ental etymologies, is remembered only to be condemn-sea-god. He styles him, like Nereus and Phorcys, a ed. (Asiatic Researches, vol. 5, p. 298.) On the Sea-elder, and gives him the power of foretelling the supposition that Proserpina was regarded as the daugh- future. (Od., 4, 384; 5, 561.) He calls him Egypter of Mother Earth, and a personification of the corn, tian, and the servant of Neptune (Od., 5, 385), and her name will signify Food-shower (from pépw, pépbw, says that his task was keeping the seals or seacalves. "to feed," and páw, paívw, “to show."— Völcker, (Ód., 5, 411.) When Menelaus was wind-bound at Myth. der Iap., p. 201, seq.) Regarded, however, as the island of Pharos, off the coast of Egypt, and he the queen of the monarch of Erebus, the appellation and his crew were suffering from want of food, Erwill mean Light-destroyer, the first part of the name dothea, the daughter of Proteus, accosted him, and, being akin to up, "fire," and to the Pers in Perse bringing sealskins, directed him to disguise himself and Perseus. (Schwenck, Andeut., p. 247.) The and three of his companions in them; and when Procommon explanation of the term is Death-bearer, from teus, at noon, should come up out of the sea and go to pépw, “to bear," and póvoç, “destruction," "death." sleep amid his herds, to seize and hold him till he disThe Persephatta of the Dramatists seems to be only closed some means of relief from their present distress. a corruption of Persephone, and the same remark may Menelaus obeyed the nymph; and Proteus came up be made of the Latin Proserpina. Vossius is right in and counted his herds, and then lay down to rest. condemning the etymology given by Arnobius: "Di- The hero immediately seized him, and the god turned citis quod sata in lucem proserpant, cognominatam himself into a lion, a serpent, a pard, a boar, water, esse Proserpinam." (Arnob., 3, p. 119.) According and a tree. At length, finding he could not escape, to Knight, Proserpina was in reality the personification he resumed his own form, and revealed to Menelaus of the heat or fire supposed to pervade the earth, which the remedy for his distress. He at the same time inwas held to be at once the cause and effect of fertility formed him of the situation of his friends, and particand destruction, as being at once the cause and effect ularly notices his having seen Ulysses in the island of of fermentation, from which both proceed. (Knight's Calypso-a clear proof that his own abode was not conInquiry, 117.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 39.) fined to the coast of Egypt. Homer does not name the parent of this marine deity, and there is no mention of him in the Theogony. Apollodorus makes him the son of Neptune, and Euripides would seem to make Nereus his sire. (Apollod., 2, 5, 9.- Eurip., Hel., 15.) Those who embraced the theory of representing the gods as having been originally mere men, said that Proteus was a king of Egypt; and the Egyptian priests told how he detained Helen when Paris was driven to Egypt, and gave him an image or phantom in her stead, and then restored her to Menelaus. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 246, seq.) The name of this deity, signifying First (πрò, πрштоç), has induced Creuzer to consider him as representing the various forms and shapes assumed by the primitive matter ( bλn πршτóуovos), the substance itself remaining always the same. (Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 425.)

PROTAGORAS, a Greek philosopher, a native of Abdera, and disciple of Democritus. In his youth, his poverty obliged him to perform the servile offices of a porter; and he was frequently employed in carrying logs of wood from the neighbouring fields of Abdera. It happened, that as he was going on briskly one day towards the city under one of these loads, he was met by Democritus, who was particularly struck with the neatness and regularity of the bundle. Desiring him to stop and rest himself, Democritus examined more closely the structure of the load, and found that it was put together with mathematical exactness. On this he invited the youth to follow him, and, taking him to his own house, maintained him at his own expense and taught him philosophy. Protagoras afterward aсquired reputation at Athens, among the sophists, for his eloquence, and among the philosophers for his wis- PROTOGENES, a very eminent painter and statuary, dom. His public lectures were much frequented, and one of the contemporaries of Apelles. He appears, he had many disciples, from whom he received the however, to have survived the latter artist, inasmuch most liberal rewards, so that, as Plato relates, he be- as he was still living in Olymp. 119, when Rhodes came exceedingly rich. At length, however, he brought was besieged by Demetrius. Meyer (Hist. Art., 1, upon himself the displeasure of the Athenian state, by 180) conjectures, with considerable probability, that he teaching doctrines favourable to impiety. His wri was born about Olymp. 104. Protogenes was a natings were ordered to be diligently collected by the tive of Caunus, a Carian city, subject to the Rhodians. common crier, and burned in the market-place, and he Suidas alone makes him to have been born at Xanhimself was banished from Attica. He wrote many thus in Lycia. His early efforts were made amid the pieces upon logic, metaphysics, ethics, and politics, pressure of very contracted means. Who his masnone of which are at present extant. After having ter was is unknown; and necessity for a long time lived many years in Epirus, he was lost by sea on his compelled him to employ his abilities on subjects altovoyage from that country to Sicily. The tenets of gether unworthy of them. Compelled to paint ornaProtagoras, as far as they have been discovered, ap-ments on vessels in order to secure a livelihood, he pear to have leaned towards scepticism. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 432, seqq.)

