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ber of skeletons discovered in Pompeii does not ex- | Not long after this, however, when a successor had ceed sixty; and ten times this number would be in- come, Pompeius denied the whole affair, and insisted considerable, when compared with the extent and pop- that the Numantines had surrendered at discretion. ulation of the city. Besides, the first agitation and The matter was laid before the Roman senate, and, threatening aspect of the mountain must have filled notwithstanding the numerous proofs adduced by the every breast with terror, and banished all gayety and Numantine deputies, it was decided that no such treaamusement. No doubt the previous intimations were ty had been made. Pompeius was afterward accused of such a nature as to have fully apprized the inhabi- of extortion, but his great wealth afforded him the tants of their danger, and induced the great mass of means of acquittal. He was chosen censor B.C. 130. them to save themselves by flight. The discovery of (Vell. Paterc., 2, 1.—Id., 2, 21.-Id., 2, 90.— Florus, Pompeii (vid. Herculaneum), after having lain so long 2, 18.)-II. Q. Rufus, son of the preceding, was conburied and unknown, has furnished us with many cu- sul with Sylla, B.C. 88, and, together with his colrious and valuable remains of antiquity. The excava- league, opposed the law by which the tribune Sulpitions are still continued. Although two thirds are still cius sought to extend the rights of citizenship to all the covered, it is estimated that the town was three quar- Italian allies. War having been declared against ters of a mile in length by nearly half a mile in Mithradates, and Asia and Italy being named the provbreadth. The walls are from eighteen to twenty feet inces of the consuls, the latter fell to the lot of Pomhigh, and twelve thick, and contained several main peius. (Appian, Bell. Mith., 55.) Before Sylla degates, of which six have been uncovered. Twenty parted for his command, he endeavoured, together with streets, fifteen feet wide, paved with lava, and having his colleague, to baffle the projects of Sulpicius by footways of three feet broad, have also been excava-proclaiming frequent holydays, and ordering, conseted. The houses are joined together, and are gener-quently, a suspension of the public business. But ally only two stories, with terraces for roofs. The Sulpicius, on one of these occasions, attacked the confronts are often shops, with inscriptions, frescoes, and suls with an armed force, calling upon them to repeal ornaments of every kind. The principal rooms are in their proclamation for the festival; and, on their refuthe rear in the centre is a court, which often con- sal, a riot ensued, in which Pompeius escaped with tains a marble fountain. In some of the houses the difficulty to a place of concealment; but his son was rooms have been found very richly ornamented. A killed. At a subsequent period, when Sylla had made forum, surrounded by handsome buildings, two thea- himself master of Rome and re-established his party, tres, temples, baths, fountains, statues, urns, utensils Pompeius was sent to take command of the army, that of all sorts, &c., have been discovered. Most of the was still kept on foot, to oppose the remnants of the objects of curiosity have been deposited in the muse- Italian confederacy. But he was murdered by the ums of Naples and Portici: among them are a great troops as soon as he arrived among them, the soldiers number of manuscripts. It is certainly surprising, having been instigated to the deed by Cn. Pompeius, that this most interesting city should have remained the general whom Quintus was to supersede. (Apundiscovered till so late a period, and that antiquaries pian, Bell. Civ., 1, 55, seqq.—Vell. Paterc., 2, 17.and learned men should have so long and materially Liv., Epit., 77.)-III. Cn. Strabo, father of Pompey erred about its situation. In many places, masses the Great, was one of the principal Roman commandof ruins, portions of the buried theatres, temples, and ers in the Social war. He brought the siege of Ascuhouses, were not two feet below the surface of the lum to a triumphant issue (Liv., Epit., 75, 76), an soil. The country people were continually digging up event which was peculiarly gratifying to the Romans, pieces of worked marble and other antique objects. as that town had set the first example of revolt, and In several spots they had even laid open the outer had accompanied it with the massacre of two Roman walls of the town; and yet men did not find out what officers and a number of Roman citizens. He also it was that the peculiarly isolated mound of cinders and gained a victory over the Marsi, and compelled that ashes, earth and pumice-stone covered. There is an- people, together with the Vestini, Marrucini, and Peother circumstance which increases the wonder of ligni, to make a separate peace. This is the same Pompeii being so long concealed. A subterraneous Cn. Pompeius who is mentioned at the close of the canal, cut from the river Sarno, traverses the city, and previous article (No. II.), as having instigated his solis seen darkly and silently gliding under the temple diery to murder Q. Pompeius, the new commander of Isis. This is said to have been cut towards the sent to supersede him. He retained, after that, the middle of the fifteenth century, to supply the contiguous command of the army in Umbria, and was applied to town of Torre dell' Annunziata with fresh water; it by the senate for aid against Cinna; but, being more probably ran anciently in the same channel; but, in cut-anxious to make the troubles of his country an occating it or clearing it, workmen must have crossed under Pompeii from one side to the other.-For a more detailed account of the excavations made at this place, consult Sir W. Gell's "Pompeiana," Lond., 1832, 8vo; Within's Views of Pompeii; Cooke's Delinea. tions (London, 1827, 2 vols. fol., 90 plates); Bibent's Plan of Pompeii (Paris, 1826), showing the progress of the excavations from 1763 to 1825; Romanelli, Viaggio a Pompei ed Ercolano, &c.

