Greenland.

tant purposes for which timber is required.-The bark is hard, heavy, and brittle, with 3 fracture resembling that of sandstone, has a white epidermis, and is of a bright cinna mon color within. It has a very bitter, somewhat astringent taste. Its tonic and febrifugal properties resemble those of cinchona bark. Instead of the bark itself, the sulphate of bebeerine is generally used in medicine.

South America produces a number of species of nectandra. N. puchury yields the seeds called pitchurim beans, which are astringent, are regarded as febrifugal, and are prescribed in dysentery, diarrhea, etc., and the oil of which is used as a substitute for chocolate.

GREEN-HOUSE, a building appropriated to the cultivation of such exotic plants as do not require much artificial heat, but cannot endure the open air, at least in the colder, part of the year. See HOT-HOUSE.

GREEN ISLAND, village in Albany co., N. Y.; upon an island in the Hudson river opposite Troy and on the Erie and Champlain canals, and the Delaware and Hudson and the New York Central and Hudson River railroads; connected with Troy by a bridge. It contains the shops of the Delaware and Hudson railroad, and has manufactories of cars, hosiery, boilers, etc., electric lights and street railroads, and water supply from the Hudson. Pop. '90, 4463.

GREEN LAKE, a co. in central Wisconsin, on Fox, Grand, and White rivers, and the Chicago and Northwestern railroad; 360 sq. m.; pop. '90, 15,163. Co. seat, Dartford. ¿REEN LAND, a region of unknown extent northwards, stretches from its southern extremity, cape Farewell (q.v.), along the Atlantic and Arctic oceans on the e., and Davis' strait, Baffin's bay, and Smith's sound on the west. The w. coast pursues a n.n. w. direction as far as cape Alexander, in 78° 10′ n. lat. It then has a general north-easterly_direction, gradually changing to easterly beyond 82° 30'. Lieut. Beaumont, of the British Arctic expedition of 1875-76, followed the line of the coast with a sledge-party to 82° 54' n. lat., and 48° 33' w. long., when the land was beginning to trend southward. It is thus almost conclusively proved that Greenland is entirely distinct from the land on the w. side of Smith's sound-that in fact Greenland is an island. Previously our knowledge of the western coast was chiefly derived from Dr. Kane, who had assigned cape Alexander, in about lat. 78° 10' n., as its termination. Greenland is said to have been first discovered about the close of the 9th c. by an Icelander named Gunbiörn, who named it Hvidsaerk (White Shirt), from its snowy headlands. It first obtained the name Greenland from another Icelander, Eric Rauði (the Red), who led hither an expedition in 985 or 986, and founded two settlements on the w. coast, called the Oestre and Westre Bygd (the e. and w. colonies). About four centuries afterwards, the Westre Bygd was destroyed by the pestilence called the "black death," combined with the attacks of the aborigines; and a century after this, the Oestre Bygd suffered the same fate. Greenland was visited, and its w. coast explored, successively by Frobisher, Davis, and Baffin, the latter having advanced as far as lat. 78° n. (the limit of the inhabited country). In our own times Dr. Kane extended his explorations as far as lat. 82° 30', or within 520 m. of the north pole. The eastern and southern coasts appear to be so beset with ice as to be practically inaccessible. The former was explored by Dr. Scoresby as far as lat. 74° 30' n., and two long inlets, Scoresby's sound and Davy's sound, were discovered. In 1888 Nansen crossed from east to west, finding the interior to be an ice-clad plateau 10,000 feet in altitude. During the short summer, which in few places exceeds four months (during two of which, June and July, the sun is always above the horizon), vegetation is very rapid, the plants being for the most part the same as those indigenous to the n. of Scotland, but of a more dwarfish character, the tallest trees not exceeding 18 feet. The inclemency of these regions does not affect the animal kingdom (man excepted). The walrus, seal, polar bear, arctic fox. dog, and reindeer abound, and supply the inhabitants with almost all the necessaries of life. Black cattle and sheep have been introduced by the missionaries. The sea swarms with different species of cetacea, such as the rorqual, mysticetus, narwhal, porpoise, etc., and of fish, as the cod, salmon, and herring. Sea-fowl are also very abundant during the summer season, while guillemots, sandpipers, plovers, and grouse are also found. The only mineral which has been found in sufficient quan tity for exportation is cryolite (q.v.), which is found at Ivigtut, and is largely exported. Near the same locality are found veins of tin associated with ores of lead, copper, zinc, iron, molybdenum, and with cryolite, fluor-spar, zircon, and other minerals. Copper ore is said to be abundant in various parts, and gadolinite, sodalite, tourmaline, along with garnets, iolite, rock-crystal, etc., are often found. Good coal is found in abundance on the island of Disco.

