the hero's connexion with the East may have been a Thirteen had already lost their lives when Pelops | which they presided, raises a natural suspicion that came. In the dead of the night, says Pindar, Pelops went down to the margin of the sea, and invoked the god who rules it. On a sudden Neptune stood at his feet, and Pelops conjured him, by the memory of his former affection, to grant him the means of obtaining the lovely daughter of Enomaus. Neptune heard his prayer, and bestowed upon him a golden chariot, and horses of winged speed. Pelops then went to Pisa to contend for the prize. He bribed Myrtilus, son of Mercury, the charioteer of Enomaüs, to leave out the linchpins of the wheels of his chariot, or, as others say, to put in waxen ones instead of iron. In the race, therefore, the chariot of Enomaüs broke down, and he fell out and was killed, and thus Hippodamia became the bride of Pelops. (Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 1, 114.-Hygin., fab., 84.-Pind., Ol., 1, 114, seqq. -Apoll. Rhod., 1, 752. Schol., ad loc.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 156.) Pelops is said to have promised Myrtilus, for his aid, one half of his kingdom, or, as other accounts have it, to have made a most dishon-Tantalus. ourable agreement of another nature with him. Un- PELORUS (v. is-idis, v. ias-iados), now Cape Faro, willing, however, to keep his promise, he took an op- one of the three great promontories of Sicily. It hes portunity, as they were driving along a cliff, to throw near the coast of Italy, and is said to have received Myrtilus into the sea, where he was drowned. To its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carthe vengeance of Mercury for the death of his son ried Hannibal away from Italy. This celebrated genwere ascribed all the future woes of the line of Pelops. eral, as it is reported, was carried by the tide into the (Soph., Electr., 504, seqq.) Hippodamnia bore to Pe- straits between Italy and Sicily; and, as he was ignolops five sons, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Alcathous, rant of the coast, and perceived no passage through and Pittheus, and two daughters, Nicippe and Lysid- (for, in consequence of the route which the vessel was ice, who married Sthenelus and Mestor, sons of Per- pursuing, the promontories on either side seemed to seus. The question as to the personality of Pelops join), he suspected the pilot of an intention to deliver has been considered in a previous article (vid. Pelo-him into the hands of the Romans, and killed him on ponnesus), and the opinion has there been advanced the spot. He was soon, however, convinced of his which makes him to have been merely the symbol of error, and, to atone for his rashness and pay honour to an ancient race called Pelopes. To those, however, his pilot's memory, he gave him a magnificent funeral, who are inclined to regard Pelops as an actual per- and called the promontory on the Sicilian shore after sonage, the following remarks of Mr. Thirlwall may his name, having erected on it a tomb with a statue not prove uninteresting: "According to a tradition, of Pelorus. (Val. Max., 9, 8.—Mela, 2, 7.—Strab., which appears to be sanctioned by the authority of 5.- Virg., Æn., 3, 411, 687.- Ovid, Met., 5, 350; Thucydides, Pelops passed over from Asia to Greece 13, 727; 15, 706.)-This whole story is fabulous; with treasures, which, in a poor country, afforded him nor is that other one in any respect more worthy of the means of founding a new dynasty. His descend- belief, which makes the promontory in question to ants sat for three generations on the throne of Argos: have derived its name from a colossal (weλwprog) stattheir power was generally acknowledged throughout ue of Orion placed upon it, and who was fabled to Greece; and, in the historian's opinion, united the have broken through and formed the straits and promGrecian states in the expedition against Troy. The ontory. (Diod. Sie., 4, 85.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. renown of their ancestor was transmitted to posterity 9, pt. 2, p. 264.) The name is, in fact, much older by the name of the southern peninsula, called after than the days of Hannibal. Polybius, a contemporary him Peloponnesus, or the isle of Pelops. Most au- of the Carthaginian commander, gives the appellation thors, however, fix his native seat in the Lydian town of Pelorius to this cape without the least allusion to of Sipylus, where his father Tantalus was fabled to the story of the pilot: Thucydides, long before the have reigned in more than mortal prosperity, till he time of Hannibal, speaks of Peloris as being included abused the favour of the gods, and provoked them to in the territory of Messana (4, 25): and, indeed, it destroy him. The poetical legends varied as to the may be safely asserted that Hannibal never was in marvellous causes through which the abode of Pelops these straits.