battles; but at last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two years. When all appeared lost, he burned himself in his palace, with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This event happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others, with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. (Herod., 2, 150.

SARDI, the inhabitants of Sardinia. (Vid. Sardinia.)

SARDES. Vid. Sardis.

SARDICA OF SERDICA, and also ULPIA SARDICA, a city belonging originally to Thrace, but subsequently included within the limits of Dacia Ripensis, and made the capital of this province. It was situated in a fertile plain, through which flowed the river Escus. The Emperor Maximian was born in its vicinity, and it is known in the annals of the Church from a council having been held within its walls. Attila destroyed the city, but it was rebuilt, and the name changed by the Bulgarians to Triaditza, under which appellation it still exists. (Eutrop., 9, 22.-Nicetas, 3.)

being thus proved by the testimony of three authors, | voluptuous retreat, and appeared at the head of bis it remains to examine which of the two was the one armies. The rebels were defeated in three successive that loved Phaon, and leaped in despair from the promontory of Leucate. Herodotus, the oldest author that makes mention of Sappho, only knew the native of Mytilene. He is silent respecting her love for Phaon, and, considering the discursive nature of his history, he no doubt would have mentioned it had the circumstance been true. Hermesianax, a piece of whose on the loves of poets is quoted by Athenæus (13, p. 598, seqq.), speaks of Sappho's Cic., Tusc., 5, 35.) attachment for Anacreon, but is silent respecting Phaon, when, in fact, her fatal passion for the latter, and particularly its sad catastrophe, suited so well the spirit of his piece, that he could not have avoided mentioning them had they been true. In an epigram by Antipater of Sidon (Ep., 70.-Jacobs's Anthologia Gr., vol. 2, p. 25), relative to the death of Sappho, that poet is not only silent respecting her tragical end at Leucate, but, according to him, she fell in the course of nature, and her tomb was in her native island. In the Bibliotheca of Photius, to which we have already referred (vol. 1, p. 153, ed. Bekker), an extract is given from a work of Ptolemy, son of Hephæstion, in which is detailed a kind of history of the leaps from Leucate. It is remarkable that no SARDINIA, an island in the Mediterranean, south of mention is made in this account of the fate of Sappho, Corsica and west of Italy. The oldest Greek form although many instances are cited of those who had for the name was Zapdó, undeclined, but of the femmade the hazardous experiment. All these negative inine gender, which the Latins converted into Sardinauthorities would seem to more than counterbalanceia. Herodotus writes tç Zapdú; Scylax and Scymthe testimony of Ovid, who, in one of his Heroïdes, nus give no inflections of the word; and Diodorus, in confounds the female who was enamoured of Phaon most instances, follows the original usage. (Herod., with the lyric poetess.-According to Strabo (452), 1, 170.-Id., 5, 106.-Scylax, p. 2.-Scymn., ch. v., Menander made Sappho to have been the first that 204.-Diod., 4, 29, 82, &c.) At a later period the ever took the leap. (Menandri, Reliq., ed. Meineke, form began to be gradually declined, and hence we p. 105.) Now Menander lived in the fourth century have Zapdóva in Polybius, though he gives Zapdo before our era, and the existence of the Sappho, there- (from which others have the genitive Zapdoûç) as the fore, who threw herself from the rock of Leucate, may form of the nominative. Strabo writes Zapdú, gen. be traced up as far at least as three centuries prior to Zapdóvos. The inhabitants were called Sardoï (Zapthe Christian era. It does not, however, go back as do) and Sardonii (Zapdóviot); the Romans named far as the fifth century, since Herodotus, who flourish them Sardi, rarely Sardinienses.-Scylax gives the ed at that period, makes no mention of the tragic end distance between Sardinia and the mainland as one of the Mytilenian poetess: the natural inference, and a half days' sail, or 750 stadia; this, however, is therefore, is, that Sappho of Mytilene did not leap too small, and Artemidorus is more correct when he from the promontory of Leucate, and that Sappho makes it 1200 stadia. (Scylax, p. 2.—Strabo, 222.) of Eresus, who did, was not born when Herodotus That the island can be seen on a clear day from the wrote his history.-Visconti has the merit of having coast of Italy, we learn from Strabo, and also from been the first modern writer who suspected that the modern travellers. The area of Sardinia is given at episode of Phaon and the catastrophe at Leucate be- the present day at 9200 miles, and the number of the longed rather to the second than the first Sappho. inhabitants is estimated at about 4,000,000.-The (Iconogr. Greca, vol. 1, p. 81, seqq.) His suspicions Greeks compared the shape of this island to that of would have been changed into certainty if he could the human foot, and hence the appellation of Ichnusa have foreseen the discovery of the ancient medal, that was sometimes given to it ('Ixvovoa-ixvos, brought to light after his decease, and which so fully vestigium). Others, from its resemblance to the lowestablishes the existence of a second Sappho, a native er part of the sandal, term it Sandaliotis. of Eresus. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 40, p. 398.-Com- Ichnusa, and compare the remark of Pliny, 3, 7, pare the remarks of Welcker, Sappho von einem herr-" Sardiniam Timaus Sandaliotim appellavit ab effigie schenden vorurtheil befreyt, Gött., 1816, 8vo.) solea, Myrsilus Ichnusam a similitudine vestigii.")