There are a number of little Danish colonies along the w. coast of Greenland, with a pop. '90, of about 10,516. The first settlement was made in 1721, by Hans Egede (q.v.), a Norwegian clergyman at Godthaab, who, with 43 colonists, planted a missionary station in this bleak region. In May, 1874, the first native pastor was ordained. The population depends chiefly on the fisheries-the same which have so long attracted so many vessels from Great Britain. The exports are whale and seal oil, and cryolite; the skins of the seal, reindeer, and fox; and eider-down. The imports are wheat, brandy, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and firewood. The trade to Greenland has always been a

monopoly in the hands of the Danish government. Each settlement is managed by a trader and his assistant, who are paid by government. The whale-fisheries, which are carried on by the settlers, are also for the behoof of the Danish crown. See Rink, Danish Greenland (Lon., 1877); and the series Meddelelser om Grönland (vols. i.-xii., Copenhagen, 1879-88) for the results of investigation since 1876. The works of Scoresby and Clavering, and the reports of the second German North-polar expedition give us information respecting the eastern side of Greenland, and the reports of Kane, Hall, Nares, and Greely much concerning the north-western part. See also Nansen's account of his expedition across the interior of southern Greenland.

GREENLEAF, BENJAMIN, 1786-1864; b. Mass.; graduated a Dartmouth, and became principal of Bradford academy and of the teachers' seminary at the same place. He was a member of the legislature in 1837-9. He is best known through his text-books on arithmetic, algebra, and surveying.

GREENLEAF, SIMON, 1783-1853; b. Mass.; graduated at Harvard; was admitted to the bar in 1806, and became distinguished as an advocate and jurist. When Maine was separated from Massachusetts he was made reporter of the supreme court of the new state, and 9 vols. of his reports were published. In 1833 he became professor of law in Harvard, and resigned in 1848. Among his works are Origin and Principles of Freemasonry; Examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence as Administered in Courts of Justice, with an Account of the Trial of Jesus; Treatise on the Law of Evidence; and Overruled, Denied, and Doubted Decisions and Dicta GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS, See VERMONT.

GREEN MOUNTAINS, the northern extension of the great Appalachian system, covering a large portion of Vermont. Reaching the state near the s. w. corner, they form almost an unbroken line through the w. section in the direction e. n.e. They form a continuous water-shed, streams from the w. slope going into lake Champlain and those from the e. side into Connecticut river. The Lamoille, Missisquoi, and Winooski rivers make their way through the range and reach the lake. The more important of the peaks and their height above tide are: Mansfieid, 4430 ft.; Camel's Hump, 4088; Killington, 4380; Jay, 4018, and Lincoln, 4078. The ascent of Mount Mansfield is not difficult, and from the top there is a magnificent view. See APPALACHIANS.

GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE. See STATES, POPULAR NAMES OF.

GREE'NOCK, a parliamentary burgh, market-town, and important seaport of Scotland, in the co. of Renfrew, is situated on the southern bank of the Firth of Clyde, on a narrow strip of shore, and on the slopes of the hills which form its background, 22 m. w.n.w. of Glasgow. It extends upwards of 2 m. along the shore, and at one place it climbs to a considerable elevation up the face of the hills, which here rapidly attain an elevation of 800 ft.; while toward the w., and all over the front of the hills, new and elegant villas are continually being erected. From the rising grounds behind the town, and from the western shore, the view of the opposite coasts of Argyle and Dumbarton shires, fringed with white gleaming villages and of the firth stretching away into narrow lochs, and dotted over, especially in summer, with every variety of craft, is exceedingly picturesque and beautiful. The most important buildings are the customhouse, the exchange, the Watt monument containing a statue of Watt by Chantrey, a museum, a lecture-room, and a library, the mechanics' institute, etc. The harbors of Greenock have been constructed upon a large scale-the Albert in 1866; and from it extends westward the fine Princes pier, opened in 1870. Its quays can be approached by steamers, and its harbors entered by vessels at any state of the tide. The commerce of the town is chiefly with North America, and the West and East Indies. It has many sugar-refining establishments and an active shipbuilding industry. There are, besides, manufactures of steam-engines, chain-cables, anchors; and rope and sail making. The fisheries employ a large number of boats. Greenock has almost constant intercourse with Glasgow by river or railway, and is the general starting-point for tourists en route for the western Highlands and isles. Pop. '91, 63,423. See Campbell, Historical Sketches of the Town and Harbours of G.

