CHEMICAL NEWS, Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-juice. ROYAL SOCIETY. Ordinary Meeting, February 24th, 1910. PAPERS were read as follows: of young Fellows representing the modern school of chemistry who were able to bring new ideas and fresh light upon their work. He referred to the recent appointment of Honorary Local Secretaries, through whom chemists in Sir ARCHibald Geikie, K.C.B., President, in the Chair. different parts of the Empire and in India could be kept in touch with headquarters. They would also be able to take an interest in candidates intending to join the Institute and arrange for local examinations. He proceeded to show how the Institute had fulfilled the duties imposed upon it by the Royal Charter by providing for the community a class of properly qualified professional men for public chemical appointments, for general practice, and in connection with industrial concerns. The diplomas of the Institute were generally recognised as the outward sign of sound professional training; the Institute had undoubtedly influenced the teaching of the universities and colleges, and had endeavoured to encourage the production of men who could not only talk about chemistry, but who were able to apply their knowledge usefully. In conclusion, he made a special appeal to the members to support the Buildings Fund, and expressed his gratitude to those who had already responded, and especially to the corporations and firms not directly connected with the Institute, from which substantial donations had been received. In moving a vote of thanks for the Address, Sir WILLIAM RAMSAY said he was inclined to think that the tendency was to trust too much to the results of examinations. He was of opinion that the aim of the examiners should be to ascertain if the candidates could converse freely and easily on their subject, and put it into practice. Mr. BERTRAM BLOUNT, in seconding, said that Sir William Ramsay had given a definition of a chemist. Speaking as one of the examiners for the time being, he could say certainly that the Board endeavoured to distinguish those candidates who could not only talk but do something. He endorsed the opinion of the President that it was well to have young Fellows on the Council so that fresh views were introduced, and he felt the time had come when the hitherto over-modest chemists were able to assert themselves and take a proper place among the professions. The vote having been put to the meeting by Sir William Ramsay, and carried, the PRESIDENT briefly replied, and declared the result of the election of the Officers and Members of Council. The following were elected Censors: -Prof. Percy F. Frankland, Mr. David Howard, Prof. J. Millar Thomson, and Sir William Tilden. The other Officers and Council were declared elected as follows:: | "Colour Blindness and the Trichromatic Theory of Colour Vision." By Sir WILLIAM ABNEY, K.C.B., F.R.S. Total Nitrogen Metabolism of Rats bearing Malignant "Contributions to the Bio-Chemistry of Growth. The New Growths." By W. CRAMER and HAROLD PRINGle. "Contributions to the Bio-Chemistry of Growth. The Distribution of Nitrogenous Substances in Tumour and Somatic Tissues." By W. CRAMER and HAROLD Pringle. "The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-juice. Part V. The Function of Phosphates in Alcoholic Fermentation." By ARTHUR HARDEN, F.R.S., and WILLIAM JOHN YOUNG. The two following equations were previously proposed by the authors to represent the course of alcoholic fermentation by yeast-juice :2C6H12O6+2PO4HR2 = (1) = 2CO2+2C2H6Ɔ+ 2H2O + C6H10O4(PO4R2)2 (2) C6H10O4(PO4R2)2+2H2O C6H12O6+2PO4HR2. These were founded on-(a) The determination of the amount of carbon dioxide and alcohol produced by the addition of a known amount of phosphate in presence of excess of sugar; (b) the production of a hexosephosphate of the composition C6H10O4(PO4R2)2; (c) the occurrence of an enzymic hydrolysis of this substance with production of free phosphate. In order to obtain further experimental justification for this view, several additional determinations have been made, and these form the subject of the present communication. The results which have been obtained are as follows:1. When glucose or fructose is added to yeast-juice in presence of excess of phosphate, a period of accelerated fermentation occurs, during which the added sugar undergoes the reaction (1) quoted above, one molecule of carbon dioxide being evolved for each molecule of sugar added. 2. When the available phosphate of a mixture of ferment, coferment, and sugar is greatly reduced, the total fermentation produced becomes very small. The addition of a small amount of a phosphate to such a mixture produces a relatively large increase in the total fermentation, even after allowing for the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to the phosphate added. 