he was met by Amphitryon, and was killed by an accidental blow. This deed, though involuntary, lost Amphitryon the kingdom, which he would otherwise have enjoyed in right of his wife. Sthenelus, the brother of Alcmena, availing himself of the public odium against Amphitryon, drove him from Argolis, and seized upon the vacant throne, the possession of which devolved, at his death, upon his son Eurystheus. Amphitryon fled to Thebes, where he was purified by Creon; but when he expected that Alcmena, who had accompanied him hither, would have given him her hand, she de

Having shown much kindness and attention to the persons whom Croesus had sent to Delphi for the purpose of consulting the oracle, that monarch invited him to Sardis, and gave him permission to carry from the royal treasury as much gold as he could bear off with him at one visit. Herodotus (6, 125) gives an account of the mode in which he availed himself of the royal offer, filling with gold his arms, the folds of his habit, his large shoes worn expressly for the occasion, and having not only his hair powdered with golddust, but his mouth full of it. To these Croesus even added other valuable presents; and to this source He-clined, on the ground that she was not satisfied with rodotus traces the wealth of the family. We must not, the punishment inflicted by her father on the Telehowever, regard this Alcmeon as the founder of the boans, and intended to give her hand to him who line. (Compare Alcmæon, II.)—IV. The last of the should make war upon them. Amphitryon, in conseperpetual archons at Athens, was succeeded by Cha-quence of this, made an alliance with Creon and other rops, the son of Eschylus, as decennial archon.-V. neighbouring princes, and ravaged the isles of the TeA native of Crotona and disciple of Pythagoras. He leboans. While Amphitryon was absent on this exis said to have been the first that dissected animals for pedition, Jupiter, who had become enamoured of Alcthe purpose of studying comparative anatomy. He paid mena, assumed the form of Amphitryon, related to particular attention to the structure of the eye. (Cic., her all the events of the war, his success over the foe, N. D., 1, 11.-Diog. Laert., in Vit.) and finally persuaded her to a union. Amphitryon, on his return, was surprised at the indifference with which he was regarded by Alcmena; but, on coming to an explanation with her, and consulting Tiresias, the famous diviner of Thebes, he discovered that it was no less a personage than Jove himself, who had assumed his form. Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules the son of Jupiter, and Iphicles the progeny of her mortal lord. According to the ancient poets, Juno retarded the birth of Hercules until the mother of Eurystheus was delivered of a son, unto whom, by reason of a rash oath of Jupiter's, Hercules was made subject. It seems that the day on which Alcmena was to be delivered in Thebes, Jove, in exultation, announced to the gods that a man of his race was that day to see the light, who would rule over all his neighbours. Juno, pretending incredulity, exacted from him an oath that what he had said should be accomplish

ALCMEONIDE, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alemaon. (Vid. Alcmeon, II.) When driven from Athens by the tyranny of the Pisistratida, they first endeavoured to return by force of arms; but having met with a serious check at Lipsydrion, in the Paonian borough of Attica, they turned their attention to a surer and more pacific mode of operation. The temple at Delphi having been burned, and having remained in ruins for some considerable time, the Alcmæonidæ, after their defeat, engaged with the Amphictyonic council to rebuild the structure for the sum of 300 talents. They finished the work, however, in a much more splendid manner than the terms of their contract required, and attained, in consequence, to great popularity. By dint of the favour with which they were now regarded, as well as by means of a large sum of money, they prevailed upon the Pythoness, whenever application of a public or private na-ed. Jupiter, unsuspicious of guile, gave it, and Juno ture was made from Lacedæmon to the god at Delphi, to conclude the answer of the oracle, whatever it might be, with an admonition to the Lacedæmonians to give liberty to Athens. This artifice had the desired effect; and, though Sparta was in friendly relations with the Pisistratide, it was determined to invade Attica, which was accordingly done. But the enterprise proved unsuccessful. (Herod., 5, 62, seqq.-Larcher,