-The promontory of Pelorus is sandy, was transferred from Sipylus to Pisa, where he won but Silius Italicus errs when he speaks of its being a the daughter and the crown of the bloodthirsty tyrant lofty one (14, 79). It is a low point of land, and the Enomais as the prize of his victory in the chariot- sand-flats around contain some salt-meadows. Solirace. The authors who, like Thucydides, saw no- nus describes them with an intermixture of fable (c. thing in the story but a political transaction, related that 11). The passage directly across to Italy is the shortPelops had been driven from his native land by an in- est; but as there is no harbour here, and the current vasion of Ilus, king of Troy (Pausan., 2, 22, 3); and runs to the south, the route from the Italian shore is hence it has very naturally been inferred, that, in a southwestern one to Messana. The Italian promleading the Greeks against Troy, Agamemnon was ontory facing Pelorus is that of Cænys. (Mannert, merely avenging the wrongs of his ancestor. (Kruse, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 265.) Hellas, vol. 1, p. 485.) On the other hand, it has PELTE, a city of Phrygia, southeast of Cotyæum, been observed that, far from giving any countenance mentioned by Xenophon in his narrative of the retreat to this hypothesis, Homer, though he records the gen- of the Ten Thousand (1, 2). He describes it as well ealogy by which the sceptre of Pelops was transmitted inhabited. Pliny (5, 27) speaks of Pelta as belongto Agamemnon, nowhere alludes to the Asiatic ori-ing to the Conventus Juridicus of Apamea. In the nogin of the house. As little does he seem to have tices of the ecclesiastical writers it appears as the seat heard of the adventures of the Lydian stranger at Pi- of a bishopric. Xenophon makes the distance beThe zeal with which the Eleans maintained this tween it and Celænæ ten parasangs. We must look part of the story, manifestly with a view to exalt the for the site of this place to the north of the Mæander, antiquity and the lustre of the Olympic games, over ва. arobably in the valley and plair formed by the western branch of that river, now called Askli-tchai, | importunate suiters, aspiring to the hand of the queen. but formerly Glaucus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 24.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 104.-Compare Rennell's Geography of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 141, seqq., in notis.) Her relations also urged her to abandon all thoughts of the probability of her husband's return, and not to disregard, as she had, the solicitations of the rival aspirants to her favour. Penelope, however, exerted every resource which her ingenuity could suggest to protract the period of her decision: among others, she declared that she would make choice of one of them as soon as she should have completed a web that she was weaving (intended as a funeral ornament for the aged Laertes); but she baffled their expectations by undoing at night what she had accomplished during the day. This artifice has given rise to the proverb of "Penelope's web," or "to unweave the web of Penelope" (Penelopes telam retexere), applied to whatever labour appears to be endless. (Erasm., Adag. Chil., 1, cent. 4, col. 145.) For three years this artifice succeeded; but, on the beginning of a fourth, a disclosure was made by one of her female attendants; and the faithful and unhappy Penelope, her persecutors, agreed, at their instigation, to bestow her hand on him who should shoot an arrow from the bow of Ulysses through a given number of axe-eyes placed in succession. An individual disguised as a beggar was the successful archer. This was no other than Ulysses, who had just returned to Ithaca. The hero then directed his shafts at the suiters, and slew them all. (Vid. Ulysses.)-The character of Penelope has been variously represented; but it is the more popular opinion that she is to be considered as a model of conjugal and domestic virtue. (Apollod., 3, 10, 11.- Heyne, ad loc. - Hom., Od. - Hygin., fab., 127.