Lugd. Bad., 1727, 4to, and 1745, 8vo; that of Bent- | nent scholar, in the course of his well-known controley, at the end of his Terence, Cantab., 1726, 4to, and Amst., 1727, 4to; that of Brotier, Paris, 1783, 12mo; that of Schwabe, Brunsv., 1806, 2 vols. 8vo; that of Gail, in Lemaire's collection, Paris, 1826, 2 vols. 8vo; and that of Orelli, Turici, 1831, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 2, p. 343, seqq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 308, seqq.) PHAETHON (Þaέbwv), son of Helios and the Oceannymph Clymene. His claims to a celestial origin being disputed by Epaphus, son of Jupiter, Phaethon journeyed to the palace of his sire, the sun-god, from whom he extracted an unwary oath that he would grant him whatever he asked. The ambitious youth instantly demanded permission to guide the solar chariot for one day, to prove himself thereby the undoubted progeny of the sun. Helios, aware of the consequences, remonstrated, but to no purpose. The youth persisted, and the god, bound by his oath, reluctantly committed the reins to his hands, warning him of the dangers of the road, and instructing him how to avoid them. Phaethon grasped the reins, the flame-breathing steeds sprang forward, but, soon aware that they were not directed by the well-known hand, they ran out of the course; the world was set on fire, and a total conflagration would have ensued, had not Jupiter, at the prayer of Earth, launched his thunder, and hurled the terrified driver from his seat. He fell into the river Eridanus. His sisters, the Heliades, as they lamented his fate, were turned into poplar-trees on its banks, and their tears, which still continued to flow, became amber as they dropped into the stream. Cycnus, the friend of the ill-fated Phaethon, also abandoned himself to mourning, and at length was changed into a swan (KUKVOC). (Ovid, Met, 1, 750, seqq.-Hygin., fab., 152, 154.-Nonnus, Dionys., 38, 105, 439. Apoll. Rhod., 4, 597, seqq.-Virg, En., 10, 190.Id., Eclog., 6, 62.) This story was dramatized by Eschylus, in the Heliades, and by Euripides in his Phaethon. Some fragments of both plays have been preserved. Ovid appears to have followed closely the former drama.-The legend of Phaethon is regarded by the expounders of mythology at the present day as a physical myth, devised to account for the origin of the electron, or amber, which seems to have been brought from the Baltic to Greece in the very earliest times. The term 2EKTрov, as Welcker observes, resembles éкTwp, an epithet of the sun. In the opinion of this last-mentioned writer, the story of Phaethon is only the Greek version of a German legend on the subject. The tradition of the people of the country was said to be (Apoll. Rhod., 4, 611), that the amber was produced from the tears of the sungod. The Greeks made this sun-god the same with their Apollo, and added that he shed these tears when he came to the land of the Hyperboreans, an exile from heaven on account of his avenging upon the Cyclops the fate of his son Esculapius. But, as this did not accord with the Hellenic conception of either Helios or Apollo, the Heliades were devised to remove the inconsistency. The foundation of the fable lay in the circumstance of amber being regarded as a species of resin, which drops from the trees that yield it. That part of the legend which relates to the Eridanus, confounds the Po with the true Eridanus in the north of Europe. (Welcker, Esch. Trilogie, p. 566, seq. Keightley's Mythology, p. 57, seq.) PHAETHONTIADES or PHAETHONTIDES, the sisters of Phaethon, changed into poplars. (Vid. Heliades, and Phaethon.) PHALANTHUS, a Lacedæmonian, one of the Parthenia, and the leader of the colony to Tarentum. (Vid. Partheniæ.) PHALARIS, a tyrant of Agrigentum in Sicily, whose age is placed by Bentley in the 57th Olympiad, or about 550 B.C. This, however, is done by that emi versy with Boyle and others, merely to give more force to his own refutation, since it is the latest period that history will allow, and, therefore, the most favourable to the pretended letters of Phalaris, which provoked the discussion. (Monk's Life of Bentley, p. 62) It is from these same letters that Boyle composed a life of Phalaris; but the spurious nature of the productions from which he drew his information, and the absence of more authentic documents, cast an air of suspicion on the whole biography. According to this life of him, he was born in Astypalea, one of the Sporades, and was banished from his native island for allowing his ambitious views to become too apparent. Proceeding thereupon to Sicily, he settled at Agrigentum, where he eventually made himself master of the place and