which was overthrown by Odoacer. (Tac., Germ., | pia was the port to which the Romans commonly 43.-Jour. Get., 50, 57.) came, from the opposite coast of Gaul, the harbour on RUPILIUS, a native of Præneste, surnamed Rex, who, this latter side, whence they usually started, being Ge having been proscribed by Octavianus, then a trium-soriacum. Thus the Itinerarium Maritimum (p. 496) vir, fled to the army of Rutus, and became a fellow- says, "A portu Gesoriacensi ad portum Ritupium soldier of Horace. Jealous, however, of the military Stadia CCCCL" (46 geographical miles). It is on advancement which the latter had obtained, Rupilius this account that the name of the Ritupian harbour reproached him with the meanness of his origin, and frequently occurs in the later writers. The Itin. Ant. Horace therefore retaliates in the seventh Satire of (p. 463) gives the same statement as the Itin. Mant. the first book, where a description is given of a suit relative to the passage across. (Mannert, Geogr between this Rupilius and a certain Persius, tried be- vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 160.) As regards the Rutupian ovsfore Marcus Brutus, at that time governor of Asia Mi- ters, consult Juvenal (4, 141), and the remarks of the nor. (Compare Gesner, ad loc.-Dunlop's Roman commentators, and also Pliny (9, 54; 32, 6). Literature, vol. 3, p. 251.)

RUTENI, a people of Celtic Gaul, whose territory answered to the modern Rouergue. Their chief city was Segodunum, now Rhodez. (Cæs., B. G., 1, 45. -Id. ib., 7, 7, &c.)

S.

SABA, the capital of the Sabæi, in Arabia Felix, situate on a rising ground, in the interior of the country, and in a northeastern direction from the harbour of Pudun (Dsjesan). According to Strabo (778), it was also called Meriaba, and in this he is followed by later writers, who, however, give the more correct form Mariaba. It would seem, that Mariaba is a gen eral term for a chief city, and hence we find more than one appearing in the geography of Arabia. According to Mannert, Saba would appear to correspond with the modern Saada or Saade." (Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 66.)

RUTILIUS, I. Lupus, a rhetorician, a treatise of whose, in two books, de Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis, still remains. The period when he flourished is uncertain. A false reading in Quintilian (3, 1, 21) has given rise to the belief that he was contemporary with this writer; but Ruhnken has shown that, in this passage of Quintilian, we must read Tutilius for Rutilius, and that Rutilius was anterior to Celsus, who lived under Augustus and Tiberius. The work of Rutilius already alluded to is extracted and translated from a work by a certain Gorgias, a Greek SABACHUS OF SABACON, a king of Ethiopia, who inwriter contemporary with him, and not to be con- vaded Egypt, and reigned there after the expulsion of founded with the celebrated Gorgias of Leontini. King Amasis. After a reign of fifty years he was The best edition is that of Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat., terrified by a dream, and retired into his own king1768, 8vo, republished by Frotscher, Laps., 1831, dom. Diodorus Siculus states (1, 66), that after the 8vo. II. Numatianus, a native of Gaul, born either departure of Sabachus, there was an anarchy of two at Tolosa (Toulouse) or Pictavii (Poitiers), and who years, which was succeeded by the reign of twelve flourished at the close of the fourth and commence-kings, who, at their joint expense, constructed the latyment of the fifth centuries of our era. We have an rinth. (Consult remarks under the article Psammitiimperfect poem of his remaining, entitled Itinerarium, chus.) The name of Sabacon, in hieroglyphic charor De Reditu. It is written in elegiac verse, and, acters, has been found amid the ruins of Abydos. from the elegance of its diction, the variety and beauty | (Bähr, ad Herod., 2, 36.) of its images, and the tone of feeling which pervades it, assigns its author a distinguished rank among the later Roman poets. Rutilius had been compelled to make a journey from Rome into Gaul, for the purpose of visiting his estates in the latter country, which had been ravaged by the barbarians, and the Itinerary is intended to express the route which he took along the coast of the Mediterranean. Rutilius is supposed by some to have been prefect at Rome when that city was taken by Alaric, A.D. 410. He was not a Christian, as appears from several passages of his poem, though the heavy complaints made by him against the Jewish race ought not, as some editors have imagined, to be extended to the Christians. We have remaining of this poem the first book, and sixty-eight lines of the second; and perhaps the particle potius, in the first line of the first book, would indicate that the commencement of this book was also lost. The remains of the poetry of Rutilius are given by Burmann and Wernsdorff, in their respective editions of the Poeta Latini Minores. There are also separate editions.