hastened down to Argos, where the wife of Sthenelus, the son of Perseus, was seven months gone of a son. The goddess brought on a premature labour, and Eurystheus came to light that day, while she checked the parturition of Alcmena, and kept back Lucina. (Vid. Galanthis.) The oath of Jove was not to be recalled, and his son was fated to serve Eurystheus. (Hom., Il., 19, 101, seqq.—Ovid, Met., 9, 285, seqq.— ad loc.—Bähr, ad loc.) Anton. Lib., c. 29.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 310, ALCMAN, an ancient poet, either born at Sardis in seqq.) According to Pherecydes (ap. Anton. Lib., c. Lydia, or, what is more probable, at Sparta, of a Lyd-33), when Alcmena, who long survived her son, died, ian slave, for he lived in this city (Vell. Paterc., 1, 18), and he is called by Suidas a Lacedæmonian of Messoas, one of the cantons of Laconia. He flourished 670 B.C. Alcman was the parent, among the Greeks, of erotic or amatory poetry, and his various pieces, collected together in six books, were highly prized by the ancients. They were written in the Dorie dialect, and the Spartans sang them along with the effusions of Terpander. The name of the poet was properly Alcmæon ('Αλκμαίων), but it took the Doric termination, and was changed to Aleman. We have only a few fragments remaining of his productions. They are to be found in the collections of H. Stephens and Orsini. A more complete collection, however, is that of Welcker, Giessen, 1815, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 203, seqq.)

ALCMENA, was daughter of Electryon, king of Mycena, and Anaxo, whom Plutarch calls Lysidice, and Diodorus Siculus Eurymede. She was engaged in marriage to her cousin Amphitryon, son of Alcæus, unexpected event caused the nuptials to be Electryon had undertaken an expedition against the Teleboans, or subjects of Taphius, in oravenge the death of his sons, whom the sons of Taphius had slain in a combat. Returning victorious,

when an

deferred.

der to

and the Heraclidae were about to bury her at Thebes, Jove directed Mercury to steal her away, and convey her to the islands of the blessed, where she should espouse Rhadamanthus. Mercury obeyed, and placed a stone instead of her in the coffin. When the Heraclida went to carry her forth to be buried, they were surprised at the weight, and, on opening the coffin, found the stone, which they took out, and set it up in the grove where her Heroum stood at Thebes: ὅθιπέρ ἔστιν τὸ ἡρῶον τὸ τῆς ̓Αλκμήνης ἐν Θήβαις.

66 Laborum

ALCON, I. a statuary, who made an iron statue of Hercules, kept at Thebes. Pliny assigns the reason for the choice of this metal, when he says, dei patientia inductus." (35, 14).-II. A surgeon under Claudius, who accumulated great wealth by curing

hernias and fractures.

ALCYONE, OF HALCYONE, I. daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going to consult the oracle. The gods apprized Alcyone in a dream of her husband's fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his body washed on the seashore, she threw herself into the sea. To reward their mutual affection, the gods metamorphosed them into halcyons, and, according to the poets, decreed that the sea. should remain calm while these birds built their nests

ALEĬUS CAMPUs ('Aλýiov nedíov), a tract in Cilicia Campestris, to the east of the river Sarus, between Adana and the sea. The poets fabled that Bellerophon wandered and perished here, after having been thrown from the horse Pegasus. The name comes from aλúouat, "to wander." (Homer, Il., 6, 201.— Dionys. Perieg., 872.—Ovid, Ibis, 259.)