POMPEIUS, I.Q. Nepos Rufus, was consul B.C. 141, and the first of the Pompeian family who was elevated to that high office. He is said to have attained to it by practising a deception on his friend Lælius, who was a candidate for the same station, by promising to obtain votes for him, but obtaining them, in fact, for himself. Pompeius was sent into Spain, where he laid fruitless siege to Numantia: he gained, however, some slight advantages over the Edetani. Having been continued in command the ensuing year, he again besieged Numantia, and by dint of intrigues induced the inhabitants to solicit a treaty of peace, which he granted them on very advantageous terms.

sion of his own advancement, he remained for some time in suspense, as if waiting to see which party would purchase his services at the highest price, and thus allowed Cinna and his faction to consolidate their force beyond the possibility of successful resistance. At last, however, he resolved to march to Rome, and espouse the cause of the senate. A battle was fought between his army and that of Cinna immediately under the walls of the capital. But, though the slaughter was great, the event seems to have been indecisive; and, soon after, Cn. Pompeius was killed by lightning in his own tent. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 44.

Appian, Bell. Civ., 1, 68.)—According to Plutarch, the Romans never entertained a stronger and more rancorous hatred for any general than for Pompeius Strabo. They dragged his corpse from the bier on the way to the funeral pile, and treated it with the greatest indignity. (Plut., Vit. Pomp. init.)—IV. Cneius, surnamed Magnus, or "the Great," was the son of Cn. Pompeius Strabo (No. III.), and holds a conspicuous rank in Roman history, by reason of his numerous exploits, and, more particularly, his collision

with Julius Cæsar. He was born B.C. 106, the same induced the senate to send Pompey, now thirty years year with Cicero. As soon as he had assumed the of age, to the support of Metellus, who was unequal to manly gown, he entered the Roman army, and made cope with so able an adversary. He was invested with his first campaigns with great distinction under the proconsular power. The two commanders, who acted orders of his parent. The beauty of his person, the independently of each other, though with a mutually grace and elegance of his manners, and his winning good understanding, were both defeated through the eloquence, gained him, at an early age, the hearts of superior activity and skill of Sertorius. Pompey lost both citizens and soldiers; and he even, on one occa- two battles, and was personally in danger; and as long sion, possessed sufficient influence to save the life of as Sertorius was alive, the war was continued with his father, when Cinna had gained over some of the little success. But Sertorius having been murdered soldiery of Strabo, and a mutiny ensued. After the by his own officers, and succeeded in the command death of his parent, a charge was preferred against the by Perpenna, Pompey and Metellus soon brought the latter that he had converted the public money to his struggle to an end. On his return to Italy the servile own use; and Pompey, as his heir, was obliged to an- war was raging. Crassus had already gained a deciswer it. But he pleaded his own cause with so much sive victory over Spartacus, the leader of the rebels, ability and acuteness, and gained so much applause, and nothing was left for Pompey but to complete the that Antistius, the prætor, who had the hearing of the destruction of the remnant of the servile forces; yet cause, conceived a high regard for him, and offered he assumed the merit of this triumph, and displayed him his daughter in marriage. After the establish- so little moderation in his success, that he was susment of Cinna's power at Rome, Pompey retired to pected of wishing to tread in the footsteps of Sylla Picenum, where he possessed some property, and He triumphed a second time, and was chosen consul where his father's memory, hated as it was by the B.C. 70, although he had yet held none of those civil Romans, was regarded with respect and affection. offices, through which it was customary to pass to the To account for this, we must suppose that, during the consulship. His colleague was Crassus. Two years long period of his military command in that neighbour-after the expiration of this office, the pirates, encourhood, he had