3. A hexosephosphate when digested with yeast-juice is hydrolysed by an enzyme (hexosephosphatase) with production of free phosphate, and a sugar, which is capable of being fermented by yeast. As the result of this hydrolytic action the hexosephosphates when treated with yeast-juice or zymin are finally converted into carbon dioxide, alcohol, and free phosphate. In the light of these results it becomes necessary, in discussing the chemical changes which the molecule of sugar may undergo in the process of fermentation, to take into consideration the fact that two molecules of sugar are involved in the reaction. President-George Thomas Beilby, LL.D., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents-Frank Clowes, D.Sc.; Martin Onslow Forster, D.Sc., F.R.S.; Percy Faraday Frankland, LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.; Egbert Grant Hooper; Raphael Meldola, F.R.S.; John Millar Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer-Alfred Gordon Salamon, A.R.S.M. Members of Council-Leonard Archbutt; William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. ; Francis Howard Carr; Charles Edward Cassal, Col., V.D.; Alfred Chaston Chapman; Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.; Arthur Crozier Claudet, A.R.S.M.; Harold Govett Colman, M.Sc., Ph.D.; James Connah, B.Sc.; John Henry Coste; James Johnson Dobbie, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.; John Alfred Foster; Walter Charles Hancock, B.A.; Otto Hehner; George Gerald Henderson, M.A., D.Sc.; William Richard Eaton Hodgkinson, Ph.D.; Frederick Gowland Hopkins, M.A., M.B., D.Sc., Carbon Subnitride.-Ch. Moureu and J. Ch. Bongrand. F.R.S.; George McGowan, Ph.D.; Kennedy Joseph-Carbon subnitride, C4N2, has been prepared by the Previté Orton, M.A., Ph.D.; William Jackson Pope, M.A., authors by subtracting 2 molecules of water from butine M.Sc., F.R.S.; Charles Proctor; Sir Boverton Redwood, diamide, CONH2-CEC-CONH2. From its mode of D.Sc.; Henry Droop Richmond; Alfred Smetham; preparation its formula is evidently N=C_C=C_C=N, Edward William Voelcker, A.R.S.M.; John White; or it may be regarded as a cyanide of carbon, C2(CN)2. William Maurice Gathorne Young. It forms fine white needles fusing at 20:5 to 21°. It boils at 76° under 753 mm. pressure. It recalls cyanogen in its odour and in its irritant effects. It burns readily, its vapour even igniting spontaneously in air. Its refraction, dispersion, and density are higher than the values calculated from its formula.-Comptes Rendus, cl., No. 4. On the motion of Prof. J. MILLAR THOMSON, seconded by Mr. W. T. BURGESS, a vote of thanks was accorded the retiring Officers and Members of Council. Dr. JOHN A. VOELCKER having replied on their behalf, the proceedings terminated. In the fourth edition of the invaluable "Allen" practically only the general plan of the original treatise is preserved, the improvement of apparatus and methods and the discovery of new tests and processes having been so rapid that it has been found necessary to prepare a perfectly new work. In order to ensure the greatest possible efficiency the articles dealing with different subjects have been allotted to specialists in the various branches, and thus English and American authors have collaborated to produce the most complete and authoritative text-book on technical analysis in the English language. Volume I., which is to be followed as rapidly as possible by seven other volumes, deals with the alcohols and their derivatives, malt liquors, wines and spirits, carbohydrates and vegetable acids, and new sections have been added on yeast and on paper and paper-making materials. An introduction deals with general methods of analysis, and describes special apparatus used in technical analysis. The whole volume is characterised by great succinctness, while full references to original papers are always given, in case further information on any point is desired. Year-book of Pharmacy. Edited by J. O. BRAITHWAITE. London: J. and A. Churchill. 1909. THE Year-book of Pharmacy for 1909 contains abstracts of all papers relating to pharmacy, materia medica, and chemistry which have appeared in British and foreign journals between July 1, 1908, and June 30, 1909. A list of subjects suggested for investigation should stimulate the activity of the year-book's readers, and the fund which is devoted to giving grants for such researches should prove a valuable factor in aiding original work. The book also includes the transactions of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, the forty-sixth annual meeting of which was held in Newcastle last summer, and the papers read at the meetings are reproduced, together with the discussions on them. Papers on the Conservation of Water Resources. