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INTRODUCTION.

§ 1.

THE CHURCH.

Stäudlin über den Begriff der Kirche und Kirchengeschichte, (in the Göttingen Bibliothek d. Neuesten Theolog. Literatur, i. 600). C. G. Bretschneider's systemat. Entwickelung aller in der Dogmatik vorkommenden Begriffe, (4te Auflage, Leipzig 1841), S. 749. Dr H. F. Jacobson, über die Individualität des Wortes u. Begriffes Kirche, (in his Kirchenrechtlichen Versuchen, i. 58.)

The Christian Church 1 († ékkλnola тoû Xploroû, Matt. xvi. 18, ǹ ékkλnola тoû Deoû, 1 Cor. x. 32, Gal. i. 13) is a religious-moral

1 The German word Kirche, which was originally applied to the building alone, is most probably derived from the Greek, Tò Kupiaкóv. Walafrid Strabo, (about 840), De rebus ecclesiasticis, c. 7. Quomodo theotisce domus Dei dicatur, (in Melch. Hittorp. de Divinis Cathol. Eccles. officiis varii vetust. Patrum libri. Colon. 1568, fol. p. 395): Ab ipsis autem Græcis Kyrch a Kyrios-et alia multa accepimus.-Sicut domus Dei Basilica, i. e. Regia a Rege, sic etiam Kyrica, i. e. Dominica a Domino nuncupatur.-Si autem quæritur, qua occasione ad nos vestigia hæc græcitatis advenerint, dicendum,-præcipue a Gothis, qui et Getæ, cum eo tempore, quo ad fidem Christi, licet non recto itinere, perducti sunt, in Græcorum provinciis commorantes, nostrum, i. e. theotiscum sermonem habuerint. It appears from Ulphilas, that Greek appellaions of Christian things were generally adopted by the Goths, (see Zahn's Ulphilas, Th. 2, s. 69, ff.; also aikklesjon, éxкλnola, Phil. iii. 6. in the fragments published by Maius). The Greek origin of the word is favoured not only by its occurrence in all German dialects, (Swedish Kyrka, Danish Kyrke, &c.), but also in the dialects of the Slavonian nations converted by the Greeks, (Bohemian cyrkew, Polish cerkiew, Russian zerkow). Öther derivations of the word are Kieren, (Kiesen), from the Gothic, Kelikn, a tower, &c. Compare Jacobson's work, 8. 68, ff.

B

society, connected together by a common faith in Christ, and which seeks to represent in its united life the kingdom of God announced by Christ, (τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ οὐρανοῦ). This kingdom it hopes to see at one time realised, and strives to prepare itself for becoming worthy of having a part in it. The church bears the same relation to the kingdom of God as the Israelitish church (in bp, Numb. xx. 4) had to the ideal theocracy expected by it. And as the divine kingdom of Christ is the purified and spiritual image of the theocracy, so is the Christian church the image of the Jewish. Differences relating to the objects of Christian faith and ecclesiastical life early separated the church into various distinct societies, each of which commonly assumed to itself exclusively the name of the "true church of Christ," and branded the others with the titles heresy and schism, (hæresis, schisma.)

While the old unreformed church associations are continually prejudiced by this particularism, Protestants, on the contrary, acknowledge every ecclesiastical society which holds Christian truth in greater or less purity and clearness, to be a preparatory institution for the kingdom of God, and as such belonging to the universal Christian church, whose true essence is the invisible church, the entire number of all true believers throughout the world.

$2.

DEFINITION OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY-ITS PARTS-GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.

Casp. Royko Einleit. in die christl. Religions- und Kirchengeschiche. Aufl. 2. Prag. 1791. 8.-Ch. W. Flügge Einleit. in das Studium u. in die Literatur der Religions- u. Kirchengeschichte, besonders der christlichen. Göttingen, 1801. 8.

The object of ecclesiastical history is to present in historical development the entire course through which the Christian church has passed, and the influences which it has exerted on

2 The idea of the church is an individual idea, which is given historically, and cannot therefore be brought under the general idea in which it is embraced. See Jacobson, s. 116. Ullmann in the Studien und Kritiken, 1835, iii. 607.

other human relations, and to lay the foundation for a due estimate of it in all its aspects. As time consists of moments, so is history made up of circumstances connected together as cause and effect. Every condition of the church rests on a twofold relation. To its internal relations belongs, first of all, that religious faith, which forms its bond of union, both in its scientific development and life in the members; next the character of the public religious exercises; and thirdly, the form of government. To the external relations of the church belong its diffusion, and its relation to other associations, particularly to the state. Though these several relations are not independent of one another, but are developed by constant mutual action, they admit of a separate historical treatment. There arises, therefore,

I. A history of the church's external relations, (external church history), viz.:—

1. History of its spread and limitation.1

2. History of its relation to the state.2

II. A history of its internal relations, (internal history of the church), viz.:—

1. History of the doctrines of the church.

(a.) As an object of science.