prevented his soldiers from being bur-aged by the Mithradatic war, had become so powerful densome to the people, and had found means of obli- in the Mediterranean, that they carried on a regular ging or gratifying some of the principal inhabitants. warfare along a great extent of coast, and were masBe this as it may, the son possessed so much influence ters of 1000 galleys and 400 towns. The tribune Gain Picenum as to succeed in raising an army of three binius, a man devoted to the interests of Pompey, prolegions, or about sixteen or seventeen thousand men. posed that an individual (whose name he did not menWith this force he set out to join Sylla, and, after tion) should be invested with extraordinary powers, by successfully repelling several attacks from the adverse sea and land, for three years, to put an end to the outparty, he effected a junction with that commander, rages of the pirates. Several friends of the constitowho received him in the most flattering manner, and tion spoke with warmth against this proposition; bat saluted him, though a mere youth, only 23 years of it was carried by a large majority, and the power age, with the title of Imperator. So struck, indeed, was conferred on Pompey, with the title of proconwas Sylla with the merits of the young Roman, that sul. In four months he cleared the sea of the ships he persuaded Pompey to divorce the daughter of An- of the pirates, got possession of their fortresses and tistius, and marry Emilia, the daughter-in-law of Syl- towns, set free a great number of prisoners, and took Three years after this (B.C. 80), Pompey retook captive 20,000 pirates, to whom, no less prudently than Sicily from the partisans of Marius, and drove them humanely, he assigned the coast-towns of Cilicia and also from Africa, in forty days. The Roman people other provinces, which had been abandoned by their were astonished at these rapid successes, but they inhabitants, and thus deprived them of an opportunity served at the same time to excite the jealousy of of returning to their former course. Meanwhile the Sylla, who commanded him to dismiss his forces and war against Mithradates had been carried on with vareturn to Rome. On his coming back to the capital, rious fortune; and although Lucullus had pushed the Pompey was received with every mark of favour by enemy hard, yet the latter still found new means to Sylla. According to Plutarch, the latter hastened to continue the contest. The tribune Manilius then meet him, and, embracing him in the most affectionate proposed that Pompey should be placed over Lucullus manner, saluted him aloud with the surname of "Mag- in the conduct of the war against Mithradates and Tinus," or "the_Great," a title which Pompey thence- granes, and likewise over all the other Roman generforward was always accustomed to bear. The jeal- als in the Asiatic provinces, and that all the armies in ousy of the dictator, however, was revived when that quarter should be under his control, at the same Pompey demanded a triumph. Sylla declared to him time that he retained the supreme command by sea. that he should oppose this claim with all his power; This was a greater accumulation of power than had but Pompey did not hesitate to reply, that the people ever been intrusted to any Roman citizen, and several were more ready to worship the rising than the setting distinguished men were resolved to oppose a proposiand Sylla yielded. Pompey therefore obtained tion so dangerous to freedom with their whole indothe honour of a triumph, though he was the first Ro-ence: but Pompey was so high in the popular favour, man who had been admitted to it without possessing that, on the day appointed for considering the proposi a higher dignity than that of knighthood, and was not tion, only Hortensius and Catulus had the courage to yet of the legal age to be received into the senate. speak against it; while Cicero, who hoped to obtain Sylla soon after abdicated the dictatorship, and, at the the consulship through the support of the Pompeian consular election, had the mortification to feel his party, advocated it with all his eloquence, and Caesar, rival's ascendancy. After the death of Sylla, Pompey to whom such deviations from the constitution were came to be generally considered as chief of the aristo-acceptable, used all his influence in favour of it. Cicratic party, and as heir of the influence exercised by cero's oration Pro Lege Manilia