RUTULI, a people of Latium, along the coast below the mouth of the Tiber. They were a small community, who, though perhaps originally distinct from the Latins, became subsequently so much a part of that nation that they do not require a separate notice. Their capital was Ardea, and Turnus was their prince, according to the fable of the Eneid, when the Trojans arrived in Italy. (Vid. Ardea, Latium, Turnus.)

SABEI, a people of Arabia Felix, represented by some of the ancient writers, especially the poets, as one of the richest and happiest nations in the world, on account of the valuable products of their land. Another name, viz., that of the Homerite (thought to be derived from Himiar, the name of a sovereign, and which signifies the red king), appears in a later age confounded with that of the Sabeans. (Vid. Sabe.)

SABATE, a town of Etruria, northeast of Care, and not far from the site of the present Bracciano. It was in the immediate vicinity of a lake, called from it the Lacus Sabatinus. The town was said to have been swallowed up by the waters of the lake, and it was even asserted, that in calm weather its ruins might still be seen below the surface of the water. (Sotion, de Mirand. Font.) Columella notices the fish of the lake, and Frontinus speaks of its water being conveyed by an aqueduct to the capital. (Columell., 8, 16.— Front., de Aquæd., 1.—Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 235.)

SABATINI, a people of Campania, who derived their name from the small river Sabatus that flowed through their territory. They are mentioned by Livy (26, 33) among the Campanian tribes that revolted to Hannibal. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 247.)

SABATUS, a river rising in Campania, and flowing into Samnium, where it joined the Calor, near Beneventum. It is now the Sabbato. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 247.)

SABAZIUS, a surname of Bacchus, given him, acRUTUPIA (called also Ritupa, Portus Ritupis, and cording to some, by the Thracians (Schol. ad Arist, Portus Ritupius), a harbour on the coast of Brit- Vesp., v. 9), or, according to others, by the Phryg ain, famed for its excellent oysters. It is generally ans. (Strabo, 470.-Schol. ad Aristoph., Av., v. 874. considered as corresponding to Richborough, though-Schol. ad Lysist., v. 398.) De Sacy inclines to the D'Anville is in favour of Sandwich. (Compare Bede, opinion that the root of this appellation may be found 1, 1, “Rutubi, nunc corrupte Reptacostir." Rutu- in the name of the Arabian city Saba. (Sainte-Crois,

Mystères du Paganisme, vol. 2, p. 95, edit. De
Sacy.)

three thousand years has borne their name. Out of this the overflowing population migrated to different parts. It was an Italian religious usage, in times of severe pressure from war or pestilence, to vow a sacred spring (ver sacrum); that is, all the creatures born in the spring: at the end of twenty years the cat tle were sacrificed or redeemed, the youth sent out. (Liv., 33, 44.—Festus, s. v. Mamertini.-Dion. Hal., 1, 16.) Such a vow the Romans made in the second year of the second Punic war; but only as to their flocks and herds. (Liv., 22, 9.) Such vows, the tra

SABBATA OF SABBATHA, a city of Arabia Felix, the capital of the Chatramatitæ. Most commentators on the Periplus, in which mention is made of it, suppose it to be the same with Schibam or Scebam, which AlEdrisi places in Hadramaut, at four stations, or a hundred miles, from Mareb. (Vincent's Periplus, p. 334.) Mannert, however, declares for Mareb (Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 83). The modern name Mareb will be a corruption from Mariaba, a name common to many cities of Arabia. This place was the great de-dition runs, occasioned the sending out of the Sabine pôt for the incense-trade. (Vid. Saba.) SABELLI. Vid. Sabini.

