Austria.-Joseph II.-Arrangements for the partition of Poland.

-War with Turkey.-Death of the emperor.-Review of his

character and proceedings.-Leopold II.-Abolition of the in-

quisition in Tuscany.-Civil and religious reforms.-Treaty

with Prussia against France.-Death of Leopold.-Francis II.

-Belgium and Milan exchanged for Venice and Dalmatia.—

Alliance with Britain and Prussia against France.-Marengo.-

Hohenlinden.-Treaty of Luneville.-Effects of the victories of

Napoleon." The confederation of the Rhine."-Austerlitz.—

Vienna occupied by the French.-The treaty of Presburg.-

Renewal of war.-Vienna taken by the French.-Treaty of

Schonbrunn.-Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa.—

Battle of Leipsic.-Abdication of Napoleon.

Prussia.- Frederic William II.-Influence of favourites.-In-

direct taxation abolished.—Alliance with England and Holland.

-With Turkey. Deceitful promises to Poland.-Purchase of

Anspach and Baireuth.-Frederic William III.-Inconsistency

of his policy.-Franconia ceded to France.-War declared

against France.-Defeat of Jena.-Treaty of Tilsit.—Alliance

with Russia.

Saxony. Frederic Augustus.-His wise resolutions.- Despoiled

of a portion of his kingdom.-Esteem of his subjects

PAGE

. 158

Poland.-Factions in the country.—Religious disputes.—Treachery

of Russia. Tumultuous meeting of the diet.-Stanislas Au-

gustus Poniatowski.-Important reforms.-Arbitrary course of

Catherine.-Partition of the country.-Invaded by a Russian

army. Deceitful conduct of Frederic William.-Second par-

tition.-Open revolt of the Poles.-Kosciusko.-Several defeats

of the Russians.-Kosciusko taken prisoner.-Defeat of the

Poles.-Final partition.-Death of Stanislas.-Vain hopes of

French assistance.

Holland.-William V.-Prince of Brunswick regent.-Democratic

spirit of the Dutch.-Discontent and insurrections.-Order

restored by a Prussian army.-The country subjugated to

France. William resigns the supreme power.-Holland in-

stalled as the Batavian republic.-Ruin of her commerce.-

French oppression.-Influence of Napoleon.-His brother Louis

appointed king.-Wise administration of Louis. His abdi-

cation.-Holland annexed to France.-Misery of the people.—

Negociations with England.-Successful resistance of France.

-Approaching downfall of Napoleon.-William I. proclaimed

king.

Switzerland.-Disturbing influence of the French revolution.-

Insurrection at Geneva.-Attempted revolt at Berne.-French

army sent to subdue the people.-French and Austrian disputes.

-The cantons under the power of Napoleon.-"The act of

mediation."-Austrian interference.-Civil wars

172

Russia.-Peter III.-His abdication.-Catherine II.-Murder of

Peter III.-Assassination of prince Ivan.-Dismemberment of

Poland. War with Turkey.-Alliance against her.-Extension

of the frontiers.-War in Persia.-The triple alliance.-Death

of Catherine.-Review of her character.-Paul I.-Liberation

of Kosciusko.-Arbitrary measures and innovations.-Military

successes in Italy.-Proposed coalition against England.-Re-

fusal of Paul to abdicate.-His murder.-Alexander I.-Alliance

with England.-Defeats of Austerlitz, Eylau, and Friedland.-

Treaty of Tilsit. - Temporary friendship of Alexander and

Napoleon.-War declared against France.-Napoleon's advance

into Russia. - Battle of Borodino. - Burning of Moscow.-

Retreat of Napoleon. Disastrous consequences.. - Visit of

Alexander to England.

-

Sweden. Gustavus III.-His deceitful professions.-Extension

of the power of the crown.-Further aggression on the con-

stitution. Assassination of Gustavus.-Gustavus IV.-His

extravagant conduct.-Abdication.-Charles XIII.