upon it. The halcyon was, on this account, though a querulous, lamenting bird, regarded by the ancients as a symbol of tranquillity; and, from living principally on the water, was consecrated to Thetis. According to Pliny (10, 47), the halcyons only showed themselves at the setting of the Pleiades and towards the winter-solstice, and even then they were but rarely seen. They made their nests, according to the same ALEMANNI, or ALAMANNI, a name assumed by a writer, during the seven days immediately preceding confederacy of German tribes situate between the the winter-solstice, and laid their eggs during the seven Neckar and the Upper Rhine, who united to resist the days that follow. These fourteen days are the "dies encroachments of Roman power. According to Manhalcyonii," or "halcyon-days," of antiquity. He de- nert (Geogr., vol. 3, p. 235, seqq.), the shattered rescribes their nests as resembling, while they float upon mains of the army of Ariovistus retired, after the dethe waters, a kind of ball, a little lengthened out at the feat and death of their leader, to the mountainous top, with a very narrow opening, and the whole not country of the Upper Rhine. (Compare, however, unlike a large sponge. A great deal of this is pure Pfister, Gesch. der Teutschen., vol. 1, 179, seqq., fable. The only bird in modern times at all resem- where a different account is given of the origin of the bling either of the two kinds of halcyons described by Alemanni.) Their descendants in after days, in order Aristotle (8, 3), is the Alcedo Ispida, or what the to oppose a barrier to the continued advance of the French call martin-pêcheur. All that is said, too, Roman arms, united in a common league with the about the nest floating on the water, and the days of German tribes which had originally settled on the left calm, is untrue. What the ancients took for a nest bank of the Rhine, but had been driven across by their of a bird, is in reality a zoophyte, of the class named more powerful opponents. The members of this union halcyonium by Linnæus, and of the particular species styled themselves Alemanni or all-men, i. e., men of called géodie by Lamarck. The martin-pécheur makes all tribes, to denote at once their various lineage and its nest in holes along the shore, or, rather, it deposites their common bravery. They first appeared in a hosits eggs in such holes as it finds there. Moreover, it tile attitude on the banks of the Mayn, but were delays its eggs in the spring, and has no connexion feated by Caracalla, who was hence honoured with the whatever with calm weather. (G. Cuvier, ad Plin., | surname of Alemannicus. In the succeeding reigns, 1. c.)-II. A daughter of Atlas, and one of the Pleia- we find them at one time ravaging the Roman territodes. (Vid. Pleiades. Apollod., 3, 10.)—III. An ap-ries, at another, defeated and driven back to their napellation given to Cleopatra, daughter of Idas and tive forests. At last, after their overthrow by Clovis, Marpessa. The mother had been carried off, in her king of the Salian Franks, they ceased to exist as one younger days, by Apollo, but had been rescued by her nation, and were dispersed over Gaul, Switzerland, husband Idas, and from the plaintive cries which she and northern Italy. uttered while being abducted, resembling the lament of the halcyon, the appellation Alcyone was given as a kind of surname to her daughter Cleopatra, (Hom., Il., 9, 553, seqq.)

ALCYONIA, PALUe, a pool in Argolis, not far from the Lernean marsh. Nero attempted to measure it by means of a plummet several stadia in length, but could discover no bottom. (Pausan., 2, 37.)

ALERIA, a city of Corsica, on the eastern coast. It was founded by the Phocæans, under the name of Alalia ('Aλañía), and about twenty years after its first settlement, was much enlarged by the addition of those of the inhabitants of Phocæa, who fled from the sway of Cyrus. (Vid. Phocæa.) Its rapid advance in maritime power, subsequent to this increase of numbers, excited the jealousy of the Etrurians and CarthaginALCYONIUM MARE, a name given to an arm of the Si-ians. A naval contest ensued, in which the people of nus Corinthiacus, or Gulf of Lepanto, which stretched Alalia, though victorious, suffered so severely, as to be between the western coast of Boeotia, the northern coast convinced of the impossibility of long withstanding the of Megaris, and the northwestern extremity of Corin-united strength of their foes. They migrated, therethia, as far as the promontory of Olmiæ. (Strab., 336.) fore, once more, and settled on the southwestern coast ALDUABIS. Vid. Dubis. of Italy (Herod., 1, 165), where they founded the city ALEA, a town of Arcadia, near the eastern confines, of Hyela, or Velia. A portion of them, however, went and to the northeast of Orchomenus. It had three to the Phocæan colony of Massilia. (Seneca, de Confamous temples, that of the Ephesian Diana, of Miner-sol., ad Helv. matr., 8.) The history of Alalia, after this va Alea, and of Bacchus. The feast of Bacchus, call- event, remains for a long period enveloped in obscuried Skiria, was celebrated here every third year, at ty. The Carthaginians, probably, took possession of which time, according to Pausanias, the women were the place. In the second Punic war, it fell, together scourged, in obedience to a command of the oracle at with the whole island, under the Roman sway; at least Delphi. (Pausan., 8, 23.) Zonaras (8, 11) speaks of a place called Valeria as the most important city in the island, and as having been taken by Lucius Scipio. Alalia remained in obscurity under its new masters also, until Sylla sent thither a Roman colony, as Marius had done a short time previous to the same island, founding in it the colony of Mariana. From this period Alalia was known under the name of Aleria, and the earlier appellation fell into disuse. When, and under what circumstances, this city was finally destroyed, is not ascertained. Its ruins are to be found a short distance below the mouth of the river Tarignano. (Mannert, 9, pt. 2, p. 516, seqq.)