passed fifty years of his life without the gifts of fortune, and without any marked reputation. His talents PROTESILAUS, a king of part of Thessaly, son of and perseverance at length triumphed over every obIphiclus, originally called Iolaus, grandson of Phyla-stacle; and possibly the generous aid of Apelles may cus, and brother to Alcimede, the mother of Jason. He married Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, and, some time after, departed with the rest of the Greeks for the Trojan war. He was the first of the Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore, and was killed as soon as he had leaped from his ship. Homer has not mentioned the person who slew him. His wife Laodamia destroyed herself when she heard of his death. (Vid. Laodamia.) Protesilaus has received the patronymic of Phylacides, either because he was descended from Phylacus, or because he was a native of Phylace. (Hom., Il., 2, 698.- Ovid, Met., 12, fab., 1.-Her., 13.-Propert., 1, 19.-Hygin., fab., 103.)

PROTEUS, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to some, of Neptune and Phoenice. In the fourth book of the Odyssey Homer introduces this

have contributed to hasten this result; for the latter, on perceiving that the paintings of Protogenes were neither sought after nor held in much estimation by the Rhodians, is said to have purchased some himself at the high price of fifty talents, and to have openly declared that he intended to sell them again for his own productions. This friendly stratagem opened at length the eyes of his contemporaries, and Protogenes rose rapidly in fame. Pliny tells a very pleasing story of Apelles and Protogenes. The former having come to Rhodes, where Protogenes was residing, paid a visit to the artist, but, not finding him at home, obtained permission, from a domestic in waiting, to enter the atelier of the painter. Finding here a piece of canvass ready on the frame for the artist's pencil, he drew upon it a line (according to some, a figure in outline) with

Quintilian mentions as his great characteristic; and Petronius likewise observes, that his outlines vied in accuracy with the works of nature themselves. (Quintil., 12, 10.-Petron., Sat., 84.)