"

GREENOUGH, HORATIO, 1805-52; b. Boston; a self-taught sculptor, befriended by Washington Allston. He was in Italy in 1825; returned in 1826, made some creditable work, and again went to Italy, fixing upon Florence as his abode. Here he worked with great assiduity, producing a vast number of pieces, of which a few are a statue of Abel;" Byron's "Medora;" "Genius of America;" a statue of " Washington;" the Angel Abdiel;" the Graces;" 'Savior Crucified;" and busts of John and John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Josiah Quincy, Samuel Appleton, Jonathan Mason, Thomas Colen, John Jacob Astor, John Marshall, and others. The large group of "The Rescue" in the capitol took eight years of his time. It had been brought by him from Italy, and he was preparing to set it in its place, when he died suddenly of brain fever. He was the author of several essays on esthetics, and was perhaps more eminent as a critic of art than as an artist. His work has doubtless been surpassed by that of later sculptors, but he may fairly be called the father of American sculpture.

66

Greensand.

GREENOUGH, RICHARD SALTONSTALL, brother of Horatio, and also a sculptor, b. Mass., 1819. He had the advantage of study under Clevinger, and in 1840-41, was among the artists and galleries of Europe. Some of his works are a "Head of Christ;" "Moses and Pharaoh's Daughter;' Night Watching a Young Mother; "Cupid Warming an Icicle,' ," "The Shepherd Boy and the Eagle; 66 Victory; " various busts and ideal heads; and statues of Franklin (Boston), and Gov. Winthrop (one in Mt. Auburn cemetery, another in the U. S. capitol).

GREENPOINT. See BROOKLYN.

GREENPORT, a village in Southold town, Suffolk co., N. Y., on the n. shore and near the e. end of Long Island, and on the Long Island railroad, 95 m. e.n.e. of New York. It is a port of entry and was once the starting-point of an important whale-fishing business. There is still considerable local business and trade by sea. The town and neighborhood are much frequented by summer pleasure-seekers. Pop. about 2600.

GREEN RIVER, a river of North America, and tributary of the Ohio, rises near the center of the state of Kentucky, and flows through it; first in a westward direction for about 150 m., passing the Mammoth Cave, then north-westward for the remainder of its course. It joins the Ohio 9 m. above Evansville, in Indiana, and at its mouth is about 600 ft. in breadth. It is upwards of 300 m. in length, and is navigable for small steamers for 200 miles. The lower course of the Green river abounds in coal.

GREEN RIVER, the name of two considerable streams in Massachusetts; one comes from Windham co., Vt., and falls into Deerfield river at Greenfield. The other, starting from the boundaries of Massachusetts and New York, runs s. through West Stockbridge, Alford, Great Barrington, etc., to the Housatonic.

GREEN RIVER, rising in Wyoming, flows s. through about two thirds of Utah; unites with Grand river and forms the great Colorado. The Green is 750 to 800 m. long, and runs through many deep gorges and cañons in a mountainous region, and is for the most part too rough or shallow for navigation.

GREENROOM is the name given to a room usually at the side of the stage where actors retire during the interval of their parts in the play, and from which the dressingrooms lead. It also serves as a reception room where actors meet friends and callers at the close of the play. The name is derived from the hangings and furnishings, which at an earlier period were uniformly green. No uniformity of color prevails at the present day, and many greenrooms are very meagrely furnished.

GREENS, the common name of all those varieties of kale or cabbage (brassica oleracea) which do not boll, and of which the leaves are used for the table as boiled vegetables; some of which are also called colewort, etc., whilst others, particularly those with curled leaves, as German greens, have no other name than greens or kale. Young unbolled cabbages, and shoots from the stocks of cabbages, are often also called greens, as well as turnip-tops, and other leaves of plants used in the same manner. The leaves of GERMAN GREENS are very much waved or curled. It is one of the best kinds of open greens. It is either sown in spring, and planted out soon after; or it is sown in autumn, and planted out in spring.