SABINA, JULIA, grand-niece of the Emperor Trajan, and wife of Hadrian, to whom she became united chiefly through the means of the Empress Plotina. She lived unhappily with her husband, partly from her own asperity of temper, and partly, perhaps, from the gross vices of her consort. Hadrian's unkindness to her is said to have been the cause of her death. (Vid. Hadrianus.)

colony the gods to whom each was dedicated charged sacred animals to guide them on their way. One colony was led by a woodpecker, the bird of Mamers, into Picenum, then peopled by Pelasgians or Liburnians: another multitude by an ox into the land of the Opicans; this became the great Samnite people: a wolf guided the Hirpini. That colonies issued from Sarnnium is known historically. The Frentani on the Adriatic were Samnites, who emigrated in the course of the second Roman war; Samnites conquered CamSABINI, a people of Italy, whose territory lay to the pania and the country as far as the Silarus; another northeast of Rome. The Sabines appear to be gen-host, calling themselves Lucanians, subdued and gave erally considered as one of the most ancient indige-name to Lucania.-The Italian national migrations nous tribes of Italy, and one of the few who preserved came down like others from the North; and Cato's their race pure and unmixed. (Strabo, 228.) We opinion, that the origin of all the Sabellians was de are not to expect, however, that fiction should have rived from the neighbourhood of Amiternum, admits been more sparing of its ornaments in setting forth of no other rational meaning than that the most ancient their origin, than in the case of other nations far less traditions, whether they may have been Sabine or Uminteresting and less celebrated. Dionysius of Halicar- brian, assigned that district as the habitation of the nassus, among other traditions respecting the Sabines, people that conquered Reate. Dionysius, indeed mentions one which supposes them to have been a col- seems to have understood Cato as having derived al. ony of the Lacedæmonians about the time of Lycurgus the Sabines, and, consequently, through them their col (2, 49), an absurd fable which has been eagerly caught onies, from a single village, Testrina, near Amiter. up by the Latin poets and mythologists. (Sil. Ital., num, as it were from a germe; but so extravagant an 15, 545.-Ovid, Fast., 1, 260.-Hygin., ap. Serv. ad abuse of genealogy ought not surely to be imputed to En., 8, 638.) Their name, according to Cato, was Cato's sound understanding. He must have known. derived from the god Sabus, an aboriginal deity, sup- and remembered how numerous the nation was at the posed to be the same as the god invoked by the Latins time of its utmost greatness, when it counted perhaps in the expression Medius Fidius. (Cramer's Anc. millions of freemen. At Reate, in the Sabina, in the Italy, vol. 1, p. 297.)-The Romans, observes Nie- country of the Marsians, they found and subdued or buhr, have no common national name for the Sabines, expelled the Aborigines; about Beneventum, Opicans, and the tribes which are supposed to have issued from and probably, therefore, in the land of the Hirpini also. them the latter, whether Marsians and Pelignians, or On the left bank of the Tiber they dwelt in the time of Samnites and Lucanians, they term Sabellians. That the Roman kings, low down, intermingled with the Lat these tribes called themselves Savini or Sabini is ins, even south of the Anio, not merely at Collatia and nearly certain, from the inscription on the Samnite de- Regillum, but also on two of the Roman hills. Wars narius coined in the Social war; at least as to the with the Sabines form a great part of the contents ir Samnites, whose name is in every form manifestly, and the earliest annals of Rome; but with the year 306 in the Greek Zavvirai directly, derived from Savini: they totally cease, which evidently coincides with but the usage of a people whose writings have perish- their diffusion in the south of Italy. Towards this ed, like everything that is extinct in fact, has lost its quarter the tide now turned, and the old Sabines or rights. I think myself at liberty to employ the term the Tiber became quite insignificant.-Strictness of Sabellians for the whole race; since the tribes which morals and cheerful contentedness were the peculiar were so named by the Romans are far more impor- glory of the Sabellian mountaineers, but especially of tant than the Sabines, and it would clearly have offend- the Sabines and the four northern cantons: this they ed a Latin ear to have called the Samnites Sabines. preserved long after the ancient virtue had disappeared -When Rome crossed the frontiers of Latium, the at Rome from the hearts and the demeanour of men. Sabellians were the most widely-extended and the Most of the Sabellian tribes, and the Sabines them. greatest people in Italy. The Etruscans had already selves, inhabited open hamlets; the Samnites and the sunk, as they had seen the nations of earlier greatness members of the northern confederacy dwelt, like the sink, the Tyrrhenians, Umbrians, and Ausonians. As Epirots, around the fortified summits of their hills, the Dorians were great in their colonies, the mother- where a brave people could defend the approaches country remaining little; and as it lived in peace, even without walls: not that they had no fortified while the tribes it sent forth diffused themselves widely towns, but the number was small.-The Sabellians by conquests and settlements, so, according to Cato, would have made themselves masters of all Italy, had was it with the old Sabine nation. Their original they formed a united or even a firmly-knit federal state, home is placed by him about Amiternum, in the high- which should have lastingly appropriated its conquests, est Apennines of the Abruzzo, where, on Mount Ma- holding them in dependance, and securing them by coljella, the snow is said never wholly to disappear, and onies. But, unlike the Romans, the enjoyment of the where the mountain-pastures in summer receive the greatest freedom was what they valued the highest; Apulian herds. From this district they issued in very more than greatness and power, more than the permaancient times, long before the Trojan war; and, ex-nent preservation of the state. Hence they did not pelling in one quarter the Aborigines, in another the Umbrians, took possession of the territory which for