History of opinions (Dogmengeschichte).3

1 Jo. Al. Fabricii salutaris lux Evangelii toti orbi exoriens, s. notitia propagatorum christ. sacrorum. Hamburgi 1731, 4to. P. Ch. Gratianus Versuch einer Geschichte über den Ursprung und die Fortpflanzung des Christenthums in Europa. Tübingen, 1766, 73. 2 Th. 8vo. The same author's Geschichte der Pflanzung des Christenthums in den aus den Trümmern des röm. Kaiserthums entstandenen Staaten Europens. Tübingen, 1778, 9. 2 Th. 8vo. Ch. G. Blumhardt Versuch einer allgemeinen Missionsgeschichte.. Basel 1828 ff. 3 Th. 8vo.

2 Petri de Marca Dissertationum de concordia sacerdotii et imperii s. de libertatibus ecclesiæ gallicanæ, libb. viii. ed. Steph. Baluzius. Paris. 1663. fol. cum observationibus ecclesiasticis J. H. Boehmeri. Lips. 1708. fol. G. J. Planck's Geschichte der christlich-kirchlichen Gesellschaftsverfassung. Hannover, 1803-1809. 5 Bde. 8vo. The following work is written from a Catholic standpoint: Geschichtl. Darstellung des Verhältnisses zwischen Kirche und Staat von Casp. Riffel. Th. 1. (to Justinian 1st). Mainz, 1836. 8vo.

3 Dion Petavii Dogmata Theologica. Paris. 1644-50. 4 Theile. 4to. cum præfat. et notis Theophili Alethini, (Jo. Clerici.) Amst. 1700. 6 Theile. fol. W. Münscher's Handbuch der Christlichen Dogmengeschichte. Marburg, 1797-1809. 4 Thle. 8vo, incomplete. The same

History of ethics.4

History of the theological sciences.5

(b.) As living and working in men.

History of religious and moral life."

2. History of ecclesiastical worship.7

3. History of the internal constitution of the church.8

author's Lehrbuch d. christl. Dogmengeschichte, 3te Auflage, mit Belegen aus den Quellenschriften, Ergänzungen d. Literatur, hist. Noten u. Fortsetzungen versehen von Dr D. v. Cölln und Dr Ch. G. Neudecker, 3 Bde. Cassel, 1832-38. Dogmengeschichte von Dr J. G. V. Engelhardt. 2 Theile. Neustadt, a. d. Aisch 1839. Lehrbuch d. Dogmengeschichte von Dr K. R. Hagenbach. 2 Thle in 3 Bden. Leipzig, 1840, 1841. Other text books by Chr. D. Beck (commentarii historici decretorum rel. christ. Lips. 1801), J. Chr. W. Augusti (3te Ausg. Leipzig, 1820). L. F. O. Baumgarten-Crusius. 2 Abth. Jena, 1832. (The same author's Compendium d. Dogmengesch. Leipz. 1840). F. K. Meier. Giessen 1840.

* Stäudlin's Geschichte der Sittenlehre Jesu. 4 Bde. Göttingen 1799-1823 (reicht bis 1299). The same author's Gesch. d. christl. Moral seit dem Wiederaufleben d. Wissenchaften. Göttingen 1808. W. M. L. de Wette christliche Sittenlehre, 2ter Theil: Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Sittenlehre, in 2 Hälften. Berlin 181921. 8. Stäudlin's Monographieen: Gesch. d. Vorstellungen v. der Sittlichkeit des Schauspiels. Gött. 1823. Gesch. d. Vorstell. u. Lehren vom Selbstmorde. Ebend. 1824. v. Eide. Ebend. 1824. v. Gebete. Ebend. 1824. v. Gewissen. Halle 1824. v. d. Ehe. Gött. 1826. v. d. Freundschaft. Hannover 1826. 8.

5 Ch. W. Flügge's Geschichte der theol. Wissenschaften. Halle 1796-98. 3 Thle. 8. (as far as the Reformation). K. F. Stäudlin's Gesch. der theol. Wissenschaften seit der Verbreitung der alten Literatur. Göttingen 1810-11. 2 Thle. 8.

6 The history of religious and moral life among Christians is difficult, and has been neglected down to the latest times. Formerly there appeared only one-sided representations of the life of the first Christians, for example, by W. Cave, Gottfr. Arnold, Peter Zorn. The history of morals is interwoven with it in K. F. Stäudlin's history of the moral teaching of Christ. (Geschichte der Sittenlehre Jesu; see note 4.) For the history of Christian life see Neander's Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christenthums und des christlichen Lebens. Berlin, 1823 ff. 3 vols. [A third edition of the first volume has been lately published.]

7 Edm. Martene De antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus. 3te sehr verm. Aufl. Antverp 1736-38. 4 Thle. fol. C. Schöne Geschichtsforschungen über die kirchl. Gebräuche u. Einrichtungen der Christen. Berlin 1819 ff. [Only three volumes are yet published.]

8 L. Thomassini Vetus et Nova Ecclesiae Disciplina circa beneficia et beneficiarios. Lucae 1728. 3 Thle. fol. Planck's Gesch. der Christl.

kirchl. Gesellschaftsverfassung (see above note 2).

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