however, in its immediate vicinity, proved injurious to Seleucia; but it was fated to receive its death-blow from the hands of the Romans. The inhabitants had ever shown themselves friendly to the latter people, and had yielded them very effectual aid in their expeditions against the Parthians; and yet a general of the Emperor Trajan's plundered and set fire to the place. The cause of this severe treatment is unknown it may have been that the inhabitants, accustomed to self-government, were restless under the yoke of their new allies. (Dio Cass., 68, 30.) The sudden death, however, of Trajan, and the rapid de

SELEUCIS, a division of Syria, which received its. name from Seleucus, the founder of the Syrian em-. pire, after the death of Alexander the Great. It was called Tetrapolis from the four cities it contained, called also sister cities; Seleucia, Antioch, Laodicea, and Apamea.

arch he was appointed to the command of the cavalry, and, on the second division of the provinces, received the government of Babylonia. He was at first on friendly terms with Antigonus, and acknowledged his authority; but the latter having taken offence at some slight provocation, Seleucus fled to Ptolemy in Egypt. Returning with an army which he had collected from various quarters, Seleucus recovered the possession of Babylon, which had, after his departure, fallen into the hands of Antigonus; and the citizens of the place themselves, by whom his mild government had made him much beloved, aided him in effecting this (B.C. 312). Nicanor and Evagoras, the governors of Media and Persia, immediately took up arms in behalf of