keep their transplanted tribes attached to the mothercountry: they became forthwith foreign, and frequently

phal processions passed through it to the Capitol. (Horat., Od., 4, 2-Sat., 1, 9.—Liv., 2, 13.—Cic Planc., 7.-Att., Ep., 4, 3.)

hostile to the state they had issued from: while Rome, SACRA INSULA, an island in the Tiber, not far from sending out colonies of small numbers, was sure of its mouth, formed by the separation of the two branchtheir fidelity; and by means of these, and by imparting es of that river. It received its name from the cir dependant civil rights, converted a far greater number cumstance of the snake's having darted on shore here, of subdued enemies into devoted subjects. (Niebuhr, which the Romans had brought from Epidaurus, sup History of Rome, vol. 1, p. 71, seqq., Cambridge posing it to be Esculapius. (Procop., B. G., 1, 26.) translation.)-In fixing the limits of the Sabine terri- SACRA VIA, a celebrated street of Rome, where a tory, we must not attend so much to those remote treaty of peace and alliance was fabled to have been times when they reached nearly to the gates of Rome, made between Romulus and Tatius. It led from the as to that period in which the boundaries of the differ- Amphitheatre to the Capitol, by the temple of the Godent people of Italy were marked out with greater clear-dess of Peace and the temple of Cæsar. The triumness and precision, namely, the reign of Augustus. We shall then find the Sabines separated from Latium by the river Anio; from Etruria by the Tiber, beginning from the point where it receives the former stream, to within a short distance of Otricoli. The Nar will form their boundary on the side of Umbria, and the central ridge of the Apennines will be their limit on that of Picenum. To the south and southeast it may be stated generally, that they bordered on the Equi and Vestini. From the Tiber to the frontiers of the latter people, the length of the Sabine country, which was its greatest dimensions, might be estimated at 1000 stadia, or 120 miles, its breadth being much less considerable. (Strabo, 228.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 300.)

SABINUS, Aulus, a Roman poet, the friend and contemporary of Ovid, and to whom the last six of the heroic epistles of that bard are generally ascribed by commentators. These are, Paris to Helen, Helen to Paris, Leander to Hero, Hero to Leander, Acontius to Cydippe, and Cydippe to Acontius. He was the author, also, of several answers to the epistles of Ovid, as Ulysses to Penelope, Æneas to Dido, &c., and likewise of a work on Days, which his death prevented him from completing. This last-mentioned production is thought by some to have given Ovid the idea of his Fasti. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 291.) SABIS, I. a river of Gallia Belgica, rising in the territory of the Nervii, and falling into the Mosa (Maese) at Namurcum (Namur), in the territory of the Aduatici. It is now the Sambre. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 16, 18.) -II. A river of Carmania, between the southern promontory of Carmania and the river Andanis. Mannert is inclined to identify it with the Anamis, which runs by the city of Hormuza, and falls into the Persian Gulf near the promontory of Armozum. (Mela, 3, 8. -Plin., 6, 23.) It is also called the Saganus.-III. A river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in Umbria, and falling into the Adriatic north of the Rubicon. It is now the Savio. At its mouth lay the town of Savis, now

Torre del Savio.

SABRATA, a city of Africa, in the Regio Syrtica, west of Ea and east of the Syrtis Minor. It formed, together with Ea and Leptis Magna, what was called Tripolis Africana. Justinian fortified it, and it is now Sabart or Tripoli Vecchio. (Itin. Anton.-Solin., c. 27.-Plin., 5, 4.-Procop., Edif., 6, 4.)

SABRINA, also called Sabriana, now the Severn in England. (Ptol.-Tac., Ann., 12, 31.)