(Vid.

SARACENI, or, more correctly, ARRACENI, a name first-Sardinia may be called a mountainous island, a belonging to a people in Arabia Felix, and derived chain of mountains running through it from north to most probably from that of the town Arra. The ap-south, though nearer to the eastern than the western plication of the name Saraceni to all the Arabians, coast. From the northern part of this chain another and thence to all Mohammedans, is of comparatively recent origin. Ammianus Marcellinus employs the term in question as having been used by others before him. (Ammianus Marcell., 14, 4; 22, 15; 23, 6; 24, 2.)

SARDANAPALUS, the last king of Assyria, infamous for his luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent in the company of his wives and favourites, and the monarch generally appeared in the midst of them disguised in the habit of a female, and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted for a while his

rises, which proceeds from east to west, and which separates the island, as it were, into two parts, from the present Capo Comino to Capo Malargin. This cross range is called by Ptolemy Maivóueva opn (Insani Montes-"The Mad Mountains"). The mountains of Sardinia exercise a very important influence on the character of its coast, on the temperature, and on the productiveness of the island. The numerous side ranges, running down to the very coast, form spacious bays, and, on the southern and western shores, safe harbours. On the east side of the island, however, the cliffs are high and steep, and scarcely afford anywhere a safe anchoring place; while gusts of wind frequently blow with very sudden and great fury

the Etrurians and Tyrrhenians, under Phorcys, a son of Neptune: these settled on the eastern coast. (Ser vius, ad Virg., En., 5, 829.) At a subsequent pe riod, Sardus, a son of Hercules, led a colony thither. He introduced among the rude inhabitants, who were accustomed to dwell in caves, the first rudiments of civilization; taught them agriculture, and was their earliest lawgiver. In gratitude to him, they called the island after his name, Sardinia; sent, at a later period, his statue to Delphi, and worshipped him as a god under the appellation of Sardus pater, whence arose the forms Sardipater and Sardopater. (Serv. ad Virg, En., 8, 564.) After the Libyans came a colony of Iberians under Norax, from Bætica. He settled in the southern part of the island, and founded the city of Nora, which he called after his own name. T dition also makes Aristæus, the father of Acteon, to have come to Sardinia with some Grecian followers after the death of his son. (Sil. Ital., 12, 368.) He was the first to plant trees, and to teach the inhabitants how to make oil and cheese.-As regards t Grecian settlements in this island, it may be remarked, that, though the date of their first coming cannot be ascertained, it would appear, however, to have taken

