altare, repertus est et chorus. Non quod apud Deum aliquid sit hic vel illic stetisse . . . sed quod oporteat eos palam videri et nosci tam ab iis qui communicant quam ab eis qui non communicant, quo deinde eorum vita quoque melius videri et probari et prodi possit. . .

De confessione vero privata ante communionem sentio, sicut hactenus docui, esse eam scilicet nec necessariam nec exigendam, utilem tamen et non contemnendam. . . .

Sic de praeparatione ad Coenam hanc sapimus, ut liberum sit ieiunio et orationibus sese componere. Sobrios certe oportet adesse et sedulos ac diligentes, ut maxime nihil ieiunes aut parum ores. . . . Nam optima praeparatio est . . . anima peccatis, morte, tentationibus agitata, esuriens et sitiens medelam et robur.

Id nunc reliquum est, an utramque speciem, ut vocant, populo ministrari oporteat? Hic sic dico, postquam evangelium nunc biennio toto apud nos inculcatum est, satis simul indultum . . . est infirmitati. . . . Quare simpliciter iuxta institutum Christi utraque species et petatur et ministretur. . .

Cantica velim etiam nobis esse vernacula quam plurima, quae populus sub Missa cantaret, vel iuxta Gradualia, item iuxta Sanctus et Agnus Dei. Quis enim dubitat eas olim fuisse voces totius populi quae nunc solus chorus cantat ...? Sed poetae... nobis desunt, aut nondum cogniti sunt qui pias et spirituales cantilenas. . . nobis concinant quae dignae sint in ecclesia frequentari. . . . Haec dico ut si qui sunt poetae Germanici exstimulentur et nobis poemata pietatis componant.

Haec de Missa et Communione pro tempore dicta sint satis. Cetera usus et res ipsa docebunt, modo verbum Dei strenue et fideliter in ecclesia annuncietur. . .

In reliquis diebus, quas ferias vocamus, nihil video quod non ferri possit, modo Missae abrogentur. Nam Matutinae trium lectionum et Horae, tum Vesperae et Completorium de tempore (exclusis Sanctorum feriis) nihil sunt nisi Scripturae divinae verba. Et pulchrum, imo necessarium, est pueros assuescere legendis et audiendis psalmis et lectionibus Scripturarum sanctarum. Verum si quidquam hic novari debet, prolixitas mutari potest arbitrio episcopi, ut tres psalmi pro Matutinis, tres pro Vesperis cum uno vel duobus Responsoriis absolvantur. ... Per partes distributum totum Psalterium in usu maneat, et universa Scriptura in lectiones partita perseveret in auribus ecclesiae.... Instituendae sunt lectiones quotidianae, altera mane in novo vel veteri Testamento, altera vesperi in altero

Testamento, cum explanatione vernacula ... more quem
Paulus 1 Cor. xiv describit.

Post, successu temporis peioris, cum deficerent prophetae et interpretes, relicta est ista vox sola post lectiones et capitula 'Deo gratias, tum loco interpretationis multiplicatae sunt lectiones, psalmi et hymni et alia in hanc taediosam prolixitatem, quanquam Hymni et 'Te Deum laudamus' aeque id testantur quod 'Deo gratias', scilicet quod post interpretationes et homilias Deum laudarint, et gratias egerint, pro revelata veritate sermonum Dei. Quales et ego vellem fieri nostras vernaculas cantilenas. . . .

No. 67. The beginnings of German Hymnody.
Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott.

A safe stronghold our God is still,
A trusty shield and weapon;
He'll help us clear from all the ill
That hath us now o'ertaken.
The ancient Prince of Hell
Hath risen with purpose fell;
Strong mail of Craft and Power
He weareth in this hour,
On Earth is not his fellow.

With force of arms we nothing can,
Full soon were we down-ridden;
But for us fights the proper Man,
Whom God himself hath bidden.
Ask ye, Who is this same?
Christ Jesus is His name,
The Lord Zebaoth's Son,
He and no other one
Shall conquer in the battle.