wonderful precision, and then retired without disclosing his name. Protogenes, on returning home, and discovering what had been done, exclaimed that Apelles alone could have executed such a sketch. Still, however, he drew another himself, a line more perfect PROXENUS, a Boeotian, one of the commanders of than that of Apelles, and left directions with his do- the Greek forces in the army of Cyrus the younger. mestic, that, when the stranger should call again, he He was put to death with his fellow-commanders by should be shown what had been done by him. Apel- Artaxerxes. Proxenus was the one who induced les came accordingly, and perceiving that his line had Xenophon to join in the expedition of Cyrus, and, after been excelled by Protogenes, drew a third one still the death of Proxenus, Xenophon was chosen to supply more perfect than the other two, and cutting both. his place. (Anab., 1, 1, 11.—Ibid., 2, 6, 1, &c.) Protogenes now confessed himself vanquished; he PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS, a Latin poet, ran to the harbour, sought for Apelles, and the two ar- who flourished about A.D. 392. He was born at Caltists became the warmest friends. (Consult, as re- agurris (Calahorra), or, according to a less probable gards the question whether the story refers to a mere opinion, at Cæsaraugusta (Saragossa). (Nic. Anton., number of separate lines having been drawn on this Bibl. Vet. Hisp., 2, 10, p. 218, seqq.—Middeldorpf, occasion, or to entire outlines, the remarks of Quatre- de Prudentio, &c., Wratislav., 1823, 4to, p. 3, seqq.) mere de Quincy, Mem. de l'Instit., vol. 7.—Journ. Some particulars of his life are given in the poetical des Sav., Avril, 1823, p. 219.-Magasin Encyclop., preface, appended to one of his works (Kanepiviv 1808, vol, 4, p. 153, 407.) The canvass containing Liber), from which we learn, that, according to the this famous trial of skill became highly prized, and at custom of his time, he first attended the schools of a later day was placed in the palace of the Cæsars at rhetoric, and then followed the profession of an advoRome. It was destroyed by a conflagration, together cate, in which he appears to have acquired considerawith the edifice itself. Protogenes was employed for ble reputation, as. he was twice appointed Præfectus seven years in finishing a picture of Ialysus, a cele- Urbis, but over what places is not mentioned. He brated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of was, after this, elected to a still higher office, but Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During all this whether military or civil in its nature is uncertain, time the painter lived only upon lupines and water, probably the latter: this was under the Emperor Thethinking that such aliments would leave him greater odosius. (Middeldorpf, p. 8, seqq.-Nic. Anton, p. flights of fancy; but all this did not seem to make him 221.) At last, at the age of fifty-seven (Præf. ad more successful in the perfection of his picture. He Cath., v. 1, seqq.), he abandoned the world, in order was to represent in the piece a dog panting, and with to pass the remainder of his days in devotion. From froth at his mouth; but this he never could do with this period (A.D. 405) to the time of his death (about satisfaction to himself; and, when all his labours seem- A.D. 413), he is supposed to have been occupied with ed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the composition of the works that have come down to the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to us. Prudentius is sometimes styled "the first Chrisperfection what the labours of art could not accom- tian poet;" a title, however, which means but little. plish the fall of the sponge upon the picture repre- In no case can he be compared with the classic wrisented the froth at the mouth of the dog in the most ters. He is even decidedly inferior to Claudian and perfect and natural manner, and the piece was univer- Ausonius. His style is often marked by inaccuracies, sally admired. The same story is told of Nealces and he offends heavily against the laws of metre.while engaged in painting a horse; and probably one The poem entitled Apotheosis is directed against the of these anecdotes has been copied from the other. Patripassians, Sabellians, and other heretics; and we According to Pliny, Protogenes painted this picture may regard as a continuation of it the other poem with four layers of colours, in such a way, that, when" On the Origin of Sin" (Hamartigenia, 'Aμapriyéone was destroyed by the hand of time, the layer un- veta). In this latter production the author refutes the derneath would reproduce the piece in all its original error of the Marcionites and Manichæans, who attribufreshness and beauty. The account appears a diffi- ted the origin of evil to an evil principle. The Psychocult one to comprehend. Apelles, on seeing this pro-machia (Yvyouaxía) describes the combats between our duction of the pencil, is said to have broken out into loud expressions of admiration; but what consoled him was the reflection that his own pieces surpassed those of Protogenes in grace. When Demetrius besieged Rhodes, he refused to set fire to a part of the city, which might have made him master of the whole, because he was informed that this part contained some of the finest productions of the pencil of the artist. Protogenes himself occupied, during the siege, a house in the suburbs, in the very midst of the enemy's lines; and when Demetrius expressed his astonishment at the feeling of security which the painter displayed, the latter replied, "I know very well that Demetrius is making war upon the Rhodians, not upon the arts." The prince thereupon, for greater safety, posted a guard around his dwelling. During the reign of Tiberius, sketches and designs of Protogenes were to be seen at Rome, which were regarded as models of the beau ideal. His picture of Ialysus was brought from Greece, and placed in the temple of Peace in the Roman capital, where it perished in a conflagration.-Protogenes was also an excellent modeller, and executed several statues in bronze. Suidas states that he wrote two works, on painting and on figures. (Plin., 35, 10, 36.)-The talents of Protogenes were not so fertile as those of many artists, a circumstance to be ascribed to his minute and scrupulous care. This is the quality which