from the interior of the mountain ranges, and do great damage to vessels along these shores. Hence probably the appellation of Insani Montes," and hence, too, the language of Claudian (Bell. Gildon., v. 512), "Insanos infamat navita montes." Along the whole range, therefore, of the eastern coast, although so conveniently situated for intercourse with Italy, the ancients had but one harbour, Olbia, and that far to the north; and in modern days, too, no place of any importance is found along this part of Sardinia. The mountain atmosphere was healthy, but the rugged nature of the ranges and the wild character of the inhabitants forbade any attempts at cultivation. In the western and southern parts, on the other hand, the soil was fertile and well cultivated, but the climate very unhealthy. Thus Mela remarks (2,7), “ ut fecunda ita pæne pestilens insula." The noxious effects of the climate were still more sensibly felt by strangers than by natives. Hence, whenever the Romans wished to designate a particularly unhealthy region, they named Sardinia; and so greatly did they dread the effects of its climate, that they never ventured to keep a standing force in it for any length of time. (Cic., ep. ad Quint., fratrem, 2, 3.-Strabo, 225.) The principal causes of this unhealthiness were the pools of stag-place at a very early period. The first of these colonant water in the hollows of the island, and the want nies was that led by Iolaus. He brought with him of northerly winds. These winds were kept off, as many of the Thespiade or sons of Hercules, together Pausanias believed (10, 17), by the mountains of Cor- with a considerable number of Attic families. The sica and even of Italy. The Insani Montes also inhabitants of the part conquered by him were called contributed their share in producing this, (Claudian, from him Iolaï, and even at the present day a part of Bell. Gildonic., v. 512, seqq.)--The fertility of the the territory of Cagliari is styled Euradoria di island is attested by all the ancient writers; neither (Diod. Sic., 4, 24, &c.—Id., 5, 15.) The fertility of was it infested by any snakes, nor by any beasts of Sardinia soon invited over numerous Grecian settlers; prey. Rome obtained her supplies of grain not only and various petty republics were established, independfrom Sicily, but also from Sardinia; large quantities ent of each other. All of these engaged with activ of salt, too, as in modern times, were manufactured ity in agriculture and commerce, and all rendered dion the western and southern coasts. The ancient vine honours to Sardus, Aristæus, and Iolaus. Traces writers speak of mines, and Solinus (c. 11) of silver of Grecian customs and attire are said still to remaa ones: the names of various places in the island indi- |(Hörschelmann, Geschichte der Sardinien, p. 7.) The cate a mining country, as Metalla, Insula Plumbaria, Carthaginians would seem to have obtained a footing &c.; and Ptolemy makes mention of several mineral in Sardinia at a very early period, as the situation of springs and baths. Two products of the island, how the island in a commercial point of view was too in ever, deserve particular notice. One of these is its portant to be neglected. Its fertility, moreover, made wool. Numerous herds of cattle were reared in the it one of their granaries, and they used every means island, as might be expected among a people who paid in their power to promote agricultural labours. Sar little attention to, and derived little subsistence from dinia fell into the hands of the Romans 237 B.C., in agriculture. (Diod., 5, 15.) It must be remarked, the interval between the first and second Punic wars. however, that the animals chiefly killed for food were Its new masters could only, as the Carthaginians bad of a mongrel kind, begotten between a sheep and a done before them, obtain possession, for a long period, goat, and called musmones. (Plin, 8, 49.-Pausan., of the shores of the island. The inhabitants of the 10, 17.) They were covered with a long and coarse interior defended themselves successfully for nearly hair, and their skins served for the common clothing 100 years. Indeed, it may be said that Sardinia was of the mountaineers, whom Livy hence styles Pelliti. never completely subdued by the Roman arms (Strabo, In winter they wore the hair inward. (Elian, H. A., 225), and the predatory movements of the mountai 16, 34.) In war they had small bucklers covered eers still occasioned trouble in the days of the emper with these skins. They were named from this attire ors. (Tac., Ann., 2, 85.) In the fifth century it fell Mastrucati; and the Mastrucati Latrunculi were of into the hands of the Vandals. (Procop., Bell. Vand, ten very dangerous antagonists for the Romans. The 2, 13.) The interior of the island, even at the present other remarkable product of Sardinia was a species day, exhibits an astonishing degree of barbarism: the of wild parsley (apiastrum), called by Solinus herba peasants are still dressed in leather or skins, and the Sardonia. It grew very abundantly around springs mountains are still infested by banditti.-The present and wet places. Whoever ate of it died, apparently island of Sardinia presents many monuments that re laughing; in other words, the nerves became con- call the successive sway of its several conquerors. tracted, and the lips of the sufferer assumed the ap- The most remarkable, however, of these, are the very pearance of an involuntary and painful laugh. Hence ancient structures called Nurages or Nuraghes, which the expression Sardonicus risus. (Pausan., 10, 17. have exercised the sagacity of various travellers. The -Solin., c. 11.—Plin., 20, 11.) It must be remark- number of these monuments is about 600. Those ed, however, that the phrase peidnoe Zapdóvio oc- which are entire are 50 feet high, with a diameter of curs also in Homer (Od., 20, 302), and that other ex-90 feet at the base, and terminating at the summit planations besides the one just mentioned are given a cone. They are built on little hills, in a plain, of by Eustathius. Whence Sardinia received its first inhabitants we are not informed by any ancient writer. They speak, indeed, of settlements made at various times in the island, but the new-comers always found a rude race of inhabitants already in possession. The first that migrated to Sardinia were said to have been