ALEBION and DERCYNUS, sons of Neptune. (Vid. Albion, I.)

ALECTO, one of the Furies. The name is derived from à, priv., and λńyw, "to cease," from her never ceasing to pursue and punish the wicked. (Vid. Eumenides.)

ALECTRYON, a youth whom Mars, during his meeting with Venus, stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the guilty pair. Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, who, still mindful of his neglect, announces, say the ancient writers, at early dawn, the approach of the sun. (Lucian, Somn. seu. Gall., 3.)

ALECTUS, a military prefect and usurper in Britain, who slew Carausius, but was in turn slain by Asclepiodotus, a general under Constantius Chlorus. He died A.D. 296. (Eumen. paneg. Const. Cas,-Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., 6, p, 202, seqq.)

ALES, a small river of Ionia in Asia Minor, which empties into the Ægean near Colophon. (Pausan., 8, 28.)

ALESA, ALAESA, or HALESA, a very ancient city of Sicily, built by Archonides, B.C. 403. It stood near the modern city of Caronia, on the river Alæsus, or Fiume di Caronia. The inhabitants were exempted by the Romans from taxes. (Diod. Sick, 14, 16.)

ALESIA OF ALEXIA, a famous and strongly fortified city of the Mandubii, in Gallia Celtica. It was so ancient a city, that Diodorus Siculus (4, 19) ascribes the building of it to Hercules. (Compare the learned and ingenious remarks of Ritter, in his Vorhalle, p. 378, on the subject of the Celtic Hercules.) It was situate on a high hill, supposed to be Mount Auxois, near the sources of the Sequana or Seine, and washed on two sides by the small rivers Lutosa and Ozera, now Lose and Ozerain. Alesia was taken and destroyed by Cæsar after a famous siege, but was rebuilt, and became a place of considerable consequence under the Roman emperors. It was laid in ruins in the 9th century by the Normans. At the foot of Mount Auxois is a village called Alise (Depart. Côte d'Or), with several hundred inhabitants. (Flor., 3, 10.—Cæs., B. G., 7, 69.)

ALESIUM, a mountain in the vicinity of Mantinea, on which was a grove dedicated to Ceres; also the temple of the equestrian Neptune, an edifice of great an tiquity, which had been originally built, according to tradition, by Agamedes and Trophonius, but was afterward enclosed within a new structure by order of Hadrian. The mountain was said to have taken its name from the wanderings of Rhea (rò ỏpoç rò 'Aλý- | σιον, διὰ τὴν ἄλην, ὡς φασι, καλούμενον τὴν Ῥέας. Pausan. 8, 10).

ALETHES, a son of Hippotes, and one of the Heraclide. He was the first of this race that reigned at Corinth, and he also headed a Doric invasion of Attica in the time of Codrus. (Pausan., 2, 4.)

ALEUADE, a royal family of Thessaly, reigning at Larissa (Aristot., Polit., 5, 6), and who were descended from Aleuas, monarch of the same country. The manner in which this individual attained to supreme power is related by Plutarch (de Frat. Am., p. 492). The representatives of the family of the Aleuada, at the time of the Persian invasion of Greece, were Thorax, Thrasydeius, and Eurypylus. (Herod., 9, 58) They forced the Thessalians to take part with Xerxes; though the latter, irritated subsequently at the conduct of the Phocians, followed from that time, of their own accord, the standard of the Persian king. (Philostr., Heroic., c. 19, 15.)

erously slain by Ptolemy Alorites, after having reigned from B.C. 369 to B.C. 367, and not, according to the common account, for one year merely. Ptolemy Alorites, however, who slew him, was neither king nor the son of Amyntas, although called so by Diodorus (15, 71). It seems probable, from a comparison of Æschines (de Fals. Leg., p. 32) with a fragment in Syncellus (Dexippus, ap. Syncell., p. 263, B.), that Ptolemy was appointed regent in a regular way, during the minority of Perdiccas; that he afterward abused his trust, and was, in consequence, cut off by Perdiccas. The duration of his administration, three years, is mentioned by Diodorus (15, 77).