virtues and vices, of which the heart is the arena. We may also regard as didactic the poem of Prudentius against Symmachus (contra Symmachi Orationem libri duo), relative to the restoration of the altar of Victory. The poet gives the origin of the gods of mythology, and narrates their scandalous histories; and he then proceeds to show, that Rome could never have owed her greatness to such contemptible divinities. The lyric pieces of Prudentius form two collections; one entitled Kalnuɛpiviv Liber, containing twelve hymns for the different parts of the year and for certain festivals; the other, De Coronis, or Пep orɛpávwv Liber, comprising fourteen hymns in honour of as many martyrs. These lyric effusions contain some agreeable and touching passages, and Christian sentiments expressed with great force, but also a great many superstitious ideas. Those of them that are written in elegiac measure are distinguished by facility of versification: as, for example, the hymn in honour of St. Hippolytus. There is also attributed to Prudentius a Biblical Manual (Diptychon seu Enchiridium utriusque Testamenti), containing an abridgment of Sacred History in forty-nine sections, each section consisting of four verses. It is doubtful, however, whether Prudentius ever wrote it. Some are of opinion that it is the production of a native of Spain, who lived in the fifth century, and who is named Pre

PSAMMENITUS, the last king of Egypt, and a member of the Saïtic dynasty, the twenty-sixth of the royal lines that ruled in this country. Julius Africanus calls him Psammecherites. He was the son and successor of Amasis, and ascended the throne at the very moment that Cambyses was marching against Egypt to dethrone the father. Psammenitus met Cambyses on the frontiers, near the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, with all his forces, Egyptians, Greeks, and Carians, but was totally defeated in a bloody battle. Shutting himself up in Memphis, he was besieged here by Cambyses, and, according to Ctesias, was finally betrayed and taken prisoner. All Egypt thereupon fell under the Persian power, and the reign of Psammenitus ended after a duration of only six months. The greatest outrages were heaped upon the unfortunate monarch and his family; but the firmness with which he endured them all touched at last even the ferocious Cambyses with compassion. Psammenitus was thereupon retained at court, treated with honour, and finally sent to Susa along with 6000 Egyptian captives. Having been accused, however, subsequently, of attempting to stir up a revolt, he was compelled to drink bull's blood, and ended his days. (Herod., 3, 10, seqq.-Ctes., Pers., 9.— Bähr, ad Ctes., 1. c.— St. Martin, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 36, p. 177, seq.)

dentius Amoenus in a Strasburg manuscript. (Fabric., | father, caused him to be assassinated. (Liv., Epit., Comment. ad Poet., p. 7.-Leyser, Hist. Poet., p. 50.-Justin, 34, 4.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. 10.) The best editions of Prudentius are, that of 417.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 169.) Weitzius, Hannov., 1613, 8vo; that of Cellarius, Hal., 1703, 1739, 8vo; and that of Teollius, Parma, 1788, 2 vols. 4to. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 72, seqq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 2, p. 41, seqq.) PRUSA, a city of Bithynia, at the foot of Mount Olympus, and hence called Prusa ad Olympum (Пpoùσа èпì тÿ 'Оhúμm). Pliny asserts, without naming his authority, that this town was founded by Hannibal (5, 32). By which expression we are probably to understand that it was built at the instigation of this great general, when he resided at the court of Prusias, from whom the name of the city seems evidently derived. But Strabo, following a still more remote tradition, affirms that it was founded by Prusias, who made war against Croesus. (Strab., 564.) In Stephanus, who copies Strabo, the latter name is altered to Cyrus (s. v. Пpovoa). But it is probable that both readings are faulty, though it is not easy to see what substitution should be made. (Consult the French Strabo, vol. 4, lib. 12, p. 82.) Dio Chrysostom, who was a native of Prusa, did not favour the tradition which ascribed to it so early an origin as that authorized by the reading in Strabo. (Orat., 43, p. 585.) Stephanus informs us that Prusa was but a small town. Strabo, however, states that it enjoyed a good government. It continued to flourish under the Roman empire, as may be seen from Pliny the younger (10, 85); but under the Greek emperors it suffered much from the wars carried on against the Turks. (Nicet. Chon., p. 186, D., p. 389, A.) It finally remained in the hands of the descendants of Osman, who made it the capital of their empire, under the corrupted name of Brusa or Broussa. It is still one of the most flourishing towns possessed by the infidels in Anatolia. (Browne's Travels, in Walpole's Tur-country by the inhabitants of the Saïtic nome. It key, vol. 2, p. 108.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 176.)