contains a sketch of Sylla over the minds of the soldiery. New troubles Pompey's public life, with the most splendid eulogy soon broke out, occasioned principally by the ambitious that perhaps was ever made on any individual. The projects of the consul Lepidus, who aimed at supreme law was adopted by all the tribes, and Pompey, with power; but he was soon overpowered by the united assumed reluctance, yielded to the wishes of his felforces of Catulus and Pompey. A period of quiet low-citizens. He arrived in Asia B.C. 67, and renow ensued, and Catulus endeavoured to oblige Pom-ceived the command from Lucullus, who was the less pey to dismiss his troops. This the latter evaded un- able to conceal his chagrin, as Pompey industriously der various pretexts, until the progress of Sertorius abolished all his regulations. The operations of Pom

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pey, in bringing the Mithradatic war to a close, have provoked the enmity of Clodius by prosecuting him been related elsewhere. (Vid. Mithradates VI.) Af- for intruding, in the disguise of a musician, into a fe ter Pompey had settled the affairs of Asia, he visited male religious assembly, where he sought an assigna Greece, where he displayed his respect for philosophy tion with Pompeia, the wife of Cæsar. Cæsar, though by making a valuable gift to the city of Athens. On he divorced the lady, with the observation that "Ca his return to Italy, he dismissed his army as soon as sar's wife should not even be suspected," overlooked he landed at Brundisium, and entered Rome as a pri- the affront of Clodius to himself, withheld his own evvate man. The whole city met him with acclama- idence against him at the trial, and even furthered his tions; his claim of a triumph was admitted without op- election to the tribuneship. He was actuated in this position, and never had Rome yet witnessed such a by resentment towards Cicero, who had termed the display as on the two days of his triumphal procession. triumvirate a conspiracy against the public liberty; and, Pompey's plan was now, under the appearance of a under a similar feeling, Pompey had at first connived private individual, to maintain the first place in the at Cicero's banishment (B.C. 58); but, as Clodius, state; but he found obstacles on every side. Lucul- who had seized Cicero's villas and confiscated his proplus and Crassus were superior to him in wealth; the erty, began to carry himself arrogantly towards Pomzealous republicans looked upon him with suspicion; pey, and conceive himself his equal, Pompey, as has and Cæsar was laying the foundation of his future been said, within two years procured the decree to be greatness. The last-mentioned individual, on his re-reversed. The sequel of this intrigue was such as to turn from Spain, aspired to the consulship. To ef- accelerate his advance to the dictatorship. Clodius, fect this purpose, he reconciled Pompey and Crassus as he was returning to Rome on horseback from the with each other, and united them in forming the co-country, was set upon and murdered by Milo and some alition which is known in history under the name of attendants, who were quitting the city. As Milo was the First Triumvirate. He was chosen consul B. C. on his way to his native town, in disgust at the perfidy 59, and, by the marriage of his daughter Julia with of Pompey, who had disappointed him of the consulPompey (Emilia having died in childbed), seemed ship promised as the price of his services, it should to have secured his union with the latter. From this not seem that this affray was the result of Pompey's time Pompey countenanced measures which, as a good instigation. The populace, struck with consternation, citizen, he should have opposed as subversive of free- passed the night in the streets, and, with the dawn of dom. He allowed his own eulogist, Cicero, to be day, brought in the body of Clodius. At the suggesdriven into banishment by the tribune Clodius, whom tion of some tribunes, his friends, it was carried into he had attached to his interest; but, having after- the senate-house, either to intimate suspicion of the ward himself quarrelled with Clodius, he had Cicero senate, or in honour of the senatorian rank of the derecalled. He supported the illegal nomination of Ca- ceased. Here the benches were torn up, a pile consar to a five years' command in Gaul; the fatal con- structed, and the body consumed; but the