ALEXANDER III., surnamed the Great, son of Philip of Macedon, was born in the city of Pella, B.C. 356. His mother was Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus. Leounatus, a relation of his mother's, an austere man, and of great severity of manners, was his early governor, and at the age of eight years, Lysimachus, an Acarnanian, became his instructer. Plutarch gives this individual an unfavourable character, and insinuates that he was more desirous of ingratiating himself with the royal family, than of effectually discharging the duties of his office. It was his delight to call Philip, Peleus; Alexander, Achilles ; and to claim for himself the honorary name of Phoenix. Early impressions are the strongest, and even the pedantic allusions of the Acarnanian might render the young prince more eager in after life to imitate the Homeric model. In his fifteenth year, Alexander was placed under the immediate tuition of the celebrated Aristotle. The philosopher joined his royal pupil B.C. 342, and did not finally quit him until he came to the throne. The master was worthy of the scholar, and the scholar of his master. The mental stores of Aristotle were vast, and all arranged with admirable accuracy and judgment; while, on the other hand, Alexander was gifted with great quickness of apprehension, an insatiable desire of knowledge, and an ambition not to be satisfied with the second place in any pursuit. At a distance from the court, this great philosopher instructed him in all the branches of human knowledge, especially those necessary for a ruler, and wrote, for his benefit, a work on the art of government, which is unfortunately lost. As Macedon was surrounded by dangerous neighbours, Aristotle sought to cultivate in his pupil the talents and virtues of a military commander. With this view he recommended to him the reading of the Iliad, and revised this poem himself. The poet, as Aristotle emphatically names Homer, was the philosopher's inseparable companion: from him he drew his precepts and maxims; from him he borrowed his models. The preceptor imparted his enthusiasm to his pupil, and the most accurate copy of the great poem was prepared by Aristotle, and placed by Alexander in a precious casket which he found among the spoils of Darius. The frame of the young prince was, at the same time, formed by gymnastic exercises. He gave several proofs of manly skill and courage while very young; one of which, the breaking in of his fiery courser Bucephalus, which had mastered every other rider, is mentioned by all his historians as an incident that convinced his father Philip of his future unconquerable spirit. When he was sixteen years old, Philip, setting out on an expedition against Byzantium, delegated the government to him during his absence. Two years later (B.C. 338), he performed prodigies of valour in the battle at Charonea, where he obtained great. reputation by conquering the sacred band of the Thebans. My son," said Philip, after the battle, embracing him, "seek another empire, for that which I shall leave you is not worthy of you." The father and son, however, quarrelled when Philip repudiated! Olympias. Alexander, who took the part of his mothALEXANDER II., son of Amyntas II. He was treacher, was obliged to flee to Epirus to escape the ven

ALEUAS, monarch of Thessaly, and founder of the family of the Aleuada. (Plut., de Frat. Am., p. 492.) He resided at Larissa, and hence the epithet Larissaus applied to him by Ovid. (Ib., 323.)

ALEXAMENUS, an Etolian, who, with a body of his countrymen, slew Nabis, tyrant of Sparta. He had been sent at the head of a band of auxiliaries, by the Etolians, ostensibly to aid Nabis, but in reality to get possession of Lacedæmon. The inhabitants, however, rallied after the fall of the tyrant, defeated the Ætolians, who were scattered throughout the city and plundering it, and slew Alexamenus. (Liv., 35, 34, seqq.) ALEXANDER, a name of very common occurrence, as designating not only kings, but private individuals. We will classify the monarchs by countries, and then come to private or less conspicuous personages.

1. Kings of Macedonia.

ALEXANDER I., son of Amyntas, and tenth king of Macedon. He ascended the throne 497 B.C., and reigned 43 years. It was he who, while still a youth, slew, in company with a party of his young friends, habited in female attire, the Persian ambassadors at his father's court, having been provoked to the act by their immodest behaviour towards the females present at a banquet. With this prince the glory of Macedon may be said to have commenced. He enlarged his territories, partly by conquest, and partly by the gift which Xerxes bestowed upon him, of all the country from Mount Olympus to the range of Hamus. (Herod., 5, 18, seqq.-Justin, 7, 3.)