different sorts of stone, and, in some cases, are sur rounded by a wall. The blocks of stone are of large size, and put together without cement. Some nura ghes are flanked by cones, to the number of from three to seven, which are grouped around the principal cone; they form a kind of casemates. The encompassing

wall is surmounted with a parapet. Each nuraghe is divided into three chambers or stories, the communication to which is effected by a kind of spiral ascent in the side wall. (Mimant, Histoire de Sardaigne, Paris, 1825.-De la Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne, Paris, 1826.-Petit Radel, Notices sur les Nuraghes de la Sardaigne, Paris, 1826.) The author last cited regards the nuraghes as of Cyclopian or Pelasgic origin, and carries back the period of their construction to the 15th century before the Christian era. (Manmert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 468.-Balbi, Abrégé de Geographie, p. 294.)

we find Sardis to be the residence of Achæus, the gov ernor, under the Syrian kings, of the whole Asiatic peninsula. (Polyb., 577.) It was taken, after a long siege, by Antiochus (Polyb., 7, 15.—Id., 8, 23), and again laid waste. At a subsequent period we find Sardis in the hands of the Romans, who, in accordance, probably, with a general rule pursued by them in Asia Minor, dismantled the citadel; at least, neither Strabo nor any writer after him makes mention of the castle of Sardis. The city sank, after this, into a place of inferior importance, and its principal trade was transferred to Smyrna and Ephesus. The Romans, however, made it the seat of a conventus juridicus for the northeastern part of Lydia, and its size still remained considerable. (Strabo, 625— TÓMS uɛyán.) In the reign of the Emperor Tiberius, Sardis, along with eleven other of the principal cities of Lower Asia, was destroyed by an earthquake. The calamity, according to Tacitus (2, 47), happened in the night, and was, for that reason, the more disastrous. Hills are said to have sunk, and valleys to have risen to mountains. The emperor made liberal grants to the ruined cities; and Sardis was indebted for its restoration to his munificence. Its inhabitants were exempted from all taxes for five years; and received a supply of one hundred thousand great sesterces.-Sardis is remarkable in the annals of Christianity as having been one of the seven churches of Asia.-The Turks made themselves masters of Sardis in the eleventh century, but soon lost it again. In the fourteenth century, however, it again fell into their hands, together with its citadel. Timur subsequently took both, and by him the place was probably destroyed for the last time. A miserable village called Sart is now found on the site of this once famous city. For an account of the present condition of the place, and of the antiquities in its neighbourhood, consult Arundell's Seven Churches of Asia, p. 176, seqq. Milner, History of the Seven Churches of Asia, p. 303, seqq. Leake's Tour, p. 265, 342.

SARDUS, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia, and gave it his name. (Vid. Sardinia.)

SAREPTA OF ZAREPHATH, now Sarfend, a city on the shore of the Mediterranean, between Tyre and Sidon. It was the scene of one of the miracles of Elijah. (1 Kings, 17, 9.)