PRUSIAS, I. king of Bithynia, son of Zielas, began to reign about B.C. 228, and was still reigning B.C. 190, at the time of the war between the Romans and Antiochus; for Polybius intimates that the Prusias who was solicited by Antiochus had been reigning for some time. (Polyb., 21, 9.) In B.C. 216 Prusias defeated the Gauls in a great battle. (Polyb., 5, 111.) In B.C. 207 he invaded the territories of Attalus I. He was included in the treaty with Philip in B.C. 205. (Liv., 29, 12.) Strabo asserts that it was this, the elder, Prusias with whom Hannibal sought refuge. (Strab., 563.) And the accounts of other writers contain nothing to disprove this testimony. But if the elder Prusias received Hannibal, he was still living at the death of Hannibal in B.C. 183. (Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. 415, seq.)—II. The second of the name appears to have ascended the throne of Bithynia between B.C. 183 and B.C. 179. The two reigns of Prusias I. and Prusias II. occupied a period of about 79 years (B.C. 228-150). Prusias II. married the sister of Perseus, king of Macedon. (Appian, Bell. Mithrad., c. 2.) He was surnamed ó Kvvnyós, or The Hunter, and was long engaged in war with Attalus, king of Pergamus. He is commonly supposed to have been the monarch who abandoned Hannibal when the latter was sought after by the Romans; though Strabo assigns this to Prusias I. This monarch extended considerably the limits of the Bithynian empire, by the accession of some important towns conceded to him by his ally Philip of Macedon (Strab., 563.-Liv., 32, 34), and several advantages gained over the Byzantines and King Attalus. But the latter was finally able to overcome his antagonist, by stirring up against him his own son Nicomedes, who, after drawing the troops from their allegiance to his

PSAMMITICHUS, the first king of Egypt who opened that country to strangers, and induced the Greeks to come and settle in it. He was the fourth prince of the Saïtic dynasty, and the son of Necos or Nechao, who had been put to death by the Ethiopians, at that time masters of Egypt. Psammitichus, being quite young at the time of his father's death, had been carried into Syria to avoid a similar fate, and, after the retreat of the conquerors, was recalled to his native

would seem that the Ethiopians, on their departure, had left Egypt a prey to trouble and dissension, and that the early princes of the Saïtic dynasty, also, had never enjoyed sovereign authority over the whole kingdom. When Psammitichus, therefore, ascended the throne, he was obliged to share his power with eleven other monarchs, and Egypt was thus divided into twelve independent sovereignties. This form of government was like what the Greeks called a duodecarchy (dvodɛkapxía). The twelve kings regulated in common, in a general council, all that related to the affairs of the kingdom considered as a whole. This state of things lasted for fifteen years, when it met with a singular termination. An oracle had declared that the whole kingdom would fall to the lot of that one of the twelve monarchs who should one day offer a libation with a brazen cup. It happened, then, one day, that the kings were all sacrificing in common in the temple of Vulcan at Memphis, and that the high priest, who distributed the golden cups for libations, had brought with him, by some accident, only eleven. When it came, therefore, to the turn of Psammitichus, who was the last in order to pour out a libation, he unthinkingly employed for this purpose his brazen helmet. This incident occasioned great disquiet to his colleagues, who thought they saw in it the fulfilment of the oracle. Being unable, however, with any appearance of justice, to punish an unpremeditated act, they contented themselves with banishing him to his own kingdom, which lay on the coast, and with forbidding him to take any part thereafter in the general affairs of the country. Psammitichus, however, retaliated upon them by calling to his aid some Greek mercenaries who had landed on the Egyptian shore, and eventually conquered all his colleagues, and made himself master of the whole of Egypt, B.C. 652. The monarch now recompensed his Greek allies, not only

Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p.

