[DIALOGUE OF EGBERT.] semper in plena epdomada ante Natale Domini consuevit, non solum quarta et sexta feria, et sabbato, sed et juges XII. dies in jejuniis, et vigiliis, et orationibus, et elemosinarum largitionibus, et in monasteriis, et in plebibus, ante Natale [Domini], quasi legitimum jejunium exercuisse perhibetur. Nam hæc, Deo gratias, a temporibus Vitaliani papæ, et Theodori Dorobernensis Archiepiscopi inolevit in æcclesia Anglorum consuetudo, et quasi legitima tenebatur, ut non solum clerici in monasteriis, sed etiam laici cum conjugibus et familiis suis ad confessores suos pervenirent, et se fletibus et carnalis concupiscentiæ consortio his duodecim diebus cum elemosinarum largitione mundarent, quatenus puriores Dominicæ communionis perceptionem in Natale Domini perciperent. Preter hæc namque constituta jejunia quarta et sexta feria, propter passionem Christi, et sabbato, propter quod ipso die jacuit in sepulchro, plerique jejunaverunt. [W., I. 82–86; Thorpe, 320–325; Labbe and Cossart, Conc., VI. pp. 1604-1612; Mansi, XII. 482-488; Johnson, Canons, etc., ed. Baron, 1. 161-179.] The reading of the MS. is electus. b So the MS. Johnson proposes to read inultum for multum. So the MS. Johnson proposes verberibusque. A.D. 732 x 766. EGBERT'S PENITENTIAL. [The literary history of Egbert's Penitential is not less complicated than that of Theodore's: a considerable number of works founded upon or incorporating his genuine Penitential having been from time to time ascribed to him, besides others to which he has no sort of claim. We give here that version of the Penitential which may with the greatest certainty be attributed to him; but the following particulars are important as illustrating the way in which the identification has been arrived at, and the history of the subject. 1. Spelman, in the first volume of the Concilia, published thirty-five canons extracted, as he says, from the second book of the Penitential of Egbert, from a MS. in the Bodleian Library, no doubt MS. Bodl. 718. These canons were incorporated by Labbe and Cossart in the Concilia, IV. cc. 1601-1604, and by Mansi, XII. 459. 2. Wilkins, Conc., I. pp. 113-143, printed under the title "Poenitentiale Ecgberti Archiepiscopi Eboracensis," a work in five books, in parallel columns, Anglo-Saxon and Latin; from a MS. in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, L. XII., now no. 190. 3. Thorpe, in the Monumenta Ecclesiastica, appended to the Ancient Laws, pp. 343-392, reprinted the Penitential of Wilkins; dividing the first book, under the title of "Confessionale," from the latter four, to which he gives the title of "Penitentiale." He gives further, under the title of Additamenta, a collection of thirty-five canons in Anglo-Saxon and Latin which are found in two MSS.; one at Brussels in the Burgundian Library, and one in the Bodleian Laud F. 17, both of the 11th century at the latest. 4. Mr. C. P. Cooper in his "Appendix B. to the Report on the Foedera," printed as "Pœnitentialis Ecgberti Archiepiscopi Eboracensis Liber IVtus," the last book of Wilkins's Penitential containing the Additamenta of Thorpe's edition, from the Brussels MS. This work was never published, and is probably the source from which Thorpe's Additamenta were directly taken. The MS. contains at the end of the fourth book, as it stands in Thorpe, a large number of enactments which are found in the so-called Confessional or in the earlier books of the Penitential. [EGBERT'S PENITENTIAL.] 5. Wasserschleben, Bussordnungen, etc. pp. 231-247, published a very much shorter Penitential, which is believed to be the original and genuine work of Egbert; from a Vienna MS., Jur. Can. nr. 116. fol. 77-87. 