Denmark.-Christiern VII.-Extinction of the slave trade.-

Abolition of serfdom.-Frederic VI.-Defeat of Copenhagen.-

Norway ceded to Sweden

183

Victor Amadeus III.-Useful reforms.-Excessive taxation.-

Interference of the French.-The Italian campaign.-Piedmont

subject to France.-Charles Emmanuel IV.-His abdication.—

Victor Emmanuel I.

Rome.-Disturbed by the French revolution.-Clement XIV.—

Suppression of the Jesuits.-Pius VI.-Journey to Vienna.—

Bishop Ricci.-Rash conduct of Hugo Basseville.-Pius joins

the league against France.-Defeat of the Papal troops.-

Duphot.-Collision between the revolutionists and the military.

-Invasion under Berthier.-Pius deposed.-Pius VII.-Per-

forms the office of Napoleon's coronation.-Threats of Na-

poleon. The pope deprived of his dominions.-Retained in

captivity. The peace of Paris.-Restoration of the pope's

dominions.

Naples and Sicily.—Ferdinand IV.-Neglect of his education.-

John Acton.-Naples joins the coalition against France.-

Arbitrary course of the queen.-The court transferred to Sicily.

-Invasion of the French.-Excesses of the royalists.-Political

blunders. Ferdinand resigns.-War in Calabria.-Murat and

Caroline Maria. Ferdinand resumes his authority.

Corsica.-Theodore.-Pascal Paoli.-The island in possession of

the British.-Resigned to France.-Malta.-Taken by Bona-

parte. Subsequent capture by the British

PAGE

198

CHAPTER XVI.

A. D. 1789-1815.

Royal Disputes and Misfortunes.

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

Spain. Charles IV.-Wise and equitable measures.- Florida

Bianca.-Licentiousness of the queen.-War with France.-

War with England.-Naval defeats.-The prince Ferdinand.-

Influence of Godoy.-Family disputes.-Abdication of Charles.

-Ferdinand VII.-Surrender of the throne to Napoleon.-

Tumult and carnage at Madrid.-Joseph Bonaparte made king.

-Opposition to his authority.-Alliance with Portugal against

France. Promised aid from England.-Battle of Baylen.-

Flight of king Joseph.-Sir John Moore.-Corunna.— Re-

storation of king Joseph.-Retirement after the battle of

Vittoria.-Restoration of Ferdinand.

Portugal.-Don John appointed regent.-War declared by Spain.

-Treaty for the partition of Portugal.-Emigration of the

royal family. Interference of England.-Disembarkation of

British troops under Wellesley.-Victory at Rolica.-Vimeira.

-Return of Junot to France.-Capitulation of Cintra.-Com-

mencement of the Peninsular war.-Successes of Wellesley.-

Expulsion of the French.-Death of Maria Francesca

PAGE

212

CONTENTS.

xiii

PART VIII.

FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO THE ACCESSION OF

QUEEN VICTORIA.

PEACE AND ITS RESULTS.

CHAPTER I.

A. D. 1814-1837.

Bourbon Vicissitudes.

FRANCE.

PAGE

Restoration of the Bourbons.-Louis XVIII.-Death of the em-

press Josephine.-Reappearance of Napoleon. — Reactionary

feeling.-Flight of the king.-Empire of a hundred days.-

Battle of Waterloo.-Second abdication of Napoleon.-His

exile. Restoration of the king.-Execution of marshal Ney.—

The chamber of deputies.—Assassination of the duke de Berri.

-Death of Louis.-Charles X.-His character.-Discontent of

the people.-Arbitrary proceedings.-The ordinances.-The

newspaper protest.-Scenes at the printing offices.-Arming of

the people.-Commencement of the revolutionary struggle.—

Abdication of the king.-His death.-Remodelling of the con-

stitution.-Influence of Lafayette.-Accession of Louis Philippe.

-Insurrections.-The peerage question.-The French reform

bill.-Prosecutions of the press

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