by paying them the sums of money which he had prom-|rea, p. 122. ised, but also in assigning them lands on the Syrian | 323.) frontier, where they formed, in fact, a military colony. PSYCHE (UX), a young maiden beloved by Cupid, Psammitichus showed a great partiality for the Greeks and of whom the following legend is related by Apuon all occasions; and, in a Syrian expedition, he gave leius: She was the daughter of a king and queen, and them the place of honour on the right, while he as- the youngest of three sisters. Her beauty was so resigned the left to the Egyptians. The discontent of markable that people crowded from all parts to gaze the national troops was so great at this, that a large upon her charms, altars were erected to her, and she number of the military caste, amounting, it is said, to was worshipped as a second Venus. The Queen of 240,000 men, left Egypt and retired to Ethiopia. Love was irritated at seeing her own altars neglected (Consult, on this subject, the learned note of St. Mar- and her adorers diminishing. She summoned her son, tin, Biogr. Univ., vol. 36, p. 180, seq.) So strong and ordered him to inspire Psyche with a passion for was the partiality of Psammitichus for everything some vile and abject wretch. The goddess then deGreek, that he caused a number of children to be parted, after having conducted her son to the city where trained up after the Grecian manner, and with these Psyche dwelt, and left him to execute her mandate. he formed the caste of interpreters, whom Herodotus Meantime Psyche, though adored by all, was sought as found in his day existing in Egypt. Psammitichus a wife by none. Her sisters, who were far inferior to also embellished his capital with several beautiful her in charms, were married, but she remained single, structures, and, among others, with the southern pro-hating that beauty which all admired. Her father conpyleæa of the great temple of Vulcan. He carried on sulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to expose a long war in Syria, and his forces are said to have her on a rock, whence she would be carried away by remained 29 years before the city of Azotus. It was a monster. The oracle was obeyed, and Psyche, amid during this period, probably, that he arrested by pres- the tears of the people, was placed on a lofty crag. ents the victorious career of the Scythians, who had Here, while she sat weeping, a zephyr, sent for the overrun Asia Minor, and were advancing upon Pales- purpose, gently raised and carried her to a charming tine and Egypt. This event would seem to have valley. Overcome by grief, she fell asleep, and, on happened 626 B.C., or in the 13th year of the reign awakening, beholds a grove with a fountain in the of the Jewish king Josiah, when the prophet Isaiah midst of it, and near it a stately palace of most splenannounced the approaching irruption of the Scythians did structure. Venturing to enter this palace, she goes into the territories of Israel. Psammitichus died after over it, lost in admiration of its magnificence; when, a reign of 54 years, leaving the crown to his son Ne- suddenly, she hears a voice, telling her that all there is cos.-Herodotus relates a very foolish story of Psam- hers, and that her commands will be obeyed. She mitichus, who, it seems, was desirous of ascertaining bathes, sits down to a rich repast, and is regaled with what nation was the most ancient in the world; or, music by invisible performers. At night she retires in other words, what was the primitive language of to bed; an unseen youth addresses her in the softest men. In order to discover this, he took two newly-accents, and she becomes his bride. Her sisters, born children, and, having caused them to be placed meanwhile, had come to console their parents for the in a lonely hut, directed a shepherd to nourish them loss of Psyche, whose invisible spouse informs her of with the milk of goats, which animals were sent in to the event, and warns her of the danger likely to arise them at stated times, and to take care himself never from it. Moved by the tears of his bride, however, to utter a word in their hearing. The object was to he consents that her sisters should come to the palace. ascertain what words they would first utter of them- The obedient zephyr conveys them thither. They selves. At length, on one occasion, when the shep-grow envious of Psyche's happiness, and try to perherd went in to them as usual, both the children, run-suade her that her invisible lord is a serpent, who will ning up to him, called out Bekos. Psammitichus, on being informed of the circumstance, made inquiries about the word, and found that it was the Phrygian term for bread. He therefore concluded that the Phrygians were the most ancient of men! The truth is, the cry which the children uttered (supposing the story to be true) was bek (with the Greek termination as given by Herodotus, bek-os), and the children had learned it from the cry of the goats which suckled them. (Herod., 2, 151, seqq.-St. Martin, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 36, p. 178, seqq.)-II. A descendant of the preceding, who came to the throne about 400 B.C., as a kind of vassal-king to Persia. (St. Martin, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 36, p. 181.)