And were this world all Devils o'er,

And watching to devour us,

We lay it not to heart so sore,

Not they can overpower us.

And let the Prince of Ill
Look grim as e'er he will,
He harms us not a whit;
For why? His doom is writ,
A word shall quickly slay him.

God's Word, for all their craft and force,
One moment will not linger

But spite of Hell, shall have its course,
'Tis written by His finger.

And though they take our life,
Goods, honour, children, wife,
Yet is their profit small;

These things shall vanish all,
The City of God remaineth.

XXV

THE MISSION OF CAMPEGGIO, 1523-4

On 18 Nov. 1523 Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, cousin of Leo X was elected as Pope Clement VII, 1523-+34. 'He knew the importance of the German revolt' (Creighton, Hist. Papacy, vi. 281): and Cardinal Campeggio', 1474-+1539, was appointed legate in Germany for the Lutheran affairs' (State Papers, Venetian, iii, No. 795: 9 Jan. 1524). 'A capable official but not a man of much character' (Creighton, vi. 282: cf. State Papers, Venetian, iii, No. 795), he [No. 68] entered Nürnberg, 16 March, according to the united testimony of a friar in his train (State Papers, Venetian, iii, No. 813) and of Spalatin (Mencken, Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores, ii. 633 sq.), without the usual pomp of a Legate and only to find public feeling against him. At the Diet Campeggio demanded prompt execution of the Edict of Worms. The Catholics were in a majority: but even among the Estates, who were not a representative body but an assembly of sovereigns, largely ecclesiastic, national feeling ran so strong that the utmost he could secure' (Kidd, Cont. Ref. 35) was [No. 69] the Recess of 18 April proposing to enforce the Edict as far as possible' and to summon a National Assembly at Speier (Balan, Mon. Ref. Luth. 330 sqq. cf. Pallavicini, Hist. Conc. Trid. II. x. 15-18). This was a compromise, which pleased nobody. [No. 70] Campeggio remonstrated with the Diet, but to no effect (Balan, op. cit. 332 sqq.; Pallavicini, II. x. 19-23). The [No. 71] Court of Rome had its own remedies (Pallavicini, II. x. 23-27), which were embodied in instructions to the Nuncios for the consideration of the Emperor (Balan, op. cit. 339 sqq.). On 18 July [No. 72] Charles wrote to his ambassador at Rome bidding him tell the Pope that (cf. his Edict of 15 July, in Luthers Schriften, ed. Walch xv. 2705 sqq.) he had forbidden the conventicle' at Speier, but advising a General Council at Trent (State Papers, Spanish, ii, No. 662; 18 July 1524). But, meanwhile, Campeggio, who had been authorized, 14 April, to treat with such princes as were well disposed for a 'correctionem morum et reformationem cleri Germaniae' (Balan, Monumenta Saec. XVI. 17), had succeeded in applying the old policy of 'Divide et impera' to the national opposition of Germany. For on 7 July, by [No. 73] the League of

Ratisbon, he organized a Papal party within the nation pledged to a plan of conservative reform (Goldasti Const. Imp. iii. 487 sqq.), such as afterwards, though too late for the maintenance of German unity, took place at Trent.

No. 68. The entry of Campeggio into Nürnberg, 16 March, 1524.

(1) From a letter of Friar Paolo Ziani, dated 29 March.