geance of his father, but he soon obtained pardon and sequent results were shown in the reduction of almost returned. He afterward accompanied Philip on an the whole of that country. A dangerous sickness, expedition against the Triballi, and saved his life in a however, brought on by bathing in the Cydnus, checkbattle. Philip, having been elected chief commander ed for a time his career. He received a letter from. of the Greeks, was preparing for a war against Persia, Parmenio, saying that Philip, his physician, had been when he was assassinated, B.C. 336. This occur- bribed by Darius to poison him. Alexander gave the rence, at an eventful crisis, excited some suspicion letter to the physician, and at the same time drank the against Alexander and Olympias; but as it was one potion which the latter had prepared for him. Scarcely of his first acts to execute justice on those of his fa- was he restored to health when he advanced towards ther's assassins who fell into his hands, several of the the defiles of Cilicia, whither Darius had imprudently nobility being implicated in the plot, this imputation betaken himself with an immense army, instead of rests on little beyond surmise. It is more than prob- awaiting his adversary on the plains of Assyria. The able that the conspirators were in correspondence with second battle took place near Issus, between the sea the Persian court, and that ample promises of protec- and the mountains, and victory again declared for the tion and support were given to men undertaking to Macedonian monarch. The Macedonians conquered deliver the empire from the impending invasion of the on this day, not the Persians alone, but the united efcaptain-general of Greece. Alexander, who succeed-forts of southern Greece and Persia; for the army of ed without opposition, was at this time in his twentieth Darius, besides its eastern troops, contained thirty year; and his youth, in the first instance, excited sev- thousand Greek mercenaries, the largest Greek force eral of the states of Greece to endeavour to set aside of that denomination mentioned in history. It was the Macedonian ascendency. By a sudden march into this galling truth that, among other causes, rendered Thessaly he, however, soon overawed the most active; the republican Greeks so hostile to Alexander. All and when, on a report of his death, chiefly at the in- the active partisans of that faction were at Issus, nor stigation of Demosthenes and his party, the various were the survivers dispirited by their defeat. Agis, states were excited to great commotion, he punished king of Sparta, gathered eight thousand who had rethe open revolt of Thebes with a severity which ef turned to Greece by various ways, and fought with fectually prevented any imitation of its example. In- them a bloody battle against Antipater, who with difduced to stand a siege, that unhappy city, after being ficulty defeated the Spartans and their allies. Withmastered with dreadful slaughter, was razed to the out taking these facts into consideration, it is imposground, with the ostentatious exception of the house sible duly to estimate the difficulties surmounted by of the poet Pindar alone; while the unfortunate sur- Alexander. After the defeat at Issus, the treasures viving inhabitants were stripped of all their posses- and family of Darius fell into the hands of the consions and sold indiscriminately into slavery. Intimi- queror. The latter were treated most magnanimousdating by this cruel policy, the Macedonian party ly. Alexander did not pursue the Persian monarch, gained the ascendency in every state throughout who fled towards the Euphrates, but, in order to cut Greece, and Athens particularly disgraced itself by him off from the sea, turned towards Cœle-Syria and the meanness of its submission. Alexander then pro- Phoenicia. Here he received a letter from Darius, ceeded to Corinth, where, in a general assembly of proposing peace. Alexander answered, that if he the states, his office of superior commander was rec- would come to him he would restore, not only his ognised and defined; and in the twenty-second year mother, wife, and children, without ransom, but also of his age, leaving Antipater, his viceroy, in Macedon, his empire. This reply produced no effect. The he passed the Hellespont, to overturn the Persian em- victory at Issus had opened the whole country to the pire, with an army not exceeding four thousand five Macedonians. Alexander took possession of Damashundred horse and thirty thousand foot. To secure cus, which contained a large portion of the royal treasthe protection of Minerva, he sacrificed to her on the ures, and secured all the towns along the Mediterraplain of Ilium, crowned the tomb of Achilles, and con- nean Sea. Tyre, imboldened by the strength of its gratulated this hero, from whom he was descended insular situation, resisted, but was taken, after seven through his mother, on his good fortune in having had months of incredible exertion, and destroyed. The such a friend as Patroclus, and such a poet as Homer capture of Tyre was perhaps the greatest military to celebrate his fame. The rapid movements of Alex- achievement of the Macedonian monarch; but it was ander had evidently taken the Persian satraps by sur-tarnished by his cruel severity towards the conquered, prise. They had, without making a single attempt to thirty thousand of the inhabitants having been sold by molest his passage, allowed him, with a far inferior him as slaves. Some excuse, however, may be found fleet, to convey his troops into Asia. They now re- in the excited feelings of the Macedonian army, ocsolved to advance and contest the passage of the river casioned by numerous insults on the part of the TyriGranicus. A force of twenty thousand cavalry was ans; by acts of cruelty towards some of their Macedrawn up on the right bank of the stream, while an donian captives; and also by the length and obstinacy equal number of Greek mercenaries crowned the hills of the siege; for more men were slain in winning in the rear. Unintimidated, however, by this array, Tyre, than in achieving the three great victories over Alexander led his army across, and, after a severe con- Darius. Alexander continued his victorious march flict, gained a decisive victory. The loss on the Per-through Palestine, where all the towns surrendered sian side was heavy, on that of their conquerors so except Gaza, which shared the fate of Tyre. Egypt, extremely slight (only eighty-five horsemen and thirty wearied of the Persian yoke, received him as a delivfoot-soldiers) as to lead at once to the belief, that the erer. In order to confirm his power, he restored the general, who wrote the account of Alexander's cam-former customs and religious rites, and founded Alexpaigns, mentioned the loss of only the native-born andrea, which became one of the first cities of ancient Macedonians. Splendid funeral obsequies were per- times. Hence he went through the desert of Libya, formed in honour of those of his army who had fallen; to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, an adventure various privileges were granted to their fathers and resembling more the wildness of romance than the sochildren; and as twenty-five of the cavalry that had berness of history, and which has on this very account been slain on the Macedonian side belonged to the been regarded by some with an eye of incredulity. royal troop of the "Companions," these were honour-It rests, however, on too firm a basis to be invalidated. ed with monumental statues of bronze, the workman-After having been acknowledged, say the ancient wriship of the celebrated Lysippus. The immediate con- ters, as the son of the god (vid. Ammon), Alexander, sequence of this victory was the freedom and restora- at the return of spring, marched against Darius, who tion of all the Greek cities in Asia Minor, and its sub-in the mean time had collected an army in Assyria,