-Ovid, Her. Ep., 1.) PELUSIUM, an important city of Egypt, at the entrance of the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and about 20 stadia from the sea. It was surrounded by marshes, and was with truth regarded as the key of Egypt in this quarter. An Arabian horde might indeed traverse the desert on this side without approaching Pelusium; but an invading army would be utterly unable to pass through this sandy waste, where water completely failed. The route of the latter would have to be more to the north, and here they would encounter Pelusium, surrounded with lakes and marshes, and which extended from the walls of the city down to the very coast. Hence it was that the Persian force sent against King Nectanebis did not venture to attack the city, but sailed into the Mendesian mouth with their vessels. (Diod. Sic., 15, 42.) Subse-constrained at length by the renewed importunities of quently, however, the Persians diverted the course of that arm of the Nile on which the city stood, and succeeded in throwing down the walls and taking the place. Pelusium, after this, was again more than once taken, and gradually sank in importance. Ptolemy does not even name it as the capital of a Nome. In the reign of Augustus, however, it became the chief city of the newly-erected province of Augustamnica. The name of this city is evidently of Grecian origin, and is derived from the term nλós, mud, in allusion to its peculiar situation. It would seem to have received this name at a very early period, since Herodotus gives it as the usual one, without alluding to any older term. Most probably the appellation was first given under the latter Pharaohs, and a short time previous to the Persian sway, since about this time the Greeks were first allowed to have any regular commercial intercourse with the ports of Egypt. To give a more reputable explanation of the Grecian name than that immediately suggested by its root, the mythologists fabled that Peleus, the father of Achilles, came to this quarter, for the purpose of purifying himself, from the murder of his brother Phocus, in the lake that afterward washed the walls of Pelusium, being ordered so to do by the gods; and that he became the founder of the city. (Amm. Marcell., 22, 16.)As soon as the easternmost or Pelusiac mouth of the Nile was diverted from its usual course, Pelusium, as has already been remarked, began to sink in importance, and soon lost all its consequence as a frontier town, and even as a place of trade. It fell back eventually to its primitive mire and earth, the materials of which it was built having been merely burned bricks; and hence, among the ruins of Pelusium at the present day, there are no remains of stone edifices, no large temples; the ground is merely covered with heaps of earth and rubbish. Near the ruins stands a dilapidated castle or fortress named Tinch, the Arabic term for "mire." PENEUS, I. a river of Thessaly, rising in the chain of Pindus, and falling into the Sinus Thermaïcus after traversing the whole breadth of the country. Towards its mouth it flows through the celebrated Vale of Tempe. (Vid. Tempe.) It seems to have been the general opinion of antiquity, founded on very early traditions, that the great basin of Thessaly was at some remote period covered by the waters of the Peneus and its tributary rivers, until some convulsion of nature had rent asunder the gorge of Tempe, and thus afforded a passage to the pent-up streams. This opinion, which was first reported by Herodotus in his account of the march of Xerxes (7, 129), is repeated by Strabo, who observes in confirmation of it, that the Peneus in his day was still liable to frequent inundations, and also that the land in Thessaly is higher towards the sea than towards the more central parts. (Strab., 430.) The Peneus is called Salambria by Tzetzes (Chil., 9, 707), and Salabria and Salampria by some of the Byzantine historians, which name appears to be derived from oaλáμbn, "an outlet," and was applicable to it more particularly at the Vale of Tempe, where it has forced a passage through the rocks of Ossa and Olympus. (Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p. 102.) The Peneus is said to be never dry, though in summer it is shallow: after heavy rains, and the sudden melting of the PENATES, a name given to a certain class of house-snow on Pindus, it sometimes overflows its banks, hold deities among the Romans, who were worshipped in the innermost part of their dwellings. For the points of distinction between them and the Lares, consult the latter article. when the impetuous torrent of its waters sweeps away houses and inundates the neighbouring plain. Elian, in his description of Tempe (V. H., 3, 1), makes the Peneus flow through the vale as smoothly as oil; and PENELOPE, a princess of Greece, daughter of Ica- Dodwell remarks, that, in its course through the town rius, brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, and of Po- of Larissa, it has at the presest