established a tyranny. (Compare Polyanus, 5, 1.) He at first exercised his power with moderation, and drew to his court not only poets and artists, but many wise and learned men, whose counsels he promised to follow. Deceived by this state of things, the people of Himera were about to request his aid in terminating a war which they were carrying on with their neighbours, when Stesichorus dissuaded them from this dangerous scheme by the well-known fable of the horse and the stag. (Vid. Stesichorus.) The seditions which afterward took place in Agrigentum compelled Phalaris to adopt a severer exercise of his authority, and hence his name has come to us as that of a cruel tyrant. The instrument of his cruelty, also, namely the brazen bull made by the artist Perillus, is often alluded to by the ancient writers. (Vid. Perillus.) The manner of his death is variously given. Some make him to have been stoned to death for his cruelty by the people of Agrigentum; others relate that his irritated subjects put him into his own bull and burned him to death. (Vid. Perillus.)-We have remaining, under the name of Phalaris, a collection of letters, supposed to have been written by him, but which Bentley has shown to be the mere forgeries of some sophist, who lived at a later period. The letters of Phalaris were first published by Bartholomæus Justinopolitanus in 1498, Venet., 4to. This edition, which is very rare, ought to be accompanied by a Latin version; since Bartholomæus promises one in his præfatory epistle to Peter Contarenus; but no copy occurs with one. (Laire, Index Libr.-Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 210.) The most esteemed among subsequent editions is that of Van Lennep, completed by Valckenaer, Groning., 1777, 4to, republished under the editorial supervision of Schaefer, Lips., 1823, 8vo, maj. The edition of Boyle, which gave rise to the controversy between the Christ Church wits and the celebrated Bentley, was issued from the Oxford press in 1695, 8vo, and reprinted in 1718. It owes its only notoriety to the lashing which Bentley inflicted upon the editor, the Hon. Charles Boyle, brother to the Earl of Orrery, and, at the time of the first publication, a member of Christ-Church. In preparing this edition, Boyle was assisted by Mr. John Freind, one of the junior students of the college, afterward the celebrated physician, who officiated as his private tutor. The preface contained a remark, reflecting, though without any just grounds whatever, on Bentley's want of courtesy in not allowing a manuscript in the King's Library, of which he was keeper, to be collated for Boyle's edition. This drew from Bentley his first Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, in the form of Letters to Mr. Wotton, a work which, though afterward eclipsed by the enlarged dissertation, is no less amusing than learned. The author is completely successful in proving the epistles spurious. His arguments are drawn from chronology, from the language of the letters, from their matter, and, finally, from their late discovery. Having overthrown the claim of Phalaris to PHAON, a mariner of Lesbos, accustomed to feny passengers across from the island to the main land (ñoplμòs nv dúλaooa-Palaph., de Incred., 49). Lecian calls him a native of Chios. (Dial. Mort, 9, 2.) According to one legend, he was beloved by Venus, who concealed him amid lettuce. (Elian, V. H., 12, 18.) Another version of the fable stated, that Venus came to him on one occasion under the form of an aged female, and, having requested a passage, was ferried across to the main land by him, free from charge, such being his wont towards those who were in indi gent circumstances. The goddess, out of gratitude, presented him with an alabaster box, containing a pe culiar kind of ointment, and, when he had rubbed him. self with this, he became the most beautiful of men. Among others, Sappho became enamoured of him, but, a place among royal or noble authors, Bentley examines certain other reputed pieces of antiquity, such as the Letters of Themistocles, of Socrates, and of Euripides; all which he shows not to be the productions of the individuals whose names they bear, but forgeries of some sophists many centuries later. The publication of this work excited a sensation in the literary and academical circles that was without example. The society of Christ-Church was thrown into a perfect ferment, and the task of inflicting a full measure of literary chastisement upon the audacious offender was assigned to the ablest scholars and wits of the college. The leaders of the confederacy were Atterbury and Smalridge, but the principal share in the attack fell to the lot of the former. In point of classical learning, however, the joint stock of the coaliton bore no proportion to that of Bentley: their acquaint-finding her passion unrequited, threw herself into the ance with several of the books on which they comment sea from the promontory of Leucate. (Vid. Sappho, appears only to have been begun upon this occasion; and Leucate.