conflagrasequences of which compliance appeared but too tion caught the senate-house and several adjoining plainly afterward. The fall of Crassus in Parthia left buildings. Milo, less apprehensive of punishment than but two masters to the Roman world; and, on the irritated at the respect paid to Clodius, returned to the death of Julia in childbed, these friends became rivals. city with his colleague Cæcilius, and, distributing (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 10, p. 239, seqq.) Pompey's money to a part of the multitude, addressed them from studied deference to the senate secured his influence the tribunal as if they were a regular assembly; exwith that body; and he gained the good-will of the cusing the affair as an accidental rencounter, and enpeople by his judicious discharge of the duties of com- deavouring to obtain a verdict of acquittal: he ended missary of supplies during a time of scarcity. In the with inveighing against Clodius. While he was hamean time, he secretly fomented the disorders of the ranguing, the rest of the tribunes, and that part of the state, and the abuses practised in the filling up the populace which had not been bribed, rushed into the magistracies, many of which remained vacant for eight forum armed: Milo and Cæcilius put on slaves' habits months, and others were supplied by insufficient and and escaped; but a bloody, indiscriminate assault was ignorant persons, through the disgust of those who made on the other citizens, of which the friends of Milo were capable of sustaining them with ability and hon- were not alone the objects, but all who passed by or our. The friends of Pompey whispered about the ne- fell in the way of the rioters, especially those who were cessity of a dictator, and pointed to him as the man splendidly dressed and wore gold rings. The tumult whose great services, and whose devotion to the sen-continued several days, during which there was a susate and the people, entitled him to expect the general pension of all government; stones were thrown and suffrage; while he himself appeared to decline the sta-weapons drawn in the streets, and houses set on fire. tion, and even made a show of being indignant at the The slaves armed themselves, and, breaking into dwellproposal. His position at Rome, while Cæsar was ings under pretence of searching for Milo, carried off absent in his province, was singularly advantageous to everything of value that was portable. The senate his pretensions: he had, in fact, always kept himself assembled in a state of great terror, and, turning their in the public eye; and in the triumvirate division of eyes upon Pompey, proposed to him the acceptance of power, which he had himself planned (B.C. 50), in or- the dictatorship. But, by the persuasion of Cato, they der to strengthen his own influence by the rising tal-invested him with the same power under the title of ents and activity of Cesar, and the high birth and Sole Consul. This was probably with the secret unriches of Crassus, he had taken care to reserve to him-derstanding of Pompey himself, as the title of dictator self Rome, where he continued to reside, governing had become odious since the tyranny of Sylla. That the Spains by his lieutenants, while he despatched Crassus to Asia and Cæsar to the Gauls. He had also acquired a popularity by rescinding, under one of his consulships, the law which Sylla, for his own purposes, had enacted, to restrain the power of the tribunes of the commons. At this time he gratified both senate and people by procuring, through the agency of the tribune Milo (B.C. 57), the recall of Cicero from the banishment into which he had been driven by the tribune Clodius, on a charge of having executed Cethegus and Lentulus (implicated in the Catilinarian Conspiracy) without the forms of law. Cicero had

Pompey and Cato were in agreement, appears from this: that the vote of the latter was recompensed by the appointment of quæstor to Cyprus; the senate having decreed the reduction of that island to a Roman province, and the confiscation of the treasures of King Ptolemy, on account of the exorbitant ransom demanded for Clodius when taken by pirates. Pompey proceeded to restore order and to pass popular acts. He condemned Milo for murder. He framed a law against bribery and corruption, and instigated an inquiry into the acts of administration of all who had held magis tracies from the time of his own first consulship.