SACE, a name given by the Persians to all the more northern nations of Asia, but which, at a subsequent period, designated a particular people, whose territory was bounded on the west by Sogdiana, north and east by Scythia, and south by Bactriana and the chain of Imaus. Their country, therefore, corresponds in some degree to Little Bucharey and the adjacent districts. The Sace were a wild, uncivilized race, of nomadic habits, without cities, and dwelling in woods and caves. (Herod, 7, 9.-Mela, 3, 7.-Plin., 6, 17.-Ammian. Marcell., 23, 6.)-As regards the origin of the name Sace, which some etymologists deduce from the Persian Ssagh, "a dog," and which they suppose to have been used as a term of contempt for a people of different race and religion, consult remarks under the article Scythia.

SACRUM, I. BELLUM, a name given to the war carried on against the Phocians, for their sacrilege in relation to the sanctuary at Delphi. (Vid. Phocis.)II. Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth. It was called Sacrum because the ancients believed this to be the place where the sun, at his setting, plunged his chariot into the sea. (Mcia, 2, 6.- Plin., 4, 22.)-III. Another promontory, on the coast of Lycia, near the Chelidonian Islands, and now Cape Kelidonia. This headland obtained great celebrity from its being commonly looked upon as the commencement of the great chain of Taurus, which was accounted to traverse, under various names, the whole continent of Asia. (Plin., 5, 27.) But Stbo observes, that Taurus really began in Caria (Strab., 666); and other geographers even supposed it to commence with Mycale. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 5, 5, 2) The modern name of the Sacred Promontory comes from the group of the Chelidonian Islands, in its mediate vicinity, to which we have already referred (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 256.)—IV. Another at the southern extremity of Corsica, now Cape Cer so. (Ptol.)

SADYATES, one of the Mermnada, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years. (Herod., 1, 16.)

SETABIS, I. a river of Spain, between the Iberus and the Pillars of Hercules. According to some, it is now the Cennia or Senia; Ukert, however, makes it the same with the Udubra of Pliny and the Tur lis of Ptolemy. (Mela, 2, 6.)—II. Á city of Spain (Hispania Tarraconensis), in the territory of the Co testani, and situate on a height, just below the river Sucro or Xucar. It was a municipium, and had received a Roman colony, from which latter circumstance it took the name of Augusta. Sætabis was famed for its linen manufacture. (Plin., 19, 2-C tull., 12.-Id., 20, 14.—Sil. Ital., 3, 373.) The Arabians changed the name to Xativa. (Marca, Hisp, 2, 6, p. 118.—Laborde, Itin, vol. 1, p. 226.) Since the commencement of the present century, however, its more usual appellation is S. Phelippe. (Mannerh Geogr., vol. 1, p. 425.-Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 405.) SAGARIS. Vid. Sangaris.

SAGRA or SAGRAS, a river of Magna Græcia, in the territory of the Bruttii, falling into the Sinus Tarentinus, a short distance above the Zephyrian promonto ry. It was on the banks of the Sagras that the memorable overthrow of the Crotoniate took place, when they were defeated by a force of 10,000 Locrians, with a small body of Rhegians. So extraordinary a result did this appear, that it gave rise to the proverbial ex pression, aŋléσтeрa тův ènì Záуpa. Among other marvellous circumstances connected with this event, it was reported that the issue of the battle was known at Olympia the very day on which it was fought. (Strab., 261.- Cicero, N. D., 2, 2.-Justin, 20, 2.) Geographers differ much as to the modern river which corresponds with this celebrated stream; but, if Romanelli is correct in affirming that the mountain from which the Alaro takes its source is still called

Sagra, we can have no difficulty in recognising that | The modern Sa, with its ruins, marks the site of the river as the ancient Sagras; more especially as its situation accords perfectly with the topography of Strabo. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 402.)

ancient Saïs.-This city must not be confounded with another more easterly, Saïs, commonly called Tanis. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 561, seqq.)