-Palaph., I. c.—Elian, I. c.—Arsen. and sometimes they are indebted for their knowledge | Violar., p. 461, ed. Walz.-Eudocia, p. 413.—Suid, of them to the very individual whom they attack, and s. v. Þáwv.) compared with whose boundless erudition their learn ing was that of schoolboys, and not always sufficient to preserve them from distressing mistakes. But profound literature was at that period confined to few; while wit and raillery found numerous and eager readers. The consequence was, that when the reply of the Christ-Church men appeared, this motley production of theirs, which is generally known by the name of "Boyle against Bentley," it met with a reception so uncommonly favourable as to form a kind of paradox in literary history. But the triumph of his opponents was short-lived. Bentley replied in his enlarged Dissertation, a work which, while it effectually silenced his antagonists, and held them up to ridicule as mere sciolists and blunderers, established on the firmest basis his own claims to the character of a consummate philologist. (Monk's Life of Bentley, p. 49, seqq.) PHALERON, the most ancient of the Athenian ports; but which, after the erection of the docks in the Piraus, ceased to be of any importance in a maritime point of view. It was, however, enclosed within the fortifications of Themistocles, and gave its name to the southernmost of the long walls, by means of which it was connected with Athens. Phaleron supplied the Athenian market with abundance of the little fish named Aphyæ, so often mentioned by the comic writers. (Aristoph., Acharn., 901.-Id,, Av., 96.— Athen., 7, 8.-Aristot, Hist. An., 6, 15.) The lands around it were marshy, and produced very fine cabbages. (Hesych., s. v. Þaλnpikal.-Xen., Econ., c. 19.) The modern name of Phaleron is Porto Fanari. "Phalerum," says Hobhouse (vol. 1, p. 301, Am. ed.), "is of an elliptical form, smaller than Munychia; and the remains of the piers on each side of the narrow mouth are still to be seen. The line of its length is from east to west, that of its breadth from north to south. On the northeast side of the port, the land is high and rocky until you come to the fine sweep of the bay of Phalerum, perhaps two miles in length, and terminated on the northeast by a low promontory, once that of Colias. The clay from this neighbourhood was preferred to any other for the use of the potteries." PHARE, I. a borough of Tanagra in Boeotia. (Stre bo, 405.)-II. One of the twelve cities of Achaia, situate on the river Pirus, about 70 stadia from the sea, and 120 from Patræ. (Pausan., 7, 22.) It was abnexed by Augustus to the colony of Patræ. The ruins were observed by Dodwell on the left bank of the Camenitza (vol. 2, p. 310).—III. A town of Crete. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Papai.)-IV. A town of Messenia, on the Sinus Messeniacus, northwest of Cardamyla. Among other divinities worshipped here were Nicom achus and Gorgazus, sons of Machaon. They had both governed this city after the death of their father, to whom, as well as themselves, was attributed the art of healing maladies. (Steph. Byz., s. v.) PHARMACUSE, I. two islets a short distance from the Attic shore, in the Sinus Saronicus, east of Salamis. In the larger of these Circe was said to have been in terred. (Strabo, 395.-Steph. Byz., s. v. Paque Kovooa.) They are now called Kyra. (Chandler's Travels, vol. 3, p. 220.)-II. An island of the Egean Sea, southwest from Miletus, and about 120 stadia distant from that place. It is known as the place where Julius Cæsar was taken by the pirates. (Pist, Vut. Cæs.) re As PHARNACES, I. grandfather of Mithradates the Great, and son and successor of Mithradates IV. of Pontus, He conquered Sinope and Tium (Strab., 545.