day a surface as smooth lycaste or Perioca. She became the wife of Ulysses, as oil. The intelligent traveller just mentioned obmonarch of Ithaca, and her marriage was celebrated serves in relation to this river, "Many authors have about the same time with that of Menelaus and Helen. extolled the diaphanous purity of the Peneus, although Penelope became by Ulysses the mother of Telema- it must in all periods have exhibited a muddy appearchus, and was obliged soon after to part with her hus-ance, at least during its progress through the Thesband, whom the Greeks compelled to go to the Trojan war. (Vid. Ulysses.) Twenty years passed away, and Ulysses returned not to his home. Meanwhile, his palace at Ithaca was crowded with numerous and salian plain; for who can expect a current of lucid crystal in an argillaceous soil? Strabo, Pliny, and others have misunderstood the meaning of Homer (II., 2, 756) when he speaks of the confluence of the silvery Peneus and the beautiful Titaresius, which he says do PENNINA ALPES, a part of the chain of the Alps, PENTAPOLIS, I. a town of India, placed by Mannert in the northeastern angle of the Sinus Gangeticus, or Bay of Bengal.-II. A name given to Cyrenaica in Africa, from its five cities. (Vid. Cyrenaica.)-III. A part of Palestine, containing the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.-IV. A name applied to Doris in Asia Minor, after Halicarnassus had been excluded from the Doric confederacy. (Vid. Doris.) Cret., 4, 3.-Heyne ad Virg., En., 1, 490.) Dares Phrygius, however, makes Penthesilea to have been slain by Neoptolemus. (Dar. Phryg., 36.) PENTHEUS, son of Echion and Agave, and king of Thebes in Boeotia. During his reign, Bacchus came from the East, and sought to introduce his orgies to his native city. The women all gave enthusiastically in to the new religion, and Mount Citharon resounded with the frantic yells of the Bacchantes. Pentheus sought to check their fury; but, deceived by the god, he went secretly and ascended a tree on Citharon, to be an ocular witness of their revels. While there he was descried by his mother and aunts, to whom Bacchus made him appear to be a wild beast, and he was torn to pieces by them. (Eurip., Baccha.-Apolled, 3, 5, 2.—Ovid, Met., 3, 511, seqq.) PEPARETHOS, a small island in the Egean Sea, off the coast of Thessaly, and in a northeastern direction from Euboea. Pliny (4, 12) observes that it was for merly called Evænus, and assigns to it a circuit of nine miles. It was colonized by some Cretans, under the command of Staphylus. (Scymn., Ch., 579.) The island produced good wine (Athen., 1, 51) and oil. (Ovid, Met., 7, 470.) The town of Peparethos suffered damage from an earthquake during the Peloponne sian war. (Thucyd., 3, 89.) It was defended by Philip against the Romans (Liv., 28, 5), but was afterward destroyed. (Strab., 9, p. 436.) - Diocles, who wrote an early history of the origin of Rome, was a Dative of this island. (Plut., Vit. Rom.-Athen., 2, 44.) The modern name is Piperi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 453.) ed upon it, was called upon by the Romans to restore it to Rhodes. (Polyb., 17, 2, seq.— Liv., 32, 33.) The Rhodians, however, were obliged to recover this territory by force of arms. (Liv., 33, 18.) PEREA, I. a name given by the Greeks to that part of Judæa which lay east of Jordan, from its egress out of the Lake of Gennesareth to its entrance into the Dead Sea, and still lower down as far as the river Arnon. The term is derived from έpav, beyond. (Phin, PENTELICUS, a mountain of Attica, containing quar- 5, 14.)-II. A part of Caria, deriving its name from ries of beautiful marble. According to Dodwell (Tour, its lying over against Rhodes (πéρav, beyond, over vol. 1, p. 498), it is separated from the northern foot against). It began at the promontory Cynossema, of Hymettus, which in the narrowest part is about and is mentioned by Scylax (p. 38) under the name of three miles broad. It shoots up into a pointed sum-Podiwv xúpa. Philip, king of Macedon, having seiz mit; but the outline is beautifully varied, and the greater part is either mantled with woods or variegated with shrubs. Several villages and some monasteries and churches are seen near its base.