6. It appears further from Wasserschleben, p. 38, that the "Liber de remediis Peccatorum," described above (p. 326) as a combination of the genuine Penitentials of Egbert and Bede, is ascribed in some MSS. to Egbert. We thus get four distinct works which have been assumed at various times to be the original Penitential of Egbert: I. That printed by Wilkins and Thorpe; II. That from which Spelman drew his thirty-five canons; III. The version of Wasserschleben; and IV. The "Liber de remediis Peccatorum." I. The Confessional and Penitential of Wilkins and Thorpe exists in the C. C. C. C. MS. 190, and the fourth book of the Penitential in the Brussels MS. It is found on examination that (1) The Confessionale consists of extracts from the Penitential of Theodore and the genuine one of Egbert, with an additional chapter or two from two late Frankish Penitentials (Pæn. Remense, Wasserschleb., pp. 497-504, and Pœn. Bigotianum, ibid., pp. 441-460). (2) That the first three books of the Penitential (except book II. ch. I, which is from Theodore and Cummeanus) are a translation of the third, fourth, and fifth books of the Penitential of Halitgar, who was Bishop of Cambray in the ninth century. The Anglo-Saxon is a paraphrase of the work of Halitgar, and the Latin a close translation of the Anglo-Saxon. That the true process is not reversed on this hypothesis, and that Halitgar could not have derived his work from the Anglo-Saxon compilation, is shown by the great superiority of Halitgar in the accuracy of his citations of the older authorities. The work of Halitgar may be found in Canisius, Lectiones, ed. Basnage, tom. II. p. 2. The Bodleian MSS., Junius 121 and Laud F. 17, contain these three books in AngloSaxon, with a fourth composed partly of extracts from the fourth book of this work as printed in Thorpe, and from the socalled Confessional. They each contain a good deal of similar matter besides, but nothing that connects either of them with Egbert. (3) The fourth book of the Penitential, except three or four chapters at the end, is from Cummeanus, the Roman Penitential, and Theodore. It is possible that the older portions of the Confessional and fourth book of the Penitential, which all come, except a few additions introductory to each, from Theodore and the so-called Cummeanus, etc., were, on the possible hypothesis that the Cummeanus of the ninth century is based on a Cummeanus of the seventh, or that Egbert and Cummeanus drew from a common stock of penitential lore, really translated by Egbert, and that the writer who translated Halitgar into AngloSaxon put the whole work together under Egbert's name, as was done in the corre sponding case to be next noticed. II. The Bodleian MS. 718, of which there are copies in the Vatican MSS. 1352 and 1347 (cited by the brothers Ballerini, see Mansi, XII. 411, and Wasserschleben, p. 45), contains four books. The first comprises (a) twenty-one Capitula (the first twenty-one of the so-called Excerptiones Egberti, Thorpe, 326), which from the mention of the Empe rors may be certainly referred to a Frank origin, and to a date not earlier than the ninth century; (b) the genuine work of Egbert as edited by Wasserschleben (from the Vienna MS., in which it occurs by itself), and as reprinted in this volume; and (c) certain forms of prayer and litanies for confession, which are shown by the invocations to be of Anglo-Saxon origin, but from their mention of emperors and canons must be referred to a later date than Egbert's. The first book ends with the rubric "Finis libri Pœnitentialis Ecgberhti Archiepiscopi," which thus limits to this portion of the volume the larger title prefixed, "Incipit Excerptio de Canonibus Catholicorum Patrum Pœnitentialis libri ad remedium animarum Ecgberhti Archiepiscopi Eburacæ civitatis." The remaining three books contain a separate collection of canons, the 4th book being itself a systematically arranged treatise compiled by a member of a religious house at the bidding of his rector, probably in the tenth century, to which the MS., one of Leofric's gifts to Exeter, belongs. (See the first volume of this work, Pref. p. xvi.) III. The genuine work