and rejected the proposals of Alexander for peace. tiful virgins of Asia, was among the prisoners. AlA battle was fought at Gaugamela, not far from Arbe- exander fell in love with and married her. Upon the la, B.C. 331. Arrian estimates the army of Darius at news of this, Oxyantes thought it best to submit, and 1,000,000 of infantry and 40,000 cavalry; while that came to Bactria, where Alexander received him with of Alexander consisted of only 40,000 infantry and distinction. Here a new conspiracy was discovered, 7000 horse. On the Persian side, moreover, were at the head of which was Hermolaus, and among the some of the bravest and hardiest tribes of upper Asia. accomplices Callisthenes. All the conspirators were Notwithstanding the immense numerical superiority of condemned to death except Callisthenes, who was his enemy, Alexander was not a moment doubtful of mutilated and carried about with the army in an iron victory. At the head of his cavalry he attacked the cage, until he terminated his torments by poison. AlPersians, and routed them after a short conflict. One exander now formed the idea of conquering India, the great object of his ambition was to capture the Per- name of which was scarcely known. He passed the sian monarch on the field of battle; and that object Indus, and formed an alliance with Taxilus, the ruler was at one time apparently within his grasp, when he of the region beyond this river, who assisted him with received, at the instant, a message from Parmenio that troops and 130 elephants. Conducted by Taxilus, he the left wing, which that general commanded, was hard marched towards the river Hydaspes, the passage of pressed by the Sacæ, Albanians, and Parthians, and he which, Porus, another king, defended at the head of was compelled, of course, to hasten to its relief. Dari- his army. Alexander conquered him in a bloody batus filed from the field of battle, leaving his army, bag- tle, took him prisoner, but restored him to his kinggage, and immense treasures to the victor. Babylon dom. He then marched victoriously on, established and Susa, where the riches of the East lay accumula- Greek colonies, and built, according to Plutarch, ted, opened their gates to Alexander, who directed his seventy towns, one of which he called Bucephala, after march to Persepolis, the capital of Persia. The only his horse, which had been killed on the Hydaspes. passage thither was defended by 40,000 men under Intoxicated by success, he intended to advance as far Ariobarzanes. Alexander attacked them in the rear, as the Ganges, and was preparing to pass the Hypharouted them, and entered Persepolis triumphant. sis, when the discontent of his army obliged him to From this time the glory of Alexander began to decline. terminate his progress and return. Previous to turnMaster of the greatest empire in the world, he became ing back, however, he erected on the banks of the a slave to his own passions; gave himself up to arro- Hyphasis twelve towers, in the shape of altars; mongance and dissipation; showed himself ungrateful and uments of the extent of his career, and testimonials of cruel, and in the arms of pleasure shed the blood of his gratitude towards the gods. On these gigantic alhis bravest generals. Hitherto sober and moderate, tars he offered sacrifices with all due solemnity, and this hero, who strove to equal the gods, and called horse-races and gymnastic contests closed the festivhimself a god, sunk to the level of vulgar men. Per-ities. When he had reached the Hydaspes, he built sepolis, the wonder of the world, he burned in a fit of a fleet, in which he sent a part of his troops down the intoxication. Ashamed of this act, he set out with his river, while the rest of the army proceeded along the cavalry to pursue Darius. Learning that Bessus, sa- banks. On his march he encountered several Indian trap of Bactriana, kept the king prisoner, he hastened princes, and, during the siege of a town