finally devour her. By their advice she provides herself with a lamp and a razor to destroy the monster. When her husband was asleep, she arose, took her lamp from its place of concealment, and approached the couch: but there she beheld, instead of a dragon, Love himself. Filled with amazement at his beauty, she leaned in rapture over him: a drop of oil fell from the lamp on the shoulder of the god: he awoke and flew away. Psyche caught at him as he rose, and was raised into the air, but fell; and, as she lay, the god reproached her from a cypress for her breach of faith. The abandoned Psyche now roams through the world in search of Cupid, and making many fruitless endeavours to destroy herself. She arrives at the kingPSOPHIS, a very ancient city in the northwestern dom of her sisters; and, by a false tale of Cupid's love part of Arcadia. Pausanias places it at the foot of the for them, causes them to cast themselves from the rock chain of Erymanthus, from which descended a river on which she had been exposed, and through their of the same name, which flowed near the city, and, af- credulity they perish. She still roams on, persecuted ter receiving another small stream called Aroanius, and subjected to numerous trials by Venus. This godjoined the Alpheus on the borders of Elis (8, 24). dess, bent on her destruction, despatches her to ProPsophis itself had previously borne the names of Ery-serpina with a box, to request some of her beauty. manthus and Phegea. At the time of the Social war, Psyche accomplishes her mission in safety; but, as it was in the possession of the Eleans, on whose ter- she is returning, she thinks she may venture to open ritory it bordered, as well as on that of the Achæans; the box and take a portion for herself. She opens the and, as it was a place of considerable strength, proved box, when, instead of beauty, there issues from it a a source of great annoyance to the latter people. It dense, black exhalation, and the imprudent Psyche was taken by Philip, king of Macedon, then in alliance falls to the ground in a deep slumber from its effects. with the Achæans, and made over by him to the latter In this state she is found by Cupid, who had escaped people, who garrisoned it with their troops.-The re-by the window of the chamber where he had been conmains of Psophis are to be seen near the Khan of Tripotamia, so called from the junction of three rivers. (Puoqueville, vol. 5, p. 448. Gell, Itinerary of Mo

fined by his mother: he awakens her with the point of one of his arrows, reproaches her with her curiosity, and then proceeds to the palace of Jupiter, to interest

jects at home, and established many wise regulations for the improvement of his people, and the cultivation of literature and the arts. He died at the age of eightyfour, having governed Egypt as viceroy for seventeen years, and then ruled over it as monarch for twentythree years.

him in her favour. Jupiter takes pity on her and en- | Ptolemy was not negligent of the interests of his subdows her with immortality: Venus is reconciled, and the marriage of Psyche with Cupid takes place amid great joy in the skies. The offspring of their union was a child, whom his parents named Pleasure. (Apuleius, Met., 4, 83, seqq.-Op., ed Oudend., vol. 1, p. 300, seqq. Keightley's Mythology, p. 148, seqq. The date of his death is B.C. 283. Among the various explanations that have been given (Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 184.-Id ib., p. 237. of this beautiful legend, the following appears the -Id. ib., vol. 2, p. 379.) He was succeeded by his most satisfactory: This fable, it is said, is a represent- son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who had been his partner ation of the human soul (vxý). The soul, which is on the throne the last two years of his reign. Ptoleof divine origin, is here below subjected to error in its my has been commended for his abilities not only as a prison-house, the body. Hence trials and purifications sovereign, but as a writer; and among the many valare set before it, that it may become capable of a uable compositions of antiquity which have been lost, higher view of things, and of true desire. Two loves we have to lament a history of the life and expeditions meet it the earthly, a deceiver, who draws it down to of Alexander the Great by the King of Egypt, greatly earthly things; the heavenly, who directs its view to admired and valued for elegance and authenticity, and the original, fair and divine, and who, gaining the vic- from which Arrian obtained important materials for his tory over his rival, leads off the soul as his bride. work on the same subject.-II. Son of Ptolemy the (Hirt, Berlin Akad., 1816.-Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. First, succeeded his father on the Egyptian throne, and 3, p. 573.) was called Philadelphus from the affection entertained PSYLLI, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, very ex-by him for his sister and wife Arsinoë. He showed pert in curing the venomous bite of serpents, which himself worthy in every respect to succeed his great had no fatal effect upon them. They were destroyed father, and, conscious of the advantages which arise by the Nasamones, a neighbouring people. It seems from an alliance with powerful nations, he sent amvery probable that the Nasamones circulated the idle bassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of the Rostory respecting the destruction of the Psylli, which mans, whose name and military reputation had become Herodotus relates, without, however, giving credit to universally known for the victories which they had it. He states that a south wind had dried up all the just obtained over Pyrrhus and the Tarentines. But reservoirs of the Psylli, and that the whole country, while Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliances with as far as the Syrtes, was destitute of water. They re- foreign powers, the internal peace of his kingdom was solved, accordingly, after a public consultation, to disturbed by the revolt of Magas, his brother, king of make an expedition against the south wind; but, hav- Cyrene. The sedition, however, was stopped, though ing reached the deserts, the south wind overwhelmed kindled by Antiochus, king of Syria, and the death of them beneath the sands. (Lucan, 9, 894, 937.—He- the rebellious prince re-established peace for some rod., 4, 172.-Pausan., 9, 28.) time in the family of Philadelphus. Antiochus, the Syrian king, married Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy; and the father, though old and infirm, conducted his daughter to her husband's kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials. Philadelphus died in the sixty-fourth