This, although plausibly directed at what Pompey | with a sword, said, "We order you to march against justly called the root of the state disorders, seemed to Cæsar and fight for your country." Curio fled to be aimed covertly at Cæsar; though Pompey appeared Cæsar, who had lately returned from Britain, and was offended at the suggestion, and affected to consider approaching Ravenna; and urged him to draw togethCæsar as above suspicion. He presided in the court er his forces and advance upon Rome. But Cæsar during the trials with a guard, that the judges might was still apparently anxious for peace; and sent, by not be intimidated. Several, convicted of intrigue and Curio, letters to the senate, in which he distinctly of malversation, were banished, and others fined. With fered to resign his command, provided Pompey would a great appearance of moderation, he declined to hold do the same; otherwise he would not only retain it, but the single consulship to the extent of the full period, would come in person, and revenge the injuries offered and for the rest of the year adopted his father-in-law, to himself and to the country. This was received with Lucius Scipio, as his colleague; but, even after the loud cries, as a declaration of war; and Lucius Domireturn to the regular consulships, as well as for the tius was appointed as Cæsar's successor, and ordered to months during which Scipio was associated with him- march with four thousand new-raised troops. Neither self in office, he continued, in reality, to direct the af- the senate nor Pompey seem to have been in the least fairs of state. The senate gave him two additional prepared. Pompey, with his usual art, had redemanded legions, and prolonged his command in his provinces. from Cæsar the legion which he had lent him, on preHitherto Pompey had proceeded with infinite address; tence of an expedition to Syria against the Parthians. but the craftiness of his policy was no match for the Cæsar had not only sent back the legion, but added frankness and directness of that of Cæsar, who acted another of his own. They halted at Capua, and spread in this conjuncture, so critical to the Roman liberty, the report, either from ignorance, or, as they were with a real moderation and candour that absolutely handsomely paid by Cæsar, probably from instructions disconcerted his rival. Cæsar, indeed, who was made given them, that Cæsar's army was disaffected to him, acquainted, by the exiles that flocked to his camp, with and, if occasion served, would gladly come over to everything passing at Rome, and who found himself Pompey. His credulity and security were such, that obliged to stand on the defensive, availed himself of he neglected to make the necessary levies till the opthe means which his acquired wealth placed in his portunity was lost. While he was at last exerting hands, and which the practice of the age too much himself, under the authority of the senate, in collecting countenanced, to divide the hostile party by buying 13,000 veterans from Thessaly, and mercenaries from off the enmity of some of them newly elected to office. fereign nations, and in making forced contributions of Aware of the cabals which were forming against him, money and munitions of war in the cities of Italy, Cæsar knew that, in returning to a private station, he Cæsar, leaving his commanders to concentrate and should be placed at the feet of Pompey and his party hasten the march of the rest of his army, took the field he therefore resisted the decree of his recall till he with some cavalry and a division of 5000 men. He could assure himself of such conditions as would pre- sent forward a picked detachment to surprise Arimivent his obedience from being attended with danger. num, the first Italian city after passing the frontier His demands were reasonable; his propositions fair of Gaul, and, throwing himself into his chariot while and open, and his desire of effecting a compromise his friends were sitting at the supper-table, crossed apparently sincere. The unintermitted continuation the Rubicon, with the exclamation, "The die is cast." of a consul's office through several years, and even When the news reached Rome, the senate repented his creation in his absence, were not unconstitutional: their rejection of Cæsar's equitable proposals; and both had been granted to Marius; and Cæsar him- Cicero moved that an embassy should be sent to him self had been re-elected, while absent, by the ten to treat for peace, but was overruled by the consuls. tribunes; Pompey, when he brought in the law against Pompey had boasted that, if need were, he could raise allowing absent candidates to stand, having made a an army by stamping with his foot; and Favonius respecial exception in favour of Cæsar, and recorded minded him, in a tone of raillery, that "it was high it. His requests that he might stand for the con- time for him to stamp." Domitius, who had been sent sulship in his absence; that he might retain his army to supersede Cæsar, was by him besieged in Corfinium, till chosen consul; that he might have his command taken prisoner, and honourably dismissed, his troops prolonged in the province of Hither Gaul, should going over to Cæsar. Pompey, with the consuls, and that of Farther Gaul not be also conceded to him, the greater part of the senate and the