belonging to his march with the hope of saving him. But Bessus, the Malli, was severely wounded. Having recovered, when he saw himself closely pursued, caused Darius he continued his course down the Indus, and thus to be assassinated (B.C. 330), because he was an im- reached the sea. Having entered the Indian Ocean pediment to his flight. Alexander beheld on the fron- and performed some rites in honour of Neptune, he left tiers of Bactriana a dying man, covered with wounds, his fleet; and, after ordering Nearchus, as soon as the lying on a chariot. It was Darius. The Macedonian season would permit, to sail to the Persian Gulf, and hero could not restrain his tears. After interring him thence up the Tigris, he himself prepared to march to with all the honours usual among the Persians, he took Babylon. He had to wander through immense deserts, possession of Hyrcania and Bactriana, and caused in which the greater part of his army, destitute of wahimself to be proclaimed King of Asia. He was form-ter and food, perished in the sand. Only the fourth ing still more gigantic plans, when a conspiracy broke part of the troops with which he had set out returned out in his own camp. Philotas, the son of Parmenio, to Persia. On his route he quelled several mutinies, was implicated. Alexander, not satisfied with the and placed governors over various provinces. In Susa blood of the son, caused the father also to be put to he married two Persian princesses, and rewarded those death. This act of injustice excited general displeas- of his Macedonians who had married Persian women; ure. At the same time, his power in Greece was threat- because it was his intention to unite the two nations ened and it required all the energy of Antipater to dis- as closely as possible. He distributed rich rewards solve, by force of arms, the league formed by the among his troops. At Opis, on the Tigris, he declared Greeks against the Macedonian authority. In the his intention of sending the invalids home with presmean time, Alexander marched in the winter through ents. The rest of the army mutinied; but he persistthe north of Asia as far as it was then known, check-ed, and effected his purpose. Soon after, his favoured neither by Mount Caucasus nor the Oxus, and ite, Hephæstion, died. His grief was unbounded, and reached the Caspian Sea, hitherto unknown to the he buried his body with royal splendour. On his return Greeks. Insatiable of glory and thirsting for conquest, from Ecbatana to Babylon, the magicians are said to he spared not even the hordes of the Scythians. Re- have predicted that this city would be fatal to him. turning to Bactriana, he hoped to gain the affections of The representations of his friends induced him to dethe Persians by assuming their dress and manners; but spise these warnings. He went to Babylon, where this hope was not realized. The discontent of the many foreign ambassadors waited for him, and was army gave occasion to the scene which ended in the engaged in extensive plans for the future, when he death of Clitus. Alexander, whose pride he had offend- became suddenly sick after a banquet, and died in a ed, killed him with his own hand at a banquet. Clitus few days, B.C. 323. Such was the end of this conhad been one of his most faithful friends and brave of- queror, in his 32d year, after a reign of 12 years and ficers, and Alexander was afterward a prey to the 8 months. He left behind him an immense empire, keenest remorse. In the following year he subdued which became the scene of continual wars. He had the whole of Sogdiana. Oxyantes, one of the leaders designated no heir, and being asked by his friends to of the enemy, had secured his family in a castle built whom he left the empire, answered, "To the worthion a lofty rock. The Macedonians stormed it. Rox- est." After many disturbances, the generals acknowlana, the daughter of Oxyantes, one of the most beau-edged Aridæus, a man of a very weak mind, the son