edited by Wasserschleben occurs in the following MSS. used by him: "Cod. Vindob. Jur. Can. nr. 116, fol. 77-87; Cod. Frising. no. 3; Ranshov. nr. 73; San. Gall. nr. 677; Vat. Pal. nr. 485.” It is found also, as stated above, incorporated in the first book of the MS. Bodl. 718. The identification of this as Egbert's is proved by the independent character of its contents, and the absence of any reference to anything of later date. It is cited by Rabanus Maurus in his letter to Heribald of Auxerre, c. 18, as the work of Egbert; and is expressly described as Egbert's, in contradistinction from the remainder of his compilation, by the compiler of Bodl. 718. It is printed as an anonymous work in the Amplissima Collectio of Martene and Durand, VII. coll. 40-48, from the Andain MS. from which the Penitential of Bede was taken. IV. Of the Liber de Remediis Peccatorum enough has been said already (above, p. 326). [EGBERT'S PENITENTIAL.] Besides the Penitential, Egbert has been the reputed author of a collection of Excerptiones, which are printed in Spelman (pp. 258-278), Labbe and Cossart (VI. 1586-1588), Thorpe (Anc. Laws, p. 326 et seqq.), and in a translation in Johnson (Canons, ed. Baron, I. pp. 184-223). These are found in MS. Cotton. Nero A. 1, in conjunction with the twentyone capitula incorporated with the genuine Penitential in MS. Bodl. 718, book I. There is in the MS. C. C. C. C. K. 2, now no. 265, another set of excerpts, of which a partial translation and abstract are given by Johnson, pp. 226-235, which contain nothing in common with the former, but are preceded by the same twenty-one canons. The fact that these Excerptiones contain extracts from the Capitularies of Charles the Great, is fatal to their claim to be regarded as Egbert's. Wasserschleben regards them as in great measure extracted from the so-called "Collectio Vaticana," which he speaks of as identical with the four books of the Bodleian MS. 718. See his Beiträge zur Geschichte der Vorgratianischen Kirchenrechtsquellen, p. 3, etc. The other works of Egbert that survive are the Dialogus, given above; and the Pontificale, a very ancient and venerable ritual book, which was printed by the Surtees Society in 1853, from a MS. in the Royal Library at Paris," No. 138, dans le fonds du supplement Latin." The conclusions that arise from the view of these materials may be thus stated:-The works attributed to Egbert (setting aside the Dialogus and the Pontifical) resolve themselves into three divisions, which appear to have no real connexion with each other. 1. What may be called the Penitential, viz. Bodl. 718. This stands quite by itself,is, as a whole, a document of the tenth century, but contains in its first book (prefaced by twenty-one canons of ninth-century date, and followed by Anglo-Saxon penitential forms of a like ninth-century date) a Penitential, which occurs elsewhere (viz. in Wasserschleben's MSS.) by itself as Egbert's, and which is called Egbert's also in Bodl. 718 itself. The other three books have nothing whatever to do with Egbert, but are a compilation of the tenth-century compiler of the whole MS. Here then we have Egbert's Penitential, as included in book I. and occurring separately in Wasserschleben's MSS.; but all else is plainly not Egbert's. 2. What may be called the Excerpts; which are again two distinct compilations, having nothing in common, except, first, the ascription to Egbert in the MSS., and next, the having *This however assumes that the matter at least of so-called Cummeanus is earlier than the same twenty-one ninth-century canons (those of Bodl. 718, book I.) prefixed in each case. These two compilations are—I. Nero A. 1, printed by Wilkins and translated by Johnson, being the said twenty-one canons with the addition of two hundred and odd canons of old councils, etc. etc.; and 2. C. C. C. C. K. 2, being the same twentyone canons with the addition of eighty or ninety similar canons, but wholly different from the Nero compilation. Many of these canons are in books II.