SAGUNTUM OF SAGUNTUS, a city of Hispania Tar- SALAMIS, I. a daughter of the river Asopus by Meraconensis, north of Valentia, and some distance be thone. Neptune became enamoured of her, and carlow the mouth of the Iberus. It was situate on a ried her to an island of the Egean, which afterward rising ground, about 1000 paces from the shore; Po- bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son calllybius (3, 17) says seven stadia, Pliny (3, 4) three ed Cenchreus. (Diod. Sic., 4, 72.-Compare the remiles. This place was said to have been founded by marks of Siebelis, ad Pausan., 1, 35, 2.)—II. An isla colony from Zacynthus (Zákvvlog, Záyovvtos, Sa- land in the Sinus Saronicus, opposite Eleusis and the guntus), intermingled with Rutulians from Ardea. coast of Attica, and said to have derived its name (Liv., 21, 7, 14.-Sil. Ital., 1, 291, &c.) It became from Salamis, mentioned in the preceding article. It at an early period the ally of the Romans (Polyb., 3, was also anciently called Scyras and Cychrea, from 30), and was besieged and taken by Hannibal previous the heroes Scyrus and Cychreus, and Pityussa from to his march upon Italy. The siege lasted eight its abounding in firs. (Strab., 393.) It had been almonths, and, being an infraction of the treaty with the ready celebrated in the earliest period of Grecian hisRomans, led at once to the second Punic war. Han-tory from the colony of the Eacida, who settled there nibal's object was to prevent the Romans retaining so important a place of arms, and so powerful an ally in a country from which he was about to depart. The desperate valour of the citizens, who chose to perish with all their effects rather than fall into the enemy's hands, deprived the conqueror of a great part of his anticipated spoils; the booty, however, which he saved from this wreck, enabled him, by his liberalities, to gain the affection of his army, and to provide for the execution of his design against Italy. (Liv., 21, 8.Mela, 2, 6.-Diod. Sic., Eclog., 25, 5.-Sil. Ital., 13, 673.) Eight years after it was restored by the Romans. (Liv., 24, 42.-Plin., 3, 5.)-Saguntum was famous for the cups manufactured there. (Plin., 35, 12.-Martial, 4, 46, &c.) The modern Murviedro (a corruption of Muri veteres) marks the ancient city. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 428.— Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 415.)

before the siege of Troy. (Strab., l. c.) The possession of Salamis, as we learn from Strabo, was once obstinately contested by the Athenians and Megareans; and he affirms that both parties interpolated Homer, in order to prove from his poems that it had belonged to them. Having been occupied by Athens, it revolted to Megara, but was again conquered by Solon, or, according to some, by Pisistratus. (Plutarch, Vit. Solon.) From this period it appears to have been always subject to the Athenians. On the invasion of Xerxes, they were induced to remove thither with their families; in consequence of a prediction of the oracle, which pointed out this island as the scene of the defeat of their enemies (Herodotus, 8, 56); and, soon after, by the adve of Themistocles, the whole of the naval force of Greece was assembled in the Bay of Salamis. Meanwhile, the Persian fleet stationed at Phalerum held a council, in which it was deterSAIS, a city of Egypt, situate in the Delta, between mined to attack the Greeks, who were said to be planthe Sebennytic and Canopic arms of the Nile, and ning their flight to the Isthmu. The Persian fleet acnearly due west from the city of Sebennytus. It was cordingly were ordered to suround the island during not, indeed, the largest, but certainly the most famous the night, with a view of preventing their escape. In and important city in its day of all those in the Delta the morning, the Grecian galleys moved on to the atof Egypt. This pre-eminence it owed, on the one tack, the Æginetans leading the vin, seconded by the hand, to the yearly festival celebrated here in honour Athenians, who were opposed to the Phoenician ships, of Neith, the Egyptian Minerva, to which a large con- while the Peloponnesian squadron was engaged with course of spectators was accustomed to flock (Herod., the Ionians. The Persians were completely defeated, 2, 59); and, on the other, to the circumstance of its and retired in the greatest disorder to Phalerum; notbeing the native city, the capital, and the burying-place withstanding which, Xerxes is said to have made demof the last dynasty of the Pharaohs. (Herod., 2, 169.) onstrations of an intention to renew the action, and For the purpose of embellishing it, King Amasis built with that intent to have given orders for joining the a splendid portico to the temple of Neith in this city, island of Salamis to the continent by a mole. The far surpassing all others, according to Herodotus, in following night, however, the whole of his fleet abancircumference and elevation, as well as in the dimen-doned the coast of Attica, and withdrew to the Hel sions and quality of the stones: he also adorned the lespont. (Herod., 8, 83.) A trophy was erected to building with colossal statues, and the immense figures commemorate this splendid victory on the isle of Salaof Androsphinx. Herodotus likewise informs us, that mis, near the temple of Diana, and opposite to Cynoa large block of stone, intended for a shrine, was sura, where the strait is narrowest. Here it was seen brought hither from Elephantis. Two thousand men by Pausanias (1, 30), and some of its vestiges were were employed three whole years in its transportation. observed by Sir W. Gell, who reports that it consisted The exterior length of the stone was twenty-one cu- of a column on a circular base. (Itin., p. 303.) Stra bits, its breadth fourteen, and its height eight. The bo informs us that the island contained two cities; inside was eighteen cubits and twenty-eight digits in the more ancient of the two, which was situated on length, twelve cubits in breadth, and five in height. the southern side, and opposite to Egina, was deserted This remarkable edifice was placed by the entrance of in his time. The other stood in a bay, formed by a the temple, it being found impossible, it would seem,neck of land which advanced towards Áttica. (Strato drag it within, although Herodotus assigns a differ-bo, 393.) Both were called by the same name with ent reason (2, 175).—When Egypt had fallen under the island. Pausanias remarks, that the city of Salathe Persian power, Memphis became the new capital, mis was destroyed by the Athenians, in consequence and Saïs was neglected. It did not, however, fall as of its having surrendered to the Macedonians when low as the other cities of the Delta. Strabo, even in the former people were at war with Cassander; there his days, acknowledges it to have been the chief city still remained, however, some ruins of the agora, and of Lower Egypt; he speaks also of a temple of Neith, a temple dedicated to Ajax. Chandler states that the and of the tomb of Psammitichus. In another pas- walls may still be traced, and appear to have been sage, he remarks, that somewhat to the south of this about four miles in circumference (vol. 2, ch. 46.city was a very sacred temple of Osiris, in which, ac- Compare Gell, Itin., p. 303).—Salamis, according to cording to tradition, that deity was buried. (Strab., the Greek geographers, measured seventy or eighty 802.) Saïs was also famous for its festival of lamps. I stadia in length, or between nine and ten miles. Its