—Diod. Sic., Frag.), and was engaged in a war with Eumenes, king of Pergamus, which lasted for some years, and was put an end to chiefly through the interference of Rome. (Polyb., Exc., 24, 4, seqq.) Polybius cords of Pharnaces that he was more wicked than all the kings who had preceded him. (Polyb., 27, 15)— II. Son of Mithradates the Great, proved treacherous to his father when the latter was forming his bold design of advancing towards Italy from Asia, and crossing the Alps as Hannibal had done before him. Although the favourite son of that celebrated monarch, he incited the army to open rebellion, disconcerted all his father's plans, and brought him to the grave. a reward of his perfidy, Pharnaces was proclaimed King of Bosporus, and styled the ally and friend of the Roman nation. (Appian, Bell. Mithrad., c. 103, seqq.) During the civil war waged by Cæsar and Pompey, Pharnaces made an attempt to recover his hereditary dominions, and succeeded in taking Sinope, Amisus, and some other towns of Pontus. But Julies Cæsar, after the defeat and death of Pompey, marched into Pontus, and, encountering the army of Pharraces near the city of Zela, gained a complete victory; the facility with which it was gained being expressed by the victor in those celebrated words, "Veni, Vidi, PHANOTE, a town of Chaonia in Epirus, correspond- Vici:" (Hirt., Bell. Alex., c. 72-Plut., Vit. Cas. ing to the modern Gardiki, a fortress once belonging-Sueton, Vit. Cas., 37.-Dio Cass., 42, 47.) AF to the Suliots. (Cramer's Greece, vol. 1, p. 99.) ter his defeat, Pharnaces retired to the Bosporus, PHANE, a harbour of the island of Chios, with a temple of Apollo and a palm-grove in its vicinity. Near it also was a promontory of the same name. (Straho, 645.-Liv., 36, 43.-Id., 44, 28.) Phana was in the southern part of the island, and the neighbourhood was remarkable for its excellent wine. (Virg., Georg., 2, 98.) The promontory is called at the present day Cape Mastico. (Mannert., Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 326.) where he was slain by some of his own followers. | sius, ad Mel., 2, 7, p. 761.) Strabo, however, and (Appian, Bell. Mithrad., c. 120.-Dio Cass., l. c.) Josephus call the mound or causeway έraorádiov PHARNACIA, a city of Pontus, on the seacoast, and xua, or one of seven stadia, referring probably to the in the territory of the Mosyncci. It is erroneously work itself, exclusive of the bridges. (Strabo, l. c.— confounded with Cerasus by Arrian (Peripl., p. 17), Joseph., Ant. Jud., 12, 2, 12.) Ammianus Marcelliwhile the anonymous geographer, though in this in-nus, and some other writers after him, make Cleopatra stance he copies that writer, yet afterward places Cera- to have erected the tower and built the causeway sus 530 stadia farther to the east (p. 13). It should (Amm. Marcell., 22, 16.- Tzetz.- Cedren.), and be observed, also, that Strabo says that Cotyorum, and some critics suppose that the tower must have been not Cerasus, had contributed to the foundation of destroyed by Cæsar in the Alexandrine war, and rePharnacia (Strabo, 548); and he afterward names built by the Egyptian queen. This, however, can Cerasus as a small place distinct from that town and hardly have been the case, since Cæsar merely speaks nearer Trapezus. Pliny, moreover, distinguishes Phar- of his having ordered the private dwellings to be pulled nacia and Cerasus, and he besides informs us that the down, but refers to the Pharos apparently as still former was 100 miles from Trapezus (6, 4). Xeno- standing. (Bell. Alex, 19.) As to the causeway itphon and the Greeks were three days on their march self, it is possible that Cleopatra may have continued it from Trapezus to Cerasus, a space of time too short to the main land, after the bridge at that end had been to accomplish a route of 100 miles over a difficult destroyed. (Voss., ad Mel., . c.) The Nubian gecountry. (Anab., 5, 3, 5.) It is apparent, therefore, ographer, in a later age, gives the elevation of the Phathat the Cerasus of Xenophon is not to be identified ros as 300 cubits, from which it would appear that the with Pharmacia, though it might be thought so in Arri- tower must have lost a portion of its original height. an's time; and it is remarkable that this erroneous (Falconer, ad Strab., l. c.) The name Pharos itself opinion should have prevailed so strongly as to leave would seem to have been given to the tower first, and the name of Keresoun to the site occupied by the an- after that to the island, if the Greek etymology be the cient Pharnacia. With respect to this latter place, it true one, according to which the term comes from the appears to have been founded by Pharnaces, grandfa- Greek púw, “to shine" or "be bright” (páw, páoc ther of Mithradates the Great, though we have no pos-paɛpós, púpos). Jablonski, however, makes the word itive authority for the fact. We know only that it ex- of Egyptian origin, and deduces it from pharez, “a isted in the time of the last-mentioned monarch, since watch-tower" or "look-out place." (Voc. Egypt., s. it is spoken of in Plutarch's Life of Lucullus. Man-v.