-IV. of Bodl. 718, but not in any such way as to make it even probable that the same compiler made both or all. As they stand, neither of them can be Egbert's. Yet both are ascribed to Egbert in the MSS. Possibly, the fact that Bodl. 718 (which may have circulated as Egbert's altogether) begins with the identical twenty-one canons, with which also both these compilations begin, beguiled the transcribers of the two MSS. into calling both these compilations Egbert's also. Possibly Egbert had the reputation of having compiled some set of canons or other, and so they guessed at these being his. Anyhow, as they stand, they are not his. There is nothing original in them; and certainly not sufficient evidence to make it probable that they are even based upon anything which he compiled. 3. What may be called the Confessional and Penitential (in both Latin and Anglo-Saxon) of Wilkins and Thorpe, taken from C. C. C. C. 190, which ascribes it to Egbert; the fourth book of the Penitential being also in a Burgundian MS. by itself. And here, books I.-III. of the Penitential are plainly not Egbert's, but an Anglo-Saxon paraphrase of Halitgar of Cambray, with a Latin translation of that AngloSaxon. And the sole questions are, 1. Whether the Confessional (which might be Egbert's as far as the Anglo-Saxon goes, seeing that it is almost wholly a translation of Theodore and of so-called Cummeanus) is upon any probable grounds to be really ascribed to Egbert: 2. Whether book IV. of the Penitential can be so ascribed. Now the prefixing Egbert's name in the MS. is a presumption, although a very weak one, that some part of the work is his, or that it is based upon something of his. And if he had done nothing of the kind, it seems odd that so much should be attributed to him, and so much too of Anglo-Saxon versions of canons. And on these grounds it seems rather more probable than not that he may have translated this Confessional so called. On a review of these facts it seems better to relegate such portions of the Anglo-Saxon works ascribed to Egbert as could by any Egbert-the existing Penitential ascribed to Cummeanus belonging to the ninth century. VEL PENITENTIALE AD REMEDIUM ANIMARUM DOMINI EAMBERCTHI ARCHIEPISCOPI EBURACĂ CIVITATIS1. causarum. > Institutio illa sancta que fiebat in diebus patrum nostrorum rectas vias numquam deseruit, quæ statuta erunt penitentibus atque lugentibus suas passiones ac vitia medicamenta salutis eterne, quia diversitas culparum diversitatem facit penitentibus medicamentorum, vel sicut medici corporum diversa medicamenta vel potiones solent facere contra diversitatem infirmitatum vel judices secularium Diversa igitur judicia, qui boni sunt et recti, pensent atque tractent', quomodo recte judicent inter miseros et divites, inter causam et causam; quanto magis igitur3, O' sacerdotes Dei, diversa medicamenta animarum visibilibus hominibus pensare et tractare oportet", ne per stultum medicum vulnera animarum fiant pejora, propheta dicente: Conputruerunt et deterioraverunt cicatrices meæ a facie insipientiæ mee. O stulte medice, noli decipere animam tuam et illius, ne duplicem pœnam accipias, vel septupla vel millena1, audi Christum dicentem: Si cecus cecum duxerit13, ambo cadunt in foveam. Si tu non cogitas judicium meum, alter homo non audit neque vidit qui me judicet. O non intelligis 15, quod Deus 17 judex justus et fortis videtur et aut18 et in palam abscondita et deducit et reddit1o secundum opera". Et item" vere sunt nonnulli cecorum* canum similitudine currentium ad cadavera mortuorum vel23 corvorum volantium, qui ad sacerdotium vehuntur, qui non propter Deum sed plus propter honorem terrenum inhiantes, cæci divina sapientiaR. 