present name is Colouri, which is that also of the prin- | tance from each other, under the name of Salpi, which cipal town. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 364, confirms this account of Vitruvius (1, 4.-Compare seqq.)-III. A city in the island of Cyprus, situate Cicero, de Leg. Agr., 2.-Plin., 3, 11.-Cramer's about the middle of the eastern side. It was founded Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 284). by Teucer, son of Telamon, and called by him after SALASSI, a people of Gallia Cisalpina, in the northSalamis, his native place, from which he had been ban- western angle of that country, and at the foot of the ished by his father. (Horat., 1, 7, 21.) This city Alps. The main part of their territory lay chiefy, was the largest, strongest, and most important one in however, in a long valley, which reached to the sum the island. (Drod. Sic., 14, 98.-Id., 16, 42.) Its mits of the Graian and Pennine Alps, the Lattle and harbour was secure, and protected against every wind, Great St. Bernard. The passages over these mountand sufficiently large to contain an entire fleet. (Scy-ains into Gaul were too important an object for the lax, p. 41.-Diod., 20, 21.) The monarchs of Sala-Romans not to make them anxious to secure them by mis exercised a leading influence in the affairs of the the conquest of the Salassi. But these hardy mountisland, and the conquest of this place involved the aineers, though attacked as early as 609 U.C., held fate of Cyprus at large. (Diod., . c.-Id., 12, 3.) out for a long time, and were not finally subdued till Under the Roman dominion the entire eastern part of the reign of Augustus. Such was the difficult nature the island was attached to the jurisdiction of Salamis. of their country, that they could easily intercept all The insurrection of the Jews in Trajan's reign brought communication through the valleys by occupying with it the ruin of a great portion of the city (Euseb., heights. Strabo represents them as carrying on a Chron., ann. 19, Traj.—Oros., 7, 12); it did not, sort of predatory warfare, during which they seized however, cause the entire downfall of Salamis, as it is and ransomed some distinguished Romans, and even still mentioned after this period by Ptolemy and in the ventured to plunder the baggage and military chest of Peutinger Table. In the reign of Constantine, how- Julius Cæsar. Augustus caused their country at last ever, an earthquake and inundation of the sea com- to be occupied permanently by a large force under pleted the downfall of the place, and a large portion of Terentius Varro. A large number of the Salassi perthe inhabitants were buried beneath is ruins. (Ce-ished in this last war, and the rest, to the number of drenus, ad ann. 29, Constant. Mag.-Malala, Chron., 1. xii., Sub. Constantio Chloro.) Constantius restored it, made it the capital of the whole island, and called it, from his own name, Constania. (Hierocles, p. 706.) A few remains of this aty still exist. (Pococke, 2, p. 313.— Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 572, seqq.)

coast.

the

36,000, were sold and reduced to slavery. (Strabe, 205.-Dio Cass., 1, 53. — Oros., 5, 4. — Liv., Epil., 53.) A city was built on the ground occupied by Varro's camp, and Augustus honoured the rising ony by giving it the name of Augusta Prætoria, now Aosta. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 49, seqq.)