SARDIS or SARDES (the Ionic forms of the name are al Zápots and Zápdies, the ordinary Greek form is ai Lúpdeis), a city of Lydia, the ancient capital of the monarchs of the country. It was situate at the foot of Mount Tmolus, on the river Pactolus, which ran through the place; and on one of the elevations of the mountain, comprehended within the circuit of the city, was the site of a strong citadel. According to Herodotus (1, 84), a concubine of Males, king of Lydia, had brought forth a young lion, and the monarch was informed by the Telmessian diviners, that if this animal were carried by him quite round the works of the city, Sardis should be for ever impregnable. The young lion was brought to every other part of the place except the steep side of the citadel which faced Mount Tmolus, this latter part being neglected as altogether insuperable and inaccessible; and yet by this very part it was subsequently taken. This legend, combined with the statement of Joannes Lydus (de Mens., p. 42), that Sardis was an old Lydian word denoting" the Year," has led Creuzer to give an astronomical turn to the whole tradition. (Creuzer und Hermann, Briefe, p. 106, in notis.)—Sardis was said to have been destroyed by the Cimmerians during their inroad into Asia (Strabo, 627), but to have been soon after rebuilt and strongly fortified it is to this latter period, no doubt, that the legend above mentioned refers. As the capital of Croesus, king of Lydia, it is frequently mentioned in Herodotus, and the historian relates the manner in which it fell into the hands of Cyrus, the citadel having been surprised on the very side that was deemed inaccessible. The city retained its size and importance under the Persian dominion. Herodotus (7, 31) names it, by way of distinction, "the city of the Lydians" (Tv Aúðwv tò ãoTv), and SARMATIA, an extensive country, bounded, accordit became the seat of the Persian satraps, as it had ing to Mela (3, 4), on the west by the river Vistula, been of the Lydian kings. The fortifications, how- and extending from the Sinus Codanus or Baltic Sea, ever, must have been destroyed by its new masters, to the Tanaïs or Don. Ptolemy, on the other hand, since otherwise the Greeks could not have so easily makes it reach from the Vistula to the Rha or Wolga, penetrated into the place in the expedition which pre- and to be separated by the river Tanaïs into two great ceded the Persian war. From the account of Herod- divisions: 1. Sarmatia Europea, the boundaries of otus (5, 100), the citadel alone would appear to have which tract of country were, the Vistula on the west, remained. And yet, with all its greatness, Sardis Mount Carpatus and the river Tyras (or Dniester) on could not have been in these early times a well-built the south, the Palus Mæotis on the east, and the Sicity; at least the greater part of the houses would nus Codanus on the north. It corresponded to what is seem to have been constructed of reeds, according to now part of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Prussia, Litthe account of Herodotus, and even those which were tle Tartary, &c.-2. Sarmatia Asiatica. This counbuilt with bricks were roofed with reeds. One of try reached from the Tanaïs to the mouth of the Rha, these, on this occasion, was set on fire by a soldier, and from the northernmost point of Caucasus to unand immediately the flame spread from house to house, known regions in the north. It corresponded, thereand consumed the whole city. The temple of Cybele fore, to Astrackhan, Orenburg, &c.-Ptolemy banalso suffered in the conflagration, and it was this cir-ished from his map of Europe the name of Scythia; cumstance that gave Xerxes a pretext for destroying but we must not suppose that he regarded all the nathe temples of Greece. The city and acropolis surrendered, at a later day, on the approach of Alexander after the battle of the Granicus. He encamped by the river Hermus, which was 20 stadia, or two miles and a half, distant. He went up to the acropolis, which was then fortified by a triple wall, and gave orders to have erected in it a temple and altar to Jupiter Olympus, on the site of the royal palace of the Lydian monarchs. The place, on account of its importance, was confided to Pausanias, one of his most trusty generals. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., 1, 18.) After Alexander's death,

tions between the Tanaïs and Vistula as Sarmatians. On the contrary, he expressly calls the Alani, whom he places between the Borysthenes and Tanaïs, a Scythian race.-The greater part of the Sarmatic nations, in the strictest sense of this name, were confounded together under the name of Hamaxobii, a term which alludes to their living, like the Scythians, in wagons. (Malte Brun, Hist. de la Geogr., vol. 1, p. 126, seqq. Brussels ed.)

SARNUS, a river of Campania, now the Sarno, fall ing into the sea about a mile from Pompeii. Accord

ing to Strabo, it formed the harbour of that town, which was also common to the inland cities of Nola, Acerræ, and Nuceria. The same writer adds, that it was navigable for the space of eighteen miles; a circumstance which will scarcely be found applicable to the present stream; whence we should be led to conclude that a considerable change has taken place in its course. (Strabo, 247.) The Pelasgi, who occupied this coast at an early period, are said to have derived the name of Sarrastes from this river. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 180.)

gave its name to a numerous Umbrian tribe. (Polyb. 2, 24.) From ancient inscriptions we may collect that it was a municipal town. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 237.)