1 The title in the MS. S. Gall. 677 is Domini Egberti archi. Eburi. Civitatis, that of the Bodl. MS. 718, Incipit Excerptio de canonibus catholicorum Patrum pœnitentialis Libri ad remedium animarum Ecgberhti Archiepiscopi Eburacæ civitatis. រ 2 sancta] om. B. S. quæ statuta erunt] qui instituerunt, A. B. S. vel sicut] nam si, B.; vel adsunt, A. 5 infirmitatum] infirmorum, B. 6 igitur] om. B. qui boni-tractent] recte atque diligenter tractant, B.; igitur] om. A.B. 9 O] om. B. 10 visibilibus] invisibi11 oportet] oporteat, A. S. septupla vel millena] septuplam vel milleduxerit] nonne, ins. B. 14 Si tu O] om. B. 15 intelligis] intelligitis, A. et aut] videt et audit, B. S.; vidit et audit, A. deducit et reddet, S. 20 opera] ipsorum, cecorum] sacerdotum, ins. B. 25 vehuntur] evehuntur, B. 23 divina sapientia] divinæ sapientiæ existunt, B. 27 pensant atque tractant, A. 13 8 7 16 quod] quæ, A. 17 Deus] om. B. 18 videtur 12 22 vel] 26 qui] om. B. [EGBERT'S PENITENTIAL.] 15 8 De talibus dicit1 Gregorius Nazanzenus: Timeo hoc quod canes adsectantur officium pastorale, maxime cum in semet ipsis nihil pastorale preparaverunt discipline. Ezechiel namque ait: Ve pastoribus Israhel, qui pascebant semet hipsos et non gregem', lac bibebant et lanis eorum operiebantur, et quod crassum fuit manducabant, quod fractum fuit non alligabant et reliqua. Item Ezechiel10 ait: Ve sacerdotibus qui commedunt" populi mei peccata, hoc est sibi eorum sumentes victimas et non orantes1 pro eis, commedentes hostias et non corripientes, qui ubi morituros homines audiunt, inde gaudentes et13 preparant se ad predam, quasi corvi ad cadavera mortuorum. Nunc ergo, O" fratres, qui voluerit sacerdotalem auctoritatem accipere, inprimitus pro1 Deum cogitet et preparet arma ejus, antequam manus Episcopi tangat caput ", id est psalterium, lectionarium, antefonarium 18, missalem1, baptisterium, martyrlogium, in anno20 circuli ad predicationem cum bonis operibus, et compotum et ciclo, hoc est jus sacerdotum, post" autem suum penitentialem, qui hoc ordine secundum auctoritatem canonum ordinatur, ut discretiones omnium causarum in vestigiis" primitus", sine quibus rectum judicium non potest stare, quia scriptum est: In nulla re appareas indiscretus, sed distingue, quid, ubi, quamdiu”, quando, qualiter debeas facere. Non omnibus ergo in una eademque libra pensandum est, licet in uno constringantur vitio, sed discretio sit unumquodque eorum, hoc est inter divitem et pauperem, liber, servus, infans, puer, juvenis, aduliscens, etate senex, ebitis, gnarus, laicus, clericus, monachus, Episcopus, presbyter, diaconus, subdiaconus, lector, in gradu vel sine, in conjugio vel sine, peregrinus, virgo, femina canonica vel sanctimonialis, debiles, infirmi, 1 dicit] dixit, A. B. S. chial] Hiezechihel, B. gem] greges meos, B. 5 8 33 3 4 Eze 7 hipsos] ipsos, B. greet reliqua] et cetera, B. 9 2 hoc] om. B. pastorale] pastoralis, A. B. S. pastoribus Israhel] sacerdotibus, A. crassum- -alligabant] transposed in B. om. A. 10 Ezechial] Ezechiel, B. 11 commedunt] comedunt, 13 et] om. B. 14 Ó] om. B. 15 inprimitus] inprimis, B. "caput] ipsius, ins. B. sale, A. S. om, B. B. 16 22 18 antefonarium] antiphonarium, A. B. 13 orantes] orant, B. pro] propter, A. B. S 19 missalem] miscum bonis operibus] suum, om. B. meditetur, B 24 post] postea, B. S. 33 unum 23 ordinatur] ordinandus est, B. ordinatus, S. 26 in vestigiis] investigeo, A. S.; primitus] om. B. 28 stare] dare, S. 29 quamdiu] qua de re, A. so quando] vel, ins. B. 31 in] om. B. 32 constringantur] construngantur, B. quodque] inter unum quemque, B. in unoquoque, A. 34 liber-casu] liberum et servum, infantem et puerum, juvenem et adolescentem atque ætate senem, hebetem et gnarum, laicum et clericum sive monachum, episcopum, presbiterum, diaconum, subdiaconum, lectorem, in gradu positum vel sine, in conjugio vel sine, inter virginem et feminam, canonicam vel sanctimonialem, inter debiles et infirmos vel sanos; et de qualitate corporum vel hominum, continentes vel incontinentes voluntate vel casu, B. 35 ebitis] hebes, A. VOL. III. Ee |