-According to Sir W. Gell, the great quarry is forty-one minutes distant from the monastery of Penteli, and affords a most extensive prospect from Citharon to Sunium. (Itin., p. 64.) "Mount Pentelicus," observes Hobhouse, "at this day called Pendele, and sometimes Mendele, must be, I should think, one third higher than Hymettus, and its height is the more apparent, as it rises with a peaked summit into the clouds. The range of Pentelicus runs from about northwest to southeast, at no great distance from the eastern shore of Attica overhanging the plain of Marathon, and mixing imperceptibly, at its northern extremity, with the hills of Brilessus, now called, as well as part of Mount Parnes, Ozca." (Hobhouse, Journey, vol. 1, p. 235, seqq.) Interesting accounts of visits to the quarries are given by Dodwell and Hobhouse. PENTHESILEA, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars, who came to the aid of Priam in the last year of the Trojan war, and was slain by Achilles after having displayed great acts of valour. According to Tzetzes, Achilles, after he had slain Penthesilea, admiring the prowess which she had exhibited, and struck by the beauty of the corpse, wished the Greeks to erect a tomb to her. Thersites, thereupon, both ridiculed the grief which the hero testified at her fall, and indulged in other remarks so grossly offensive that Achilles slew him on the spot. Diomede, the relative of Thersites, in revenge for his loss, dragged the dead body of the Amazon out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 999 - Dict. PERCOTE, an ancient town of Mysia, south of Lamp-. sacus, and not far from the shores of the Hellespont. It appears to have been situate on the banks of the small river Practius. (I., 2, 835.) Charon of Lampsacus, cited by Strabo (583), reckoned 300 stadia froth Parium to the Practius, which he looked upon as the northern boundary of the Troad. This distance serves to identify the stream with the river of Bergaz or Ber gan, a small Turkish town situated on its left bank, and which probably represents Percote. This place continued to exist long after the Trojan war, since it is spoken of by Herodotus (5, 117), Scylax (Peripl., 35), Arrian (Exp. Al., 1, 13), Pliny (5, 32), and others. It is named by some writers among the towns given to Themistocles by the King of Persia. (Athenæus, 1, p. 29. Plut., Vit. Themist., c. 30.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 69, seq.) PERDICCAS, I. the youngest of the three brothers who came from Argos and settled in Upper Macedonia, and who are said to have been descended from Temenus. (Vid. Macedonia.) The principality of which they be came possessed devolved on Perdiccas, who is therefore considered by both Herodotus (8, 137) and Thucydides (2, 99) as the founder of the Macedonian dy nasty. Eusebius, however, names three kings before Perdiccas I., thus making him the fourth Macedonian monarch. These are, Caranus, who reigned 28 years; Conus, who reigned 12 years; and Thurimas, who continued on the throne for 38. Herodotus and Thu cydides, however, omit all notice of these three mon him the two kings, marched to attack Ptolemy in Egypt. He was, however, unsuccessful, owing to his ill-concerted measures; he lost a number of men in crossing a branch of the Nile, and the rest became discontented, and, in the end, Perdiccas was murdered in his tent, B.C. 321, after holding his power for two years from the death of Alexander. (Encycl. Useful Knowl., vol. 17, p. 435.) PERGA OF PERGE (IIépya or IIépyn), a city of Pamphylia, at the distance of sixty stadia inland from the mouth of the river Cestrus. It was renowned for the worship of Diana Pergea. The temple of the goddess stood on a hill near the city, and a festival was annually celebrated in her honour. (Callim., H. in Dian., 187.-Strab., 667.) Alexander occupied Perga with part of his army after quitting Phaselis; and we are informed by Arrian that the road between these two places was long and difficult. (Exp. Al., 1, 26.) Polybius leads us to suppose that Perga belonged rather to Pisidia than Pamphylia (5, 72, 9.—Compare 22, 25. —Liv., 38, 37). We learn from the Acts of the Apostles (14, 24, seq.), that Paul and Barnabas, having "passed throughout Pisidia, came to Pamphylia. And when they had preached the word in Perga, they went down into Attalia." This was their second visit to the place, since they had come thither from Cyprus. It was here that John, surnamed Mark, departed from them; for which he incurred the censure of St. Paul. (Acts 13, 13.) Perga, in the Ecclesiastical Notices, and in Hierocles (p. 679), stands as the metropolis of Pamphylia. (Compare Plin., 5, 28.—Steph. Byz., S. archs, and begin with the dynasty of the Temenida. | Perdiccas, was appointed to make head against An (Compare Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 221.) Little tipater and Antigonus, while Perdiccas, having with is known of the reign of Perdiccas. On his deathbed he is said to have given directions to his son and successor Argæus, where he wished his remains to be interred; and to have told him also, that, as long as the remains of the Macedonian kings should be deposited in the same place, so long the crown would remain in his family. (Justin, 7, 2.