GREEN SAND, the name given to two divisions of the cretaceous group (q.v.). They are so called from the occurrence in some of their beds of numerous small green specks of silicate of iron, sometimes so abundant as to give a green color to them. The term is, however, far from being descriptive of the various included strata; it must be considered simply as a name. In some districts, especially on the continent, the green particles are entirely absent from the strata. On this account it has been proposed that the lower greensand should be called Neocomian, because strata of this period are welldeveloped at Neufchâtel (Neocomum), in Switzerland. The mineral structure or litho logical character of the upper greensand is so like that of the lower, that it is scarcely possible to separate them when the intermediate gault is absent, except by their organic remains, which are very distinct; so much so, indeed, as to have caused the placing of the one series in the lower cretaceous group, and the other in the upper. It should also be noticed that the relative importance of the two divisions is very different; the lower greensand includes a series of strata that are of a value nearly equal to the whole upper cretaceous group, of which the upper greensand is but a subordinate member.

The upper greensand consists of beds of sand, generally of a green color, with beds and concretionary masses of calcareous grit, called firestone. The strata on the cliffs of the isle of Wight are 100 ft. in thickness. This formation is supposed to have been a littoral deposit on the shore of the cretaceous seas. While the chalk was being depos ited out at sea, these sands were being laid down along the shore, contemporaneous with the chalk, although they appear inferior to it. Their position would necessarily result from the cretaceous sea widening its area, and as the shore submerged, the greensand would be covered with the chalk, and would appear as an older and underlying deposit. The beds of this period are rich in fossils, abounding especially in the remains of sponges, mollusca, and echinodermata.

The lower greensand consists of a large series of more or less indurated sandstones and clays, with occasional calcareous beds. They attain a thickness of 850 feet. The sands preponderate in the upper, and the clays in the lower portion of the formation.

Some beds of clay of considerable thickness, sometimes as much as 60 ft., are used as fullers' earth. The calcareous stone is a highly fossiliferous band of limestone, locally called Kentish rag, much used for building in Kent and Sussex. The formation was formerly known as the iron sand, because of the sands being cemented together by an abundance of oxide of iron; this gives them a reddish color. The lower greensand contains numerous fossil mollusca and other marine remains. It is a sea deposit resting on the fresh water wealden strata.

GREENSBORO, town and co. seat of Hale co., Ala.; on a branch of the Southern railroad; 50 miles n.w. of Selma. It contains the Southern university (Meth. Epis. S.), Greensboro female academy, several banks, and weekly and college periodicals, and is principally engaged in farming and cotton-growing. Pop. '90, 1759.

GREENSBURG, city and co. seat of Decatur co., Ind.; on Sand Creek and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroads; 47 miles s.e. of Indianapolis. It has a high school, orphans' home, court-house, several national banks, electric lights, flour mills, and carriage, pump, and spoke factories. Pop. '90, 3596.

GREENSHANK, Totanus glottis, a bird of the same genus with the redshank and some of those known as sandpipers, but differing from them in the stronger and slightly recurved bill. It is about the size of a woodcock, but has much longer legs. The bill is about 2 in. long. The tail is short. The lower part of the tibiæ is naked. The plumage is mostly dusky brown on the upper parts, the feathers edged with yellowish white; the under parts are white. Small flocks of this bird are seen on the British coasts in the winter months, and sometimes near inland lakes and marshes. A few remain to breed in the Hebrides and n. of Scotland, but the greater number repair to more northern regions. The geographic distribution of the species is extremely wide even for a bird of passage; from the arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and America, it extends southward as far as Java and Jamaica.

GREEN SICKNESS. See CHLOROSIS.

GREENSTONE, a variety of trap rock (q.v.), composed of feldspar and hornblende, and having generally a greenish color, hence its name. It has a more or less compact structure-the component crystals in one specimen being scarcely discernible with a pocketlens, while in another they form a coarse aggregate, and specimens exhibiting all the intermediate stages may be found. In the finest they are not so small and compact as in basalt. Its crystalline structure separates greenstone equally from the earthy tufts and the glassy pitchstones. It may become porphyritic from a portion of the feldspar forming into larger distinct crystals. In weathering, the disintegrating greenstone assumes a dark-brown color, and exfoliates round limited centers, giving the rock an appearance as if it were composed of a number of large bowlders.

GREENUP, a co. in n.e. Kentucky, on the Ohio river, crossed by the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad; 352 sq. m.; pop. '90, 11,911, includ. colored. Co. seat, Greenup.

GREENVILLE, a co. in n. South Carolina, on the North Carolina border, n.e. of Saluda river, intersected by the Charleston and West Carolina and the Southern railroads; 716 sq. m.; pop. '90, 44,310, includ. colored. Co. seat, Greenville.

GREENVILLE, city and co. seat of Butler co., Ala.; on the Louisville and Nashville railroad; 44 miles s.w. of Montgomery. It has cotton gins, saw mills, and ice and red cedar factories, and is a cotton trade center. Pop. '90, 2806.