SATICULA, a town of Samnium, the site of which has not been precisely determined. It seems, howerer, evident from Livy (23, 14), that we must seek for it among the mountains south of the Vulturnus and on the borders of Campania. It is supposed to cenespond to the modern Agata dei Goti. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 237.)

SARON, a king of Trazene, unusually fond of hunt- SATUREIUM, a town in the Tarentine territory, fre ing. He was drowned in the sea while pursuing a quently alluded to by the ancient writers. It was stag which had taken to the water, and divine hon-famed for the fertility of the surrounding country and ours were paid him after death. According to one ac- for its breed of horses. (Horat., Sat., 1, 6, 59.) count, he gave name to the Sinus Saronicus. Saron SATURNALIA, a festival in honour of Saturn, and built a temple to Diana at Træzene, and instituted the most remarkable one in the whole Roman year. festivals in honour of her, called from himself Saronia. It was celebrated in December, and at first lasted but (Pausan., 2, 30.—Mela, 2, 3.) one day (the 19th); it was then extended to three, and subsequently, by order of Caligula and Claudius, to seven. (Macrob., Sat., 1, 10.) The utmost liber ty prevailed during its continuance : all was mirth and festivity; friends made presents to each other; schools were closed; the senate did not sit; no war was proclaimed; no criminal executed; slaves were permit ted to jest with their masters, and were even walled on at table by them. This last circumstance probably was founded on the original equality of master and slave, the latter having been, in the early times of Rome, usually a captive taken in the war or an insal vent debtor, and, consequently, originally the equal of his master. (Dion. Hal., 4, 24. — Niebuhr, Hut Rom., vol. 1, p. 319.) According to some, the Satur nalia were emblematic of the freedom enjoyed in the golden age, when Saturn ruled over Italy. (Keighley's Mythology, p. 524.)

SARONICUS SINUS, now the Gulf of Engia, a bay of the Ægean Sea, lying to the southwest of Attica, and northeast of Argolis, and commencing between the promontories of Sunium and Scylleum. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which discharged itself on the coast. Pliny, however, makes the name to have come from the forests of oak which at one time covered the shores of the gulf, the term oapwvis, in early Greek, signifying "an oak." (Pliny, 4, 9.—Compare Schol. ad Callim., H. in Jov., 22 )

SARPEDON, I. a son of Jupiter by Europa, the daughter of Agenor. He was driven from Crete by his brother Minos (vid. Rhadamanthus), and thereupon retired to Lycia, where he aided Cilix against the people of that country, and obtained the sovereignty of a part of it. Jupiter is said to have bestowed upon him a life of SATURNIA, I. a name given to Italy, because Satum treble duration. (Apollod., 3, 1, 2.—Heyne, ad loc.) was fabled to have reigned there during the golden -II. A son of Jupiter and Laodamia the daughter of age. (Virg., G., 2, 173.)—II. A name given to June, Bellerophon. He was king of Lycia, and leader with as being the daughter of Saturn.—III. An ancient Glaucus of the Lycian auxiliaries of Priam. The char-city of Etruria, whose ruins may be seen near the acter of Sarpedon is represented as the most faultless and amiable in the Iliad. He was by birth superior to all the chiefs of either side, and his valour was not unworthy of his descent. The account of his conflict with Patroclus; the concern of Jupiter at his perilous situation; the deliberation of the god whether he should avert the hostile decrees of fate; and the subsequent description of his death, are among the most striking of all the episodes of the Iliad. (Hom., Il., 16, 419, seqq.)-III. A promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which he had made with the Romans. (Livy, 38, 38.-Mela, 1, 13.)