-Vid. Edessa II.)-II. The second of the name, was son of Alexander I. of Macedon, and succeeded his father about 463 B.C. He PERDIX, nephew of Dædalus. He is said to have was a fickle and dishonourable prince, who took an ac-shown a great genius for mechanics; having, from the tive part in the Peloponnesian war, and alternately as- contemplation of a serpent's teeth, or, according to sisted Athens and Sparta, as his interests or policy some, of the back bone of a fish, invented the saw. dictated. (Thucyd., 1, 57, seqq.-Id., 4, 79. — Id., He also discovered the compasses. Dedalus, jealous 2, 99, &c.) There is great uncertainty about the be- of his skill, and apprehensive of the rivalry of the young ginning and the length of this monarch's reign. Dod- man, cast him down from the Acropolis at Athens and well makes it commence within B.C. 454; but Alex- killed him. The poets fabled that he was changed ander I. lived at least to B.C. 463, when Cimon re- after death into the bird called Perdix or “partridge." covered Thasos. (Plut., Vit. Cim., 14.) Mr. Clin- (Hygin., fab., 274.-Ovid, Met., 8, 241, seqq.) The ton makes the last year of Perdiccas to have been the cry of the partridge resembles very much the noise third of the 91st Olympiad, or B.C. 414. (Fast. Hell., made by a saw in cutting wood, and this circumstance, vol. 1, p. 223.)—III. The third of the name, who suc- in all likelihood, gave rise to the fable. (Buffon, Hist. ceeded Alexander II., after having cut off Ptolemy Nat., vol. 6, n. 25.-Gierig, ad Ovid, l. c.) Alorites, who was acting as regent, but who had PERENNA. Vid. Anna Perenna. abused his trust. Perdiccas, after a reign of five years, fell in battle against the Illyrians, B.C. 359. (Diod. Sic., 16, 2.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 227.)-IV. Son of Orontes, was one of the generals of Alexander the Great, to whom that conqueror, on his deathbed, delivered his royal signet, thus apparently intending to designate him as protector or regent of his vast empire. Alexander's wife Roxana was then far advanced in pregnancy, and his other wife, Statira, the daughter of Darius, was supposed to be in the same situation. In the mean time, the Macedonian generals agreed to recognise as king, Aridæus, a natural son of Philip, a youth of weak intellects, with the understanding that, if the child of Roxana should prove a son, he should be associated in the throne with Aridæus. Perdiccas contented himself with the command of the household troops which guarded the person of King Aridæus; but in that capacity he was in reality the guardian of the weak king and the minister of the whole empire. He distributed among the chief generals the government of the various provinces, or, rather, kingdoms, subject to Alexander's sway. Roxana being soon after delivered of a son, who was called Alexander, became jealous of Statira, from fear that the child. Iépyn.) The ruins of this city are probably those she was pregnant with might prove a rival to her own son; and, in order to remove her apprehensions, Perdiccas did not scruple to put Statira to death. He endeavoured to strengthen himself by an alliance with Antipater, whose daughter he asked in marriage, while, at the same time, he was aspiring to the hand of Cleopatra, Alexander's sister. Olympias, Alexander's mother, who hated Antipater, favoured this last alliance. Antipater, having discovered this intrigue, refused to give his daughter to Perdiccas, who, in the end, obtained neither. The other generals, who had become satraps of extensive countries, considered themselves independent, and refused to submit to Perdiccas and his puppet-king. Perdiccas, above all, fearing Antigonus as the one most likely to thwart his views, sought to destroy him; but Antigonus escaped to Antipater in Macedonia, and represented to him the necessity of uniting against the ambitious views of Perdiccas. Antipater, having just brought to a successful termination a war against the Athenians, prepared to march into Asia, and Ptolemy joined the confeder-in Thrace and Perge in Pamphylia, contain the same acy against Perdiccas. The latter, who was then in Cappadocia, with Aridæus and Alexander the infant son of Roxana, held a council, in which Antipater, Antigonus, and Ptolemy being declared rebels against the royal authority, the plan of the campaign against them was arranged. Eumenes, who remained faithful to noticed by General Köhler, under the name of Eski Kelesi, between Stauros and Adalia. (Leake's