-Opusc., vol. 1, p. 378, ed. Te Water.) The cenert is inclined to think, that Pharmacia was founded on the site of a Greek settlement named Charades, which Scylax places in this vicinity (p. 33). It is also noticed by Stephanus of Byzantium as a town of the Mosynœci, on the authority of Hecatæus (s. v. Xoipádes.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 386.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 281). lebrity of the Egyptian Pharos made this a common appellation among the ancients for any edifice that was raised to direct the course of mariners either by means of lights or signals. The Emperor Claudius ordered one to be erected at Ostia, and there was another at Ravenna. (Voss., ad Plin., 36, 12.)-Instead of the ancient Pharos at Alexandrea, there is now only a kind of irregular castle, without ditches or outworks of any strength, the whole being accommodated to the inequality of the ground on which it stands. Out of the midst of this clumsy building rises a tower, which serves for a lighthouse, but which has nothing of the beauty and grandeur of the old one.-II. An island off the coast of Illyricum, to the east of Issa, and answering to the modern Lessina. It was settled by a colony from Paros (Scylax, p. 8.—Scymn., Ch., v. 425), and was the birthplace of Demetrius the Pharian, whose name often occurs in the writings of Polybius. (Polyb., 2, 10, 8.—Id., 2, 65, 4, &c.) PHARSALIA, I. the region around the city of Pharsalus in Thessaly, celebrated for the battle fought in its plains between the armies of Cæsar and Pompey. (Vid. Pharsalus.)-II. The title of Lucan's epic poem. (Vid. Lucanus.) PHAROS, I. a small island in the bay of Alexandrea, at the entrance of the greater harbour, upon which was built, in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, a celebrated tower, to serve as a lighthouse. The architect was Sostratus, son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was also called Pharos, and which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at a very great distance. It had several stories raised one above another, adorned with columns, balustrades, and galleries, of the finest marble and workmanship. On the top, fires were kept lighted in the night season, to direct sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult of access. The building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 800 talents, about 850,000 dollars. According to Strabo, there was on the tower the following inscription, cut into the marble, EETPATOE KNIAIOE ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ PHARSALUS, a city of Thessaly, situate in that part ПARIZOMENON ("Sostratus the Cnidian, son of of the province which Strabo designates by the name Dexiphanes, to the gods the preservers, for the benefit of Thessaliotis. It lay southwest of Larissa, on the of mariners"). Pliny also speaks of the magnanimity river Enipeus, which falls into the Apidanus, one of of Ptolemy, in allowing the name of Sostratus, and not the tributaries of the Peneus. Although a city of his own, to be inscribed upon the tower. (Strab., 791. considerable size and importance, we find no mention -Plin., 36, 12.) Lucian, however, tells a different of it prior to the Persian invasion. Thucydides restory. According to that writer, Sostratus, wishing to ports that it was besieged by the Athenian general enjoy in after ages all the glory of the work, cut the Myronides after his success in Boeotia, but without above inscription on the stones, and then, covering avail (1, 111). The same historian speaks of the ser them over with cement, wrote upon the latter another vices rendered to the Athenian people by Thucydides inscription, which assigned the honour of having erect- the Pharsalian, who performed the duties of proxenos ed this structure to the author of the work, King Ptol- to his countrymen at Athens (8, 92); and he also emy. The cement, however, having decayed through states that the Pharsalians generally favoured that time, Ptolemy's inscription disappeared, and the other republic during the Peloponnesian war. At a later became visible. (Lucian, Quomodo hist. conscrib. period, the plains in the vicinity of this city became sit, 62.) Where Lucian obtained this story is not celebrated for the battle fought in them between the known; it is certainly a most incredible narrative, and armies of Cæsar and Pompey. (Vid. Pharsalia I.)— very probably an invention of his own. (Du Soul, ad Livy seems to make a distinction between the old and Lucian, l. c.)