PTERĬA, a small territory, forming part of Cappadocia according to Herodotus (1, 76), or, more properly speaking, of Paphlagonia, and in the vicinity of the city of Sinope. Here the first battle took place between Croesus and Cyrus. (Herod., l. c.—. -Lar-year of his age, two hundred and forty-six years before cher, Hist. Herod., vol. 8, p. 468.)

the Christian era. He left two sons and a daughter PTOLEMÆUS, I. surnamed Soter, and sometimes by Arsinoe, the daughter of Lysimachus. He had Lagi (i. e., son of Lagus), king of Egypt, and son of afterward married his sister Arsinoë, whom he loved Arsinoë, who, when pregnant by Philip of Macedonia, with uncommon tenderness, and to whose memory married Lagus. (Vid. Lagus.) Ptolemy was edu- he began to erect a celebrated monument. (Vid. Dicated in the court of the King of Macedonia. He be- nocrates.) During the whole of his reign, Philadelcame one of the friends and associates of Alexander, phus was employed in exciting industry, and in encouraand, when that monarch invaded Asia, the son of Ar- ging the liberal arts and useful knowledge among his sinoë attended him as one of his generals. During subjects. The inhabitants of the adjacent countries the expedition he behaved with uncommon valour; were allured by promises and presents to increase the he killed one of the Indian monarchs in single com- number of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolemy could bat, and it was to his prudence and courage that Alex- boast of reigning over numerous well-peopled cities. ander was indebted for the reduction of the rock Aor- He gave every possible encouragement to commerce; nus. After the conqueror's death, in the general di- and by keeping two powerful flects, one in the Medivision of the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy obtained terranean, and the other in the Red Sea, he made as his share the government of Egypt, with Libya, Egypt the mart of the world. His army consisted of and part of the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, besides 300 elephants, this appointment the governor soon gained the esteem and 2000 armed chariots. With justice, therefore, he of the people by acts of kindness, by benevolence and has been called the richest of all the princes and monclemency, though he did not assume the title of inde-archs of his age; and, indeed, the remark is not false, pendent monarch till seventeen years after. He made when it is observed that at his death he left in his himself master of Colosyria, Phoenicia, and the neigh- treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent bouring coast of Syria; and when he had reduced Je- to two hundred millions sterling. His palace was the rusalem, he carried above 100,000 prisoners to Egypt, asylum of learned men, whom he admired and patroto people the extensive city of Alexandrea, which be- nised; and by increasing the library which he himself, came the capital of his dominions. After he had ren- or, according to others, his father had founded, he dered these prisoners the most attached and faithful of showed his taste for learning, and his wish to encourhis subjects by his liberality and the grant of various age genius. (Vid. Alexandrea, and Alexandrina privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of King of Egypt, Schola.) The whole reign of Philadelphus was 38 and soon after reduced Cyprus under his power. He years, and from the death of his father 36 years. made war with success against Demetrius and Antigo-(Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 2, p. 379.)-III. The third nus, who disputed his right to the provinces of Syria; of the name, succeeded his father Philadelphus on the and from the assistance he gave to the people of Egyptian throne B.C. 245. He early engaged in a Rhodes against their common enemies, he received war against Antiochus Theos for his unkindness to the name of Soter. While he extended his dominions, Berenice, the Egyptian king's sister, whom he had