Asia Minor, p. 132.) Mr. Fellows says, "The first object that strikes the traveller on arriving here (at Perga) is the extreme beauty of the situation of the ancient town, lying between and upon the sides of two hills, with an extensive valley in front, watered by the river Cestrus, and backed by the mountains of Taurus." He speaks also of the ruins here of an immense and beautiful theatre; and likewise of the remains of an enormous building, which he thinks can have been nothing but a palace of great extent. (Fellows' Asia Minor, p. 191. -Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 279.) PERGAMUS (gen. -i, in the plural Pergama, gen. -orum), the citadel or acropolis of Ilium (Hom., Il., 4, 508), and sometimes used by the poets as a term for the city itself. (Senec., Troad., 14.-Id., Agam., 421.-Virg., En., 1, 466, &c.) The relationship of the word Pergamus to the Greek πúpуoç and the Teutonic berg, is obvious. The names of the towns Berge element berg. (Compare the Gothic baurgs; the Ger man burg, "a castle, fort, citadel;" the Irish brog and brug, "a grand house or building; a fortified place; a palace or royal residence," &c.) The writers on Linguistic seek to trace these and other cognate expres sions to the Sanscrit root pār or pur, "to fill," "to dreams or by the mouths of his priests, who distributed drugs and performed chirurgical operations. The Emperor Caracalla, A.D. 215, repaired to Pergamos for the recovery of his health, but Esculapius was onmoved by his prayers. When Prusias, second king of Bithynia, was forced to raise the siege of Pergamus, he nearly destroyed this temple, which stood contiguous to the theatre, without the city walls.-The mod ern town retains the name of Bergamah or Bergma, and is still a place of considerable importance. Mr. Fellows, who visited it in 1838, says that it is as busy and thriving as heavy taxation will allow, and has seven or eight khans. (Tour in Asia Minor, p. 34.) It contains many extensive ruins. Col. Leake informs us, that remains of the temple of Esculapius, of the theatre, stadium, amphitheatre, and several other buildings, are still to be seen. (Journal, p. 266.) Mr. Fellows remarks, that the walls of the Turkish houses are full of the relics of marbles, with ornaments of the richest Grecian art (p. 34.— Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 136, seqq.). PERGE. Vid. Perga. PERIANDER, Son of Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth. He succeeded his father in the sovereign power, and in the commencement of his reign displayed a degree of moderation unknown to his parent. Having subse quently, however, contracted an intimacy with Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, he is said by Herodotus to have surpassed, from that time, his father Cypselus in cruelty and crime. It is certain that, if the particulars which the historian has related of his conduct towards his own family be authentic, they would fully justify the execration he has expressed for the character of this disgusting tyrant (5, 92; 3, 50, &c.). Notwith standing these enormities, Periander was distinguished for his love of science and literature, which entitled furnish," but with no very great success. (Consult re-individuals to this temple was almost without number marks under the article Mesembria.-Eichhoff, Paral- or cessation. They passed the night there to invoke lèle des Langues, p. 348.-Kaltschmidt, Vergleichung the deity, who communicated remedies, either in der Sprachen, p. 238.)-II. or PERGAMUM (Пépуaμos or Пépуapov), the most important city in Mysia, situate in the southern part of that country, in a plain watered by two small rivers, the Selinus and Cetius, which afterward joined the Caïcus. This celebrated city is mentioned for the first time in Xenophon's Anabasis (7, 84). Xenophon remained here for some time as the guest of Gorgion and Gongylus, who appear to have been the possessors of the place. (Compare Hist. Gr., 3, 1, 4.) It would seem to have been at first a fortress of considerable natural strength, situate on the top of a conical hill, and, when the city began to be formed around the base of this hill, the fortress served as a citadel. In consequence of the strength of the place, it was selected by Lysimachus, Alexander's general, as a place of security for the reception and preservation of his great wealth, said to amount to the enormous sum of 9000 talents. The care of this treasure was confided to Philetarus of Tium in Bithynia, in whom he placed the greatest confidence. Philetarus remained for a long time faithful to his charge; but, having been injuriously treated by Arsinoe, the wife of Lysimachus, who sought to prejudice the mind of her husband against him, he was induced to withdraw his allegiance from that prince, and declare himself independent. The misfortunes of Lysimachus prevented him from taking vengeance on the offender, and thus Philetarus remained in undisturbed possession of the town and treasure for twenty years, having contrived, by dexterous management and wise measures, to remain at peace with all the neighbouring powers. He transmitted the possession of his principality to Eumenes, his nephew. An account of the reign of this monarch, and of the other kings of Pergamus, has been already given. (Vid. Eumenes II., III.; Attalus I., II., III.)