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1909. In this pamphlet various papers written by the members of the United States Geological Survey for the report of the National Conservation Commission are reproduced. The papers, which summarise results of investigation and statistics which have been collected by the department during the last twenty years, deal with the distribution of rainfall, the increase of floods, the development of water-powers, irrigation, &c., and the conclusions which the members of the Survey have drawn on these subjects are given in detail. CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN SOURCES. NOTE. All degrees of temperature are Centigrade unless otherwise expressed. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. Vol. cl., No. 4, January 24, 1910. Laws of Evaporation.-P. Vaillant. In the case of a vessel partly filled and communicating with the exterior by means of a comparatively small hole in the upper wall, the rate of evaporation of a liquid is given by q=aMF4/3, where M = the molecular weight, F is the tension of the vapour, and a depends to a slight extent only on the nature of the liquid. Radio-activity of Halogen and Oxyhalogen Compounds of Thorium.-J. Chaudier and Ed. Chauvenet. -The radio-activity of the halogen and oxyhalogen compounds of thorium for quantities of substance containing more than about 10 mgrms. of thorium varies with the nature of the associated elements; the intensity of the radiation diminishes as the atomic weight of the element increases. This variation seems to be due to the absorption of the radio-active radiation by the elements which are contained in the molecule. The radio-activity curves of compounds of thorium resemble that of thorium, and coincide with it when the quantities of material are small enough. With less than 10 mgrms. of thorium all the curves coalesce to form one, which shows that the radioactivity of thorium is an atomic property, as Mdme. Curie has stated. Action of Carbon Tetrachloride on some Minerals. Pierre Camboulives.-Carbon tetrachloride acts on the majority of natural metallic oxides, transforming them into chlorides, provided that they are in a sufficiently finely divided state. Corundum is an exception, though artificial alumina is readily converted into the chloride at 390°. Silica is not attacked by vapours of carbon tetrachloride, and thus this reaction provides a method of determining the free silica in minerals, and carbon tetrachloride must be regarded as a valuable reagent in analytical separations. No. 5, January 31, 1910. Aniline Emetic.-P. Yvon.- Aniline emetic obtained by the action of antimony monoxide on the acid tartrate of aniline exists in the form of hydrated crystals, and anhydrous crystals, according to the temperature at which The hydrated crystals are pale crystallisation occurs. yellow and translucent, becoming opaque in the air and losing their water of crystallisation. C4H5O6(SbO) C6H-N. H2O. The anhydrous salt is formed at 35, and has the formula C4H5O6(SbO)C6H7N. Their formula is MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK. MONDAY, 14th.-Royal Society of Arts, 8. (Cantor Lectures). "The Microscopical, 8. Antipatharians from the Indian Ocean," by Miss S. B. M. Summers. Visibility of the Tertiaries of Coscinodiscus asterom phalus in a Balsam Mount" and "Criti cal Microscopy," by E. M. Nelson. THURSDAY, 17th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Turner," by A. J. Finberg. Royal Society, 4.30. (Bakerian Lecture). The Pressure of Light against the Source: the Recoil from Light," by J. H. Poynting and Dr. G. Barlow. Chemical, 8.30. "Organic Derivatives of Silicon -Part XIII., Optically Active Compounds containing one Asymmetric Silicon Group," by F. Challenger and F. S. Kipping. "Studies of Dynamic Isomerism-The Relationship between Absorption Spectra and Isomeric Change-Part X., Absorption Spectra of Camphocarboxylic Acid and its Derivatives; Part XI., Absorption Spectra of Acyl Derivatives of Camphor," by T. M. Lowry and H. W. Southgate. "Action of Aromatic Amines upon Malonic Ester," by F. D. Chattaway and J. M. D. Olmsted. FRIDAY, 18th.-Royal Institution, 9. "The Dynamics of a Golf Ball," by Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson. Chemical, 5. (Annual General Meeting). Presidential Address," The Union of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Flame," by Prof. Harold B. Dixon, F.R.S., &c. SATURDAY, 19th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Electric Waves and the Electro-magnetic Theory of Light," by Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson, F.R.S., &c. CHEMICAL NEWS, Advertisements. "BECKERITE" CUPELS. iii BONE ASH CUPELS ENTIRELY SUPERSEDED. ADVANTAGES. MUCH CHEAPER. At least 25 per cent cheaper than any other make. make. MORE ABSORBENT. Effectively absorbs one-third more litharge than any other IMPERVIOUS BOTTOMS. It is impossible for litharge to run through on to floor of muffle, thus the muffle can be used over and over again. More economical in every way. DO NOT CRACK OR SPLIT. REQUIRE NO SPECIAL PACKING. DO NOT GET DAMAGED IN TRANSIT. F. WIGGINS &;,SONS, 102/8/4, Minories, London, E. Manufacturers of Mica Goods for Electrical and ALL purposes. SILICATES OF SODA AND POTASH. IN THE STATE OF SOLUBLE GLASS OR IN CONCENTRATED SOLUTION. ), HATTON WALL, LONDON. NOTICES. EDITORIAL.