nobility, abanwere refused. In the irritation of the moment, he doned Rome and passed over into Greece. On enteris said to have grasped the hilt of his sword, and ejac- ing Rome, Cæsar was, by the remnant of the senate, ulated, "This shall give it me." Curio, in the mean created dictator; but he held the office only eleven time, loudly protested against Cæsar's being recalled, days, exchanging it for that of consul, and taking Serunless Pompey would also disband his legions and re-vilius as his colleague. Having seized the treasury, sign his provinces; and the people were so satisfied with the equity of the proposal, that they accompanied the tribune to his own door, and strewed flowers in his way. Pompey professed that he had received his command against his will, and that he would cheerfully lay it down, though the time was not yet expired; thus contrasting his own moderation with the unwillingness of Cæsar to relinquish office, even at the termination of the full period. Curio, however, contended openly that the promise was not to be taken for the performance; but exclaimed against Pompey's avarice of power; and urged with such adroitness the necessity either of both retaining their commands, that the one might be a check on any unconstitutional designs of the other, or of both alike resigning, that he brought the senate over to his opinion, the consul Marcellus bitterly observing to the majority, "Take your victory, and have Cæsar for your master." But on a rumour that Cæsar had crossed the Alps and was on his march to Rome, the consul ran to Pompey, and, presenting him

and secured Sicily and Sardinia, the granaries of Rome, by appointing his governors, he set out for Spain, where, in the hither province, he reduced, by cutting off their supplies, the Pompeian army under Petreius and Afranius, consisting of five legions, whom he dismissed in safety, and allowed to join Pompey; and in the farther province he compelled the surrender of Varro with his legion. It is singular that his lieutenants were everywhere unsuccessful: Dolabella and Caius Antonius, who had it in charge to secure the Adriatic, were surrounded with a superior fleet by Pompey's lieutenant, Octavius Libo; Domitius lost an army in Pontus; and Curio, in Africa, after his troops had suffered much by drinking of poisoned waters, risked a rash action with Varus and Juba, king of Mauritania, the ally of Pompey, and was slain. Cæsar himself experienced a reverse in Illyricum, where, his army being reduced to such straits as to eat bread made with herbs, he assaulted, near Dyrrachium, the intrenched camp of Pompey, whose policy had been to decline a battle,

future: his presence in Asia, when he conducted the war with Mithradates, was no less a relief to the provinces from the tyranny of their governors, than it was their protection from the arms of the enemy. It is true that wounded vanity led him, after his return from Asia, to unite himself, for a time, with some unworthy associates; and this connexion, as it ultimately led to all the misfortunes, so did it immediately tempt him to the worst faults of his political life, and involved him in a career of difficulty, mortification, and shame. But after this disgraceful fall, he again returned to his natural station, and was universally regarded as the fit protector of the laws and liberty of his country, when they were threatened by Cæsar's rebellion. In the conduct of the civil war he showed something of weakness and vacillation; but his abilities, though considerable, were far from equal to those of his ad

and was repulsed, with the general panic of his troops | and the loss of many standards; and his own camp would have been taken if Pompey had not drawn off his forces in apprehension of an ambuscade; on which Cæsar remarked that "the war could have been at an end, if Pompey knew how to use victory." Cæsar retreated into Thessaly, and was followed by Pompey. A general battle was fought on the plains of Pharsalus; the army of Pompey being greatly superior in numbers, as it consisted of 40,000 foot and 12,000 horse, composed of the transmarine legions and the auxiliary forces of different kings and tetrarchs; while that of Cæsar did not exceed 30,000 foot and 1000 horse. Pompey was, however, out-manoeuvred, his army thrown into total rout, his camp pillaged, and himself obliged to fly, leaving the field with only his son Sextus and a few followers of rank. He set sail from Mytilene, having taken on board his wife Cor-versary; and his inferiority was most seen in that want nelia, and made for Egypt, intending to claim the hos- of steadiness in the pursuit of his own plans, which pitality of the young King Ptolemy, to whom the sen- caused him to abandon a system already sanctioned ate had appointed him guardian. As he came near by success, and to persuade himself that he might Mount Casius, the Egyptian army was seen on the yield with propriety to the ill-judged impatience of his shore, and their fleet lying off at some distance, when, followers for battle. His death is one of the few trapresently, a boat was observed approaching the ship gical events of those times which may be regarded from the land. The persons in the boat invited him with unmixed compassion. It was not accompanied, to enter, for the purpose of landing; but, as he was like that of Cato and Brutus, with the rashness and stepping ashore, he was stabbed in the sight of his wife despair of suicide; nor can it be regarded, like that and son; and his head and ring were sent to Cæsar. of Cæsar, as the punishment of crimes, unlawfully inwho, shedding tears, turned away his face, and ordered flicted, indeed, yet suffered deservedly. With a charthe head to be burned with perfumes in the Roman acter of rare purity and tenderness in all his domestic method.