-After the death of Attalus III., who left his dominions by will to the Romans, Aristonicus, a nat-him to be ranked among the seven sages of Greece. ural son of Eumenes, the father of Attalus, opposed this arrangement, and endeavoured to establish himself on the throne; but he was vanquished and made prisoner, and the Romans finally took possession of the kingdom, which henceforth became a province of the empire under the name of Asia. (Strab., 624, 646.) Pergamus continued to flourish and prosper as a Roman city, so that Pliny (5, 32) does not scruple to style it "longe clarissimum Asia Pergamum." To the Christian the history of Pergamus affords an additional interest, since it is one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelations. Though | condemnation is passed upon it as one of the churches infected by the Nicolaïtan heresy, its faithful servants, more especially the martyr Antipas, are noticed as holding fast the name of Christ. (Rev. 2, 12, seqq.) -Pergamus was famed for its library, which yielded only to that of Alexandrea in extent and value. (Strab., 624.—Athenæus, 1, 3.) It was founded by Eumenes II., and consisted of no less than 200,000 volumes. This noble collection was afterward given by Antony to Cleopatra, who transported it to Alexandrea, where it formed part of the splendid library in the latter city. (Plut., Vit. Ant., 58.) It was from their being first used for writing in this library that parchment skins were called "Pergamena charte" (Varro, ap. Plin., 13, 11), but it is erroneous to say that parchment was invented at Pergamus. What drove Eumenes to employing it for books, was the circumstance of Ptolemy's having forbidden the exportation of papyrus from his kingdom, in order to check, if possible, the growth of the Pergamenian library, and prevent it from rivalling his own.-Pergamus was the native place of the celebrated Galen. In the vicinity of the city was a famous temple of Esculapius, which, among other privileges, had that of an asylum. The concourse of (Diog. Laert., Vit. Periand.) According to Aristotle, he reigned 44 years, and was succeeded by his nephew Psammetichus, who lived three years only. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 13.)— Herodotus relates, that Periander, having sent a messenger to Thrasybulus of Miletus, to ascertain from him in what way he might reign most securely, Thrasybulus led the messenger out of the city, and, taking him through a field of standing corn, kept interrogating him about the object of his mission, and every now and then striking down an ear of grain that was taller than the rest. After having passed through the field, he dismissed the man without any answer to his message. On his return to Corinth, the messenger reported to Periander all that had oc curred, and the latter, quickly perceiving what Thra sybulus meant by nis apparently strange conduct, put to death the most prominent and powerful of the citi zens of Corinth. (Herod., 5, 92.) Niebuhr thinks that this story furnished the materials for the somewhat similar one related of Sextus Tarquinius and the people of Gabii. (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 450, Eng. transl.) Plutarch, however, makes Periander to have disapproved of the advice which Thrasybulus silently gave him, and not to have followed it. (Sept. Sap. Conviv.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 6, p. 558.) Aristotle, on the other hand, reverses the story, and says that Periander was applied to by Thrasybulus, and did what Herodotus makes the latter to have done. (Polit., 3, 11.-Id., 5, 10.-Consult Creuzer, ad Herod, 5, 92.) PERICLES (Epic) was son of Xanthippus, who defeated the Persians at Mycale, and of Agariste, niece of the famous Clisthenes. (Herod., 6, 131.) He was thus the representative of a noble family, and he im proved the advantages of birth by those of education. He attended the teaching of Damon, who communica ted political instruction in the form of music lessons; of |