-The island of Pharos was eight stadia new town, as he speaks of Paleo-Pharsalus (441.from the main land, and connected with it by a cause- Compare Strabo, 431). Dr. Clarke (Travels, vol. 7, way, which had two bridges, one at either end. (Vos-p. 328, Lond. ed.) observes, that there are few anti quities at Pharsalus. The name of Pharsa alone rethains to show what it once was. Southwest of the town there is a hill surrounded with ancient walls, formed of large masses of a coarse kind of marble. Upon a lofty rock above the town to the south are other ruins of greater magnitude, showing a considerable portion of the walls of the Acropolis and remains of the Propylæa. (Cramer's Anc. Gr., vol. 1, p. 398.) PHARUSII, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania, situate perhaps to the east of the Autololes, which latter people occupied the Atlantic coast of Africa, opposite to the Insula Fortunatæ. (Mela, 1, 4, 23.-Vossius, ad loc.) PHASIANA, a district of Armenia Major, through which the river Phasis or Araxes flows; whence the name of the region. The beautiful birds, which we call pheasants, still preserve in their name the traces of this their native country. (Vid. Araxes I.) PHASIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born in Colchis, on the banks of the Phasis. (Ori, | A. A., 2, 381.) PHASIS, I. a river of Asia, falling into the Euxine after passing through parts of Armenia, Iberia, and Colchis. According to Strabo and Pliny, it rose in the southern portion of the Moschian mountains, which were regarded as belonging to Armenia. (Strabo, 498.-Plin., 6, 4.) Procopius states that in the early part of its course it was called Boas, but that, after in size by several tributaries, it took the name of Phasis. (Procop., Pers., 2, 29.) Its modern name is Rion or Rioni, which would seem more properly to belong to the Rheon, one of its tributaries. The Turks call it the Fasch. The Phasis is famous in mythology from Jason's having obtained in its vicinity the golden fleece of Grecian fable. Arrian (Peripl., Mar. Eur) says, that the colour of the water of the Phasis resem bled that of water impregnated with lead or tin; that is, it was of a bluish cast. It was said, also, not to intermingle with the sea for some distance from land PHASELIS, a town of Lycia, on the eastern coast, near the confines of Pamphylia. Livy remarks, that it was a conspicuous point for those sailing from Cili-reaching the confines of Iberia, and becoming increased cia to Rhodes, since it advanced out towards the sea; and, on the other hand, a fleet could easily be descried from it (37, 23). Hence the epithet of veuóecoa applied to it by Dionysius Periegetes (v. 854). We are informed by Herodotus (2, 178), that this town was colonized by some Dorians. Though united to Lycia, it did not form part of the Lycian confederacy, but was governed by its own laws. (Strabo, 667.) Phaselis, at a later period, having become the haunt of pirates, was attacked and taken by Servilius Isauricus. (Flor., 3, 6.- Eutrop., 6, 3.) Lucan speaks of it as nearly deserted when visited by Pom--For some general remarks on the name Phasis, con pey in his flight after the battle of Pharsalia (8, 251). sult remarks at the end of this article. (Mannert, Nevertheless, Strabo asserts that it was a considera- Geogr., vol. 4, p. 394, seqq.)—II. A city at the mouth ble town, and had three ports. He observes, also, of the Colchian Phasis, founded by a Milesian colony. that it was taken by Alexander, as an advantageous (Mela, 1, 85.) It does not appear to have been a post for the prosecution of his conquests into the inte- place of any great trade. In Hadrian's time it was a rior. (Strab., 666.-Compare Arrian, Exp. Al., 1, 24. mere fortress, with a garrison of 400 men. (Arrian, -Plut., Vit. Alex.) Phaselis, according to Athenæ- Peripl.-Ammian. Marcell., 22, 8.) The place is not us, was celebrated for the manufacture of rose perfume mentioned by Procopius. In the vicinity of this spot, (14, p. 688). Nicander certainly commends its roses the Turks, in former days, had the small fortress of (ap. Athen., p. 683.)—"On a small peninsula, at the Potti. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 396.)—III. A foot of Mount Takhtalu (the highest point of the Soly- river of Armenia Major, the same with the Araxes. mean mountains)," says Captain Beaufort, "are the (Vid. Araxes, I.)-The name Phasis would seem to remains of the city of Phaselis, with its three ports have been a general appellation for rivers in early Onand lake as described by Strabo. The lake is now a ental geography, and the root of it may be very fairly mere swamp, occupying the middle of the isthmus, traced in the Indo-Germanic dialects. (Phas.-Was and was probably the source of those baneful exhala--German Wasser, "Water."