At

source of the Albinia, and which is mentioned by Di onysius of Halicarnassus (1, 21) as formerly occupied by the Pelasgi. According to Pliny (3, 5), its more ancient name was Aurinia. Aurinia received a colony from Rome, A.U.C. 569. (Liv., 39, 55.) SATURNINUS, I. L. Apuleius, a tribune of the com mons, who, in A.U.C. 654, B.C. 100, united with Marius against the patricians, excited a sedition f Rome, intimidated the senate, caused several popular laws to be passed, and exercised a sort of usurped and tyrannical power for the space of three years. length breaking out into open rebellion, and seizing, with his adherents, upon the Capitol, he was besieged SARRA, the earlier Latin name for the city of Tyre. there by Marius, who was now compelled, as consul, The Oriental form was Tsor or Sor, for which the to act against him. Saturninus and his adherents Carthaginians said Tsar or Sar, and the Romans, re- eventually surrendered themselves to Marius, p ceiving the term from those, converted it into Sarra, his promising to save their lives; but the people t whence they also formed the adjective Sarranus, upon and destroyed them. (Plut., Vit. Mar-Fierequivalent to "Tyrian." (Virg., Georg., 2, 506.3, 16.)-II. P. Sempronius, a Scaliger, ad Paul. Diac., 8. v. Sarra:) Servius erro-proclaimed emperor in Egypt by his troops after be neously deduces the appellation from Sar, which, ac- had rendered himself celebrated by his victories over cording to him, is the Phoenician name for the murer, the barbarians. His integrity, his complaisance and or shellfish that yielded the purple. (Sero. ad Virg, affability, had gained him the affection of the people 1. c.) The Greek name Túpos proceeds probably from but his fondness of ancient discipline provoked his

Lex., vol. 2, p. 672, ed. Leo.)

Sarnus, at the end.)

general of Valerian,

of his age, A.D. 262.-III. Sextus Julian, a Gaul, inSARRASTES, a people of Campania on the Sarnus.timate with Aurelian. The emperor esteemed him (Virg., En., 7, 738.-Vid. remarks under the article greatly, not only for his private virtues, but for his abilities as a general, and for the victories which be the country and on the left bank of the Sapis, towards saluted emperor at Alexandrea, and compelled by the SARSINA, a city of Umbria, in the northern part of had obtained in different parts of the empire. He was the birthplace of Plautus, the comic writer, a circum-rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, who was It still retains its name. This city was clamorous army to accept of the purple, which he had Istance to which he alludes in his Mostellaria (3, 2). then emperor, marched his forces against him, and

its source.

himself

H

had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance, all slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters to him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the statues, to intimate the freedom and inde