-(Elton's Roman Emperors, p. 4, seqq., In- relations, he was slaughtered before the eyes of his trod.)-Cornelia and her friends instantly put to sea, wife and son; while flying from the ruin of a most and escaped the pursuit of the Egyptian fleet, which just cause, he was murdered by those whose kindness at first threatened to intercept them. Their feelings, he was entitled to claim. His virtues have not been as is natural, were, for the moment, so engrossed by transmitted to posterity with their deserved fame; and their own danger that they could scarcely compre- while the violent republican writers have exalted the hend the full extent of their loss (Cic., Tusc. Disp., memory of Cato and Brutus, Pompey's many and rare 3, 27); nor was it till they reached the port of Tyre merits have been forgotten in the faults of the Triumin safety that grief succeeded to apprehension, and virate, and in the weakness of temper which he disthey began to understand what cause they had for sor- played in the conduct of his last campaign. (Enrow. But the tears that were shed for Pompey were cycl. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 252.)-V. Cneius, not only those of domestic affliction; his fate called elder son of Pompey the Great, was sent by his faforth a more general and honourable mourning. No ther into Asia, at the commencement of the civil war, man had ever gained, at so early an age, the affections of to raise a large naval and land force from all the provhis countrymen; none had enjoyed them so largely, or inces of the East. After the death of his parent he preserved them so long with so little interruption; and, passed into Spain, where two lieutenants of Pompey at the distance of eighteen centuries, the feeling of had reunited some of the scattered remnants of the his contemporaries may be sanctioned by the sober republican army. His party soon became powerful, judgment of history. He entered upon public life and he saw himself in a few months at the head of as a distinguished member of an oppressed party, thirteen legions, and in possession of a considerable which was just arriving at its hour of triumph and fleet. Cæsar, finding that he must act in person against retaliation; he saw his associates plunged in rapine him, left Rome for the Spanish peninsula, and, by a and massacre, but he preserved himself pure from series of bold manœuvres, compelled the son of Pomthe contagion of their crimes; and when the death pey to engage in battle in the plain of Munda (45 of Sylla left him at the head of the aristocratical B.C.). This action, the last that was fought between party, he served them ably and faithfully with his the Pompeian party and Cæsar, terminated, after the sword, while he endeavoured to mitigate the evils of most desperate efforts, in favour of the latter; and the their ascendancy, by restoring to the commons of son of Pompey, having been wounded in the fight, was Rome, on the earliest opportunity, the most important slain in endeavouring to make his escape. (Auct., of those privileges and liberties which they had lost Bell. Hisp. - Appian, Bell. Civ., 2, 87, seqq.) — VI. under the tyranny of their late master. He received Sextus, second son of Pompey the Great, and surthe due reward of his honest patriotism in the unusual named sometimes, for distinction' sake, Pompey the honours and trusts that were conferred upon him; but Younger, is celebrated in Roman history for the part his greatness could not corrupt his virtue; and the that he played after the death of Cæsar, and for the reboundless powers with which he was repeatedly in- sistance which he made to Antony and Octavius. Afvested, he wielded with the highest ability and up-ter the battle of Pharsalia, he proceeded, with some rightness to the accomplishment of his task, and then, without any undue attempts to prolong their duration, he honestly resigned them. At a period of general cruelty and extortion towards the enemies and subjects of the commonwealth, the character of Pompey, in his foreign commands, was marked by its humanity and spotless integrity; his conquest of the pirates was effected with wonderful rapidity, and cemented by a merciful policy, which, instead of taking vengeance for the past, accomplished the prevention of evil for the

senators, to rejoin his father in Pamphylia; but, hearing of the latter's death, he fled to Cyprus, thence to Af rica, and finally to Spain, where he joined his brother Cneius with a few vessels. The disastrous battle of Munda, however, again compelled him to fly; but he found himself, after some lapse of time, at the head of a considerable force, composed of the remnants of the army at Munda, and he succeeded in defeating two lieutenants of Caesar. After the death of the latter, Sextus Pompey applied to the Roman senate for the

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