(Strab., 277, 281.) It was asserted that they were a colony of Cretans, who, under the conduct of Idome neus their king, had arrived thither in their wandern after the capture of Troy. (Virg., En., 3, 400) The Romans, under pretence of their having assisted Pyrrhus in his expedition into Italy, soon after invaded the territory of this insignificant people, and had no difficulty in taking the few towns which they possess ed. (Florus, 1, 20.-Liv., Epit., 15.) The Sen tini subsequently revolted, during the second Punic war, but they were again reduced by the consul Claữdius Nero. (Liv., 27, 36.)-It is probable that they derived their name from a town called Salentia, the existence of which is, however, only attested by Stephanus Byzantinus, who calls it a Messapian CT (S v. Zaλevría).—The Salentinian promontory is the same with the Iapygian. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 313.)

col

SALENTINI, a people of Italy, in the territory of SALAPIA, a city of Apulia, near the coast, above the Messapia. They cannot be distinguished with actu river Aufidius, and between that river and the Salapi- racy from the Calabri, as we find the former appella na Palus. According to Strabo, it was the emporium tion used by several writers in a very extensive sense. of Arpi: without such a thority, however, we should and applied, not only to the greater part of Messap have fixed upon Sipontim as answering that purpose or Iapygia, but even to districts entirely removed from better, from its greater proximity. (Strab., 282.) This it. Strabo himself confesses the difficulty of assign town laid claim to a Grecian origin. The Rhodians, ing any exact limits to these two people; and he con who early distinguished themselves by a spirit of en- tents himself with observing, that the country of the terprise in navigation, asserted, that, among other dis-Salentini lay properly around the Iapygian promontory. tant colonies, they had founded, in conjunction with some Coans, a city named Salpia, on the Daunian This account of Strabo's (654) seems confirmed by Vitravius, who attributes the foundation of this settlement to a Rhodian chief named Elpias (1,4.-Compare Meurs. in Rhod., 1, 18). It is probable, however, that Salapia was at first dependant upon the more powerful city of Arpi, and, like that city, it subsequently lost much of the peculiar character which belonged to the Greek colonies from its intercourse with the natives. We do not hear of Salapia in Roman history till the second Punic war, when it is represented as falling into the hands of the Carthaginians, after the battle of Canna (Liv., 24, 20); but, not long after, it was delivered up to Marcellus by the party which favoured the Roman interest, together with the garrison which Hannibal had placed there. (Lavy, 26, 28.) The Carthaginian general seems to have felt the loss of this town severely; and SALERNUM, a city of Campania, southeast of Nesp it was probably the desire of revenge which prompted olis, and near the shore of the Sinus Pastanus. It him, after the death and defeat of Marcellus, to adopt was said to have been built by the Romans as a check the stratagem of sending letters, sealed with that com- upon the Picentini. It was not, therefore, like the mander's ring, to the magistrates of the town, in order modern town of Salerno, close to the sea, but on the to obtain admission with his troops. The Salapitani, height above, where considerable remains have been however, being warned of his design, the attempt observed. (Cluv., Ital. Antiq., vol. 2, proved abortive. (Liv., 27, 28.-App., Han., 51.) manelli, vol. 3, p. 612.) According to Livy, Sare The proximity of Salapia to the lake or marsh already num became a Roman colony seven years after the mentioned, is said to have proved so injurious to the conclusion of the second Punic war (34, 45-Vell health of the inhabitants, that some years after these Paterc., 1, 14).-Horace tells us, that the air of Se events they removed nearer the coast, where they lernum was recommended to him by his physician for built a new town, with the assistance of M. Hostilius, complaint in his eyes. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2,

a

a Roman prætor, who caused a communication to be p. 214, seqq.) opened between the lake and the sea. Considerable

p.

1189-R

SALII, I. a college of priests at Rome, instituted m

remains of both towns are still standing, at some dis-honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to take care