-Consult Ritter, Vortions which, according to Livy and Cicero, rendered halle, p. 466.) Phaselis so unhealthy. The modern name of Phase- PHAVORINUS (in Greek Pabapīvos), a native of Arlis is Tekrova." (Karamania, p. 56.) "The harbour elate in Gaul, who lived at Rome during the reigns of and town of Phaselis," observes Mr. Fellows, "are Trajan and Hadrian, and enjoyed a high degree of con both extremely well built and interesting, but very sideration. He wrote numerous works, but no part of small. Its theatre, stadium, and temples may all be them has reached us except a few fragments in Sto traced, and its numerous tombs on the hills show how bæus. Aulus Gellius, however, has preserved for us long it must have existed." (Tour in Asia Minor, p. some of his dissertations in a Latin dress. (Noct. Att., 211.) Beyond Phaselis the mountains press in upon 12, 1; 14, 1, 2; 17, 10.) Phavorinus loved to write the shore, and leave a very narrow passage along the on topics out of the common path, and more or less strand, which at low water is practicable, but, when whimsical; he composed, for example, a eulogium on storms prevail and the sea is high, it is extremely Thersites, another on Quartan Fever, &c. Having had dangerous: in this case, travellers must pass the mount- the misfortune to offend the Emperor Hadrian, bis ains, and proceed into the interior by a long circuit. statues, which the Athenians had raised to him, were The defile in question, as well as the mountains over-thrown' down by that same people. He bequeathed hanging it, was called Climax, and it obtained celebrity from the fact that Alexander led his army along it, after the conquest of Caria, under circumstances of great difficulty and danger; for, though the wind Blew violently, Alexander, impatient of delay, hurried his troops forward, along the shore, where they had the water up to their middle, and had great difficulty in making their way. (Strab., 666, seq.-Arrian, Exp. Al., 1, 26.-Plut., Vit. Alex.) Captain Beaufort remarks, that "the shore at present exhibits a remarkable coincidence with the account of Alexander's march from Phaselis. The road along the beach is, however, interrupted in some places by projecting cliffs, which would have been difficult to surmount, but round which the men could readily pass by wading through the water." (Karamania, p. 115, seq.-Compare Leake's Tour, p. 190.) his library and mansion at Rome to Herodes Atticus of PHENEUS (PEVεoç), a city in the northern part Arcadia, at the foot of Mount Cylene. It was a town of great antiquity, since Hercules is said to have resided there after his departure from Tiryns, and Homer has mentioned it among the principal Arcadian cities. (Il., 2, 605.) The place was surrounded by some extensive marshes, which are said to have once inundated the whole country, and to have destroyed the ancient town. They are more commonly called the Lake of Pheneus, and were principally formed by the river Aroanius or Olbius, which descends from the mountains to the north of Pheneus, and usually finds a vent in some natural caverns or katabathra at the extremity of the plain; but when, by accident, these happened to be blocked up, the waters filled the whole valley, and, communicating with the Ladon and Alpheus, overflowed the beds of those rivers as far as Olympia. (Eratosth., ap. Strab., 389.) Pausanias reports, that vestiges of some great works undertaken to drain the Phenean marshes, and ascribed by the natives to Hercules, were to be seen near the city (8, 14). The vestiges of the town itself are visible, according to Dodwell, near the village of Phonia, upon an insulated rock. The lake is said to be very small, and to vary according to the season of the year. (Dodwell, vol. 2, p. 436.-Cramer's Anc. Gr., vol. 3, p. 321.) PHEREUS, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pheræ. (Vid. Jason, II.) PHERECRATES, a comic poet of Athens, contemporary with Plato, Phrynichus, Aristophanes, and Eupolis. (Suid., s. v. Пhárov.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. xl.) Little is known of him. He is said to have written 21 comedies, of which a few fragments remain. The following are the titles of some of his pieces; "The Deserters," "Chiron,” “ The Old Women," "The Painters," "The False Hercules," &c. Such was the license which prevailed at this period on the Greek stage, that Pherecrates was particularly commended for having abstained entirely in his pieces from any personal attacks. He was also the inventor of a species of verse, which was called from him the Pherecratean or Pherecratic. The Pherecratic verse is the Glyconic deprived of the final syllable, and consists of a spondee, a choriambus, and a catalectic syllable. The first foot was sometimes a trochee or an anapast, rarely an iambus. When this species of verse' has a spondee in the first station, it may then be scanned as a dactylic trimeter. It has been conjectured that the trochee was originally the only foot admissible in the first place of the Pherecratic. (Ramsay; Lat. Pros., p. 192.