-All Literary communications, and Books, Chemical SUBSCRIPTIONS, £1 per annum, payable in advance, should be ADVERTISEMENTS.-All communications for the Advertisement Department to be addressed to Mr. THOMAS BLYTON, Advertisement Manager. Advertisements should be received not later than first post on TUESDAY morning. Whole page SCALE OF CHARGES. Half page, or Whole column Quarter page, or Half column One-eighth page, or Quarter column One inch across page One inch in column 1000000 £ s. d. 5 0 2 15 I 10 0 17 6 O 14 O 6 Contract terms for extended periods by arrangement. SPECIAL PREPAID SCALE for the following classes of Advertisements only:SITUATIONS WANTED SITUATIONS VACANT SECOND-HAND APPARATUS Five lines in column (about 40 words) 3s. 6d. Each additional line 6d. Where replies are to be forwarded 3d. extra should be sent. Cheques and Postal Orders to be made payable to Sir WILLIAM 88 THE CHEMICAL NEWS, 16, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, LONDON, E.C. 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Volumes Bound in Cloth Cases, Lettered and Numbered at 2s. 6d. per volume CHEMICAL NEWS OFFICE. 16, NEWCASTLE ST.. FARRINGDON ST., E.C. Uranium and Thorium; Radio-active Minerals.-Chap. II. CHEMICAL NEWS OFFICE, 16, NEWCASTLE ST., FARRINGDON ST., E C. PORCELAIN- HALDENWANGER Can be obtained from all businesses which deal in Chemical Apparatus. London: Printed and Published for the Proprietor by EDWIN JOHN DAVEY, at the Office, 16, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, E.C. March 11, 1910 AMBR CHEMICAL NEWS Edited by AND JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE Established Sir Wm. Crookes, F.R.S.] (WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE "CHEMICAL GAZETTE") [Sixty-seven Years. Published Weekly. Annual Subscription, free by post, £1. Entered at the New York Post Office as Second Class Mail matter. Friday, March 18, 1910. PAGE LEAD ASHES, SULPHATE OF LEAD, PLATINUM Bought at Highest Prices. registered as PRICE 44. a Newspaper. POST RBB 4id. Chemist required, young, careful in work, for Explosive Factory near London. Give experience, age, salary required (by letter only) - Address, Cogswell and Harrison Manufacturing Co., Gillingham Street, London. Experienced and well qualified Chemist, with moderate Capital, desires working PARTNERSHIP in rising practice of an Analytical and Consulting Chemist in England or the Colonies. Proposals from principals only entertained.-Write particulars to "Analyst," CHEMICAL NEWS Office, 16, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, London, E.C. Metallurgical Chemist and A sayer requires Situation. Three years' works experience analysis of Metals, Copper and its alloys, White Metals, Spelter, Iron and Steel, &c; also drosses, knowledge Metallography and Pyrometry, Moderate salary. - Address, W., CHEMICAL NEWS Office, 16, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, London, E.C. Practical Chemist for abroad wanted; a know ledge of Rubber manufacture desirable, but not essential.-Address," Rubber," Wm. Porteous and Co., Glasgow. Wanted, a Senior Research Chemist for an LONDON REFINING & METALLURGICAL WORKS, plicants to furnish qualifications and cop es of testimonials to "500," 32, CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C. Bankers: LON., CITY, & MID. Telephone: 388 HOLBORN. BROTHERTON & CO., Ltd, Works: BIRMINGHAM, GLASGOW, AMMONIA Offices: City Chambers, LEEDS. LARGEST DISTILLERS IN THE WORLD. NOW READY. Cloth, 3/6; Paper covers, 2/6. (Postage, 4d. extra). THE WHEAT PROBLEM: Based on Remarks made in the Presidential Address to the British Association at Bristol in 1898. REVISED WITH AN ANSWER TO VARIOUS CRITICS By SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S. SECOND EDITION. VITH PREFACE AND ADDITIONAL CHAPTER, BRINGING THE With Two Chapters on the Future Wheat Supply of the 16 NEWCASTLE ST., FARRINGDON ST., E.C. important Chemical Industry in the United Kingdom. - ApWilliam Porteous and Co., Glasgow. Wanted, Qualified Analytical Chemist for Nitrate Fields of Chili. Board and lodging provided, passage out and home, three years' engagement. Age about 24, unmarried.Write in first instance, stating qualifications and salary expected, to "Alpha," care of Street's, 30, Cornhill, London. SARTORIUS BALANCE for Sale, good as new, used a little only, sensitive to one-fifth mgrm., carries a load of 200 grms., rider apparatus, counterpoised front slide.--For further particulars apply F. Tattersfield, 96, Bewick Road, Gatesheadon-Tyne. |