when unable to make head against his powerful adver- which led to the inference of the Kpóvos of the Greeks sary.-IV. Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. being the same with the Saturnus of the Latins. He was greatly esteemed by Pliny the younger, who (Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. 2, p. 28, seqq.) The speaks of him with great warmth and approbation as an fabled flight of this last from Olympus to Hesperia or historian, a poet, and an orator. Pliny always con- Italy, and his there establishing the golden age, may sulted the opinion of Saturninus before he published have been indebted for its origin to the legend of the his compositions. (Plin., Epist., 1, 8.-Id., 1, 16.) reign of Kronus over the Islands of the Blessed in the SATURNUS (called by the Greeks Kpóvoc), a son of western stream of Ocean. There were no temples of Calus or Uranus, and Terra, or the goddess of the Kronus in Greece; but there was a chapel of Kronus earth. Terra bore to Uranus a mighty progeny, the and Rhea at Athens (Pausan., 1, 18, 7), and sacrifices Titans, six males and six females. The youngest of were made to him on the Kronian Hill at Olympia. the former was Saturn. These children were hated (Pausan., 6, 20, 1.) The Athenians, moreover, had by their father, who, as soon as they were born, thrust a festival in his honour, named the Kronia, which was them out of his sight into a cavern of Earth. (Völcker, celebrated on the twelfth day of the month HecatomMyth. der Iap., 283.-Compare Apollod., 1, 1, 3.) bæon, or at the end of July, and which, as described, Earth, grieved at this unnatural conduct, produced strongly resembles the Italian Saturnalia. (Demosth., "the substance of hoary steel," and, forming from it a Timocr., p. 708.-Philoc., ap. Macrob., Sat., 1, 10.) sickle, roused her children, the Titans, to rebellion-The only epithet given to Kronus by the elder poets against their father; but fear seized on them all is crooked-counselled (ȧykvhoμnτns). Nonnus (25, except Saturn, who, lying in wait with the sickle with 234) calls him broad-bearded (eipvyévelos). (Keight. which his mother had armed him, mutilated his unsus- ley's Mythology, p. 68, seqq.)-Among the Romans, pecting father. The drops which fell on the earth in the sacrifices the priest always performed the cerefrom the wound gave birth to the Erinnyes, the Giants, mony with his head uncovered, which was unusual at and the Melian nymphs. (Hes., Theog., 155, seqq.)- other solemnities. The god is generally represented After this, Saturn obtained his father's kingdom, with as an old man bent through age and infirmity. He the consent of his brethren, provided he did not bring holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement, bites its own tail, which is an emblem of time and of Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, be- the revolution of the year. In his left hand he has cause, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retal- a child, which he raises up as if instantly to devour it. iation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife Tatius, king of the Sabines, is fabled to have first Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed built a temple to Saturn on the Capitoline Hill; a from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and second was afterward added by Tullus Hostilius, and Pluto, and, instead of the children, she gave him large a third by the first consuls. On his statues were genstones, which he immediately swallowed, without per-erally hung fetters, in commemoration of the chains he ceiving the deceit. The other Titans having been informed that Saturn had concealed his male children, made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, and to place him on his throne. Sat-pendence which mankind enjoyed during the golden urn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspired against him; but Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the father fled for safety into Italy, where the country retained the name of Latium, as being the place of his concealment (from lateo, "to lie concealed"). Janus, who was then King of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention. He made him his partner on the throne; and the King of Heaven employed himself in civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture, and the useful and liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have called it the golden age, to intimate the happiness and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron, the centaur, by Philyra, whom he previously changed into a mare, to avoid the observation of Rhea. -Hesiod, in his didactic poem, says that Saturn ruled over the Isles of the Blessed, at the end of the earth, by the "deep-eddying ocean" (Op. et D., 167, seq.); and Pindar gives a luxuriant description of this blissful abode, where the departed heroes of Greece dwelt beneath the mild rule of Saturn and his assessor Rhadamanthus. (Ol., 2, 123, seqq.) At a later period, it was fabled that Saturn lay asleep, guarded by Briareus, in a desert island near Britannia, in the Western Ocean. (Plut., de Defect. Orac., 18.-Id., de Fac. in Orb. Lun., 26.-Procop., Bell. Goth., 4, 20.-Compare Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 1204.) Saturn was in after times confounded with the grim deity Moloch, to whom the Tyrians and Carthaginians offered their children in sacrifice. The slight analogy of this practice with the legend of Saturn's devouring his children, may have sufficed for the Greeks to infer an identity of their ancient deity with the object of Phoenician worship. It was not improbably the circumstance of both gods being armed with a sickle,

age. At Rome the treasury was in his temple, intimating, it is said, that agriculture is the source of wealth. (Plut., Quæst. Rom., 42.) The Nundina, or market days, were also sacred to this god. (Aul. Gell., 13, 22.-Livy, 8, 1.-Id., 45, 33.)-Bochart considers Saturn to have been the same with Noah; and so well convinced of this is he, as to remark, "Noam esse Saturnum tam multa docent, ut vix sit dubitandi locus." (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 1.) This school of mythology, however, has long ago been succeeded by one of a more rational nature. According to oth ers, Saturn was the same with Time, the Greek words which stand for Saturn and Time differing only in one letter (Kpóvoç, Saturn, xpóvoc, time); and on this account Saturn is represented as devouring his children, and casting them up again, as Time devours and consumes all things which it has produced, which at length revive again, and are, as it were, renewed: or else days, months, and years are the children of Time, which he constantly devours and produces anew. Niebuhr regards Saturn and Ops as the god and goddess of the earth, its vivifying and its receptively-productive powers. (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 66, Cambr. transl.) Creuzer makes Saturn the great god of nature, in many respects assimilated to Janus. He is the god who suffices for himself, the god who is satisfied with his own comprehensive powers. (Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 499.) Hence the derivation of the name from the Latin Satur, "full," "satisfied."

SATYRI, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. The Romans called them indiscriminately Fauni, Panes, and Silvani.-Hesiod is the first who mentions the Satyrs; he says that they, the Curetes, and the mount