We arrived at Nuremberg on the Wednesday in Passion Week. In these parts the sincere faith of Christ is utterly cancelled; no respect is paid either to the Virgin Mary or the saints. On the contrary, it is said that those who employ their aid sin mortally. They deride the Papal rites, and call the relics of the saints bones of those who have been hanged. In Lent they eat meat openly, saying they do not consider it prohibited. Confession is neglected, as they say it should be made to God, and that auricular confession is a buffoonery. They generally communicate under both forms. They make a laughing-stock of the Pope and cardinals, and other ambassadorial ecclesiastics, by means of paintings and other caricatures. In short, they consider Martin their illuminator, and that until now they have been in darkness, and the indulgences are held by them like bread sold in the market-place. In proof of all this, the Legate, to avoid scorn, did not enter Nuremberg as Legate ut moris est, neither did he give the blessing and absolution, but came in like a mere horseman, though he was accompanied by a most noble escort of all the Princes and part of the nobility, who (with the exception of the Duke of Saxony and Palatine) are sincere Christians. Some of the noblemen and the mass of merchants are all tainted, nay, obstinate and unconvertible, so that at present neither the Legate's authority nor the will of the Princes. . . can stem so strong a current.

Martin is not at Nuremberg, nor will he make his appearance there; but, unless the Almighty stretch forth his arm, it will doubtless come to pass that as the Princes and part of the nobility remain staunch Catholics, whilst the people persist in their errors, they will some day cut each other to pieces. The Legate will remain at Nuremberg until October, perhaps to hold another Diet in Germany, cum dieta dietam subinvocat; but in this matter Diets profit little, because the free towns are really not subject to any one, so that they cannot be curbed, and they are the abettors of Lutheranism, especially Nuremberg and Augsburg, the asylums of all converts. In the other towns

belonging to the Princes less open confession is made, but in short all are Lutherans, publicly or secretly.

(2) From the Annales Spalatini.

Die xiv Martii postridie Iudica IV & v hora post meridiem Laurentius Campegius Cardin. Ro. Pont. Clementis VII Legatus Nurmbergam ingressus est non habitu Cardinalitio, sed alioqui toga rubra vulgari indutus, neque tectus galero. Sed ne benedixit quidem ut solent plerumque Legati: quod idem facienti Augustae asinum ostendisse dicebantur. İdeo dissuasum est homini, hoc ipsum facere Nurmbergam venientem....

Nurmbergae mandatum omissum, palmae non consecratae, Crucifixi effigies sepulchro non est imposita, nec positum sepulchrum, neque azyma neque ignes consecrati. Sed ne asinus quidem palmarius circumvectus est Nurmbergae: quamvis episcopo Bambergensi,' ut loci ordinario, iubente ut nihil antiquae consuetudinis contemneretur. . .

Osiander Evangelista Laurentianus Nurmbergae die Coenae Domini illic in arce concionatus, integrum sacramentum sive, ut vulgo loquuntur, sub utraque specie D. Isabellae Reginae Daciae dedit, Regis Christierni exulis coniugi, Caroli V. Ro. Imp. Aug. et Ferdinandi sorori. Ferdinandus tum abfuit. . . . Ferdinandi uxor concionatore Dominicastro et altera tum specie usa est. Augustiniani Nurmbergenses die Resurrectionis. Dominicae, ut mihi Prior eorum Wolfgangus Volprechtus scripsit, ultra ter mille homines toto sacramento communicarunt.... Ex Ferdinandi aulicis plus minus xxx vel xl et ipsi totum sacramentum in Augustino acceperunt. Nonnulli etiam ex Regimine Imper. Nurmbergae sub utraque specie communi

carunt.

No. 69. The Recess of the Diet of Nürnberg, 18 April, 1524.

Quam insuper praefata nostra instructio Ioanni Hannart, Oratori nostro ad hanc Imperialem Diaetam data inter alia in se complectitur: Nos, spe bona ductos qui Sacri Imperii status, tanquam sanctae fidei defensores et protectores, mandato nostro, de consensu Electorum, &c. . . . Wormatiae emanato, 1 Weigand von Redwitz, 1522-†56.

* Andreas Osiander, b. 1498, in Nürnberg 1520-48, Prof. in Königsberg 1549-152.

Christian II, 1480-+1559, King of Denmark 1513-23: m. Isabella of Austria in 1515. She died 1526.

4 The recess ran in the form of an enforcement of the orders brought by Hannart from the Emperor,' Creighton, Hist. Papacy, vi. 283.