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 90.) The fragments of Pherecrates were given with those of Eupolis, by Runkel, Lips., 1829, 8vo. PHERE, I. a city of Pelasgiotis, in Thessaly, one of the most ancient and important places in the country. It was the capital of Admetus and Eumelus, as we learn from Homer (Il., 2, 711, seq.) and Apollonius. (Arg., 1, 49.—Compare Hom., Od., 4, 798.) Pheræ was famed at a later period as the native place of Jason, who, having raised himself to the head of affairs by his talents and ability, became master not only of his own city, but of nearly the whole of Thessaly. (Vid. Jason, II.) After the death of Jason, Pheræ PHERECYDES, I. a Grecian philosopher, contemporary was ruled over by Polydorus and Polyrophon, his two with Terpander and Thales, who flourished about 600 brothers. The latter of these was succeeded by Al- B.C., and was a native of the island of Seyros. The Sufy exander, who continued for eleven years the scourge particulars which remain of the life of Pherecydes are of his native city and of the whole of Thessaly. few and imperfect. Marvellous circumstances have (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 5.) His evil designs were for a been related of him, which only deserve to be mentime checked by the brave Pelopidas, who entered tionéd in order to show, that what has been deemed that province at the head of a Baotian force, and oc- supernatural by ignorant spectators may be easily concupied the citadel of Larissa; but, on his falling into ceived to have happened from natural causes. A ship the hands of the tyrant, the Boeotian army was placed in full sail was, at a distance, approaching its harbour; in a most perilous situation, and was only saved by the Pherecydes predicted that it would never come into presence of mind and ability of Epaminondas, then the haven, and it happened accordingly, for a storm serving as a volunteer. The Thebans subsequently arose which sunk the vessel. After drinking water rescued Pelopidas, and, under his command, made war from a well, he predicted an earthquake, which hapupon Alexander of Phere, whom they defeated, but at pened three days afterward. It is easy to suppose the expense of the life of their gallant leader, who fell that these predictions might have been the result of a in the action. (Plut., Vit. Pelop.-Polyb., 8, 1, 6, careful observation of those phenomena which comseqq.) Alexander was not long after assassinated by monly precede storms or earthquakes, in a climate his wife and her brothers, who continued to tyrannize where they frequently happen. Pherecydes is said to over this country until it was liberated by Philip of have been the first among the Greeks who wrote conMacedon. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 4.- Diod. Sic., 16, cerning the nature of the gods; but this can only mean 38.) Many years after, Cassander, as we are informed that he was the first who ventured to write upon these by Diodorus, fortified Phere, but Demetrius Polior-subjects in prose. For, before his time, Orpheus, Mucetes contrived, by secret negotiations, to obtain possession of both the town and citadel. (Diod. Sic., 20, 110.) In the invasion of Thessaly by Antiochus, Pheræ was forced to surrender to the troops of that monarch after some resistance. (Liv., 36, 9.) It afterward fell into the hands of the Roman consul Acilius. (Id., 36, 14.) Strabo observes, that the constant tyranny under which this city laboured had hastened its decay. (Strab., 436.) Its territory was most fertile, and the suburbs, as we collect from Polybius, were surrounded by gardens and walled enclosures (18, 2). Stephanus Byzantinus speaks of an old and new town of Pheræ, distant about eight stadia from each other. Phera, according to Strabo, was ninety stadia from Pagase, its emporium. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p.393.)-II. A town of Ætolia. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Þɛpaí.)—III. A town of Messenia, to the east of the river Pamisus. At this place Homer makes Telemachus and the son of Nestor to have been entertained by Diocles, on their way from Pylos to Sparta. (Od., 15, 186.) It is also alluded to in the Iliad (5, 543). Phere was one of the seven towns offered by Agamemnon to Achilles. (Il., 9, 151.) It was annexed by Augustus to Laconia, after the battle of Actium. (Pausan., 4, 30.--Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 141.) sæus, and others, had written theogonies in verse. |