GREENVILLE, city and co. seat of Washington co., Miss.; on the Mississippi river and the Southern and the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley railroads; about 140 miles s. of Memphis. It has steamboat connection with various river ports, several cotton seed oil mills, saw and planing mills, electric lights, several banks, and weekly and monthly periodicals. Pop. '90, 6658.

GREENVILLE, city and co. seat of Darke co., O.; on Greenville creek and the Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw, the Dayton and Union, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroads; 35 miles n. of Dayton. It is the site of Anthony Wayne's treaty with the Indians, and has a public library, waterworks, electric lights, several banks, grain elevators, and daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. '90, 5473.

GREENVILLE, city and co. seat of Greenville co., S. C.; on the Southern and the Charleston and West Carolina railroads, 143 m. n.w. of Columbia. It contains Furman university (Baptist), Greenville college for women, Greenville female college, Chicora female college, military institute, business college, several cotton mills, foundries, gravity system of waterworks, electric lights, several banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. '90, 8607.

GREEN VITRIOL, a popular name for sulphate of iron. It sometimes occurs as an efflorescence resulting from a chemical change in iron pyrites or sulphuret of iron, but its quantity is generally small. It crystallizes in acute oblique rhombic prisms.

GREENWIED, a name given to certain half-shrubby species of genista. See GENISTA and BROOM.-DYERS' G. (G. tinctoria), a species about one or two feet high, with lanceolate leaves, and terminal spiked racemes of pale-yellow flowers, is frequent in woods, meadows and hilly pastures in most parts of Europe, and in the temperate parts of Asia; and is common in many parts of England, but rare in Scotland and Ireland.

Its

Greenwich.

branches, leaves, and flowers-particularly the flowers-yield a fine yellow dye, chiefly used for wool; its flowers mixed with woad yield a fine green dye. It was formerly in great esteem as a dye-stuff, but others have now almost entirely supplanted it. The leaves and seeds were also formerly used in medicine: the former as a diuretic, the latter as a mild purgative.-HAIRY G. (G. pilosa), a rare native of Britain, but abundant in some parts of Europe, is cultivated in some places, especially in France, as food for sheep, which are very fond of it. It is particularly adapted for light and sandy soils. It is a slender, branched, tortuous, and procumbent plant, with small pale yellow flowers. GREENWICH, a town in Fairfield co., Conn., on Long Island sound, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad, 28 m. n.e. of New York, near the boundary of that, state. It is a handsome town and a favorite place of residence for business men of the metropolis. The place was settled about 1640, and ten years later was agreed upon by a; Dutch and English commission as the w. boundary of Connecticut. The present town' is on a rolling hill half a mile from the railway station. A short walk to the e. brings one to a stately Congregational church built of gray stone with high pointed roof and a fine stone spire visible for many miles along the sound. A few yards to the e., where a church stood in 1779, Gen. Putnam with 60 raw militiamen fought to the last moment a large force of English dragoons, and then galloped his horse down a declivity where no enemy dared to follow. The town has a public library, electric lights, handsome public school building, academy, and banks and newspapers. Pop. '90, 10,131.

GREEN WICH, a parliamentary borough of England, in the co. of Kent, is situated on the right bank of the Thames, at a distance of 5 m. s.e. of London. It stands partly on an acclivity, but for the most part on low marshy ground, portions of which are said to be below the level of the Thames. The older streets are in general narrow and irregular, but those more recently built are spacious and handsome. By far the most interesting institution in Greenwich is the hospital. See GREENWICH HOSPITAL. Among the other more important buildings is the royal observatory (see OBSERVATORY), situated in the midst of Greenwich park, a finely-kept extent of public grounds comprising nearly 200 acres. From the observatory "Greenwich time" is telegraphed twice daily to all parts of England. The town also has a fine church built by Wren in 1718. Greenwich abounds in taverns, and is always a favorite resort of Londoners, but especially so in the "whitebait" season-from April to August. The town contains extensive engineering establishments, iron steamboat-yards, rope-works, and several factories. Greenwich, which is also connected with London by railway, is touched at by all the river steamers. Pop. '91, 165,417.

GREENWICH HOSPITAL, formerly a home for superannuated sailors, was a royal foundation, erected by the munificence of William and Mary, under their letters patent of 1694. For many generations a royal palace had occupied the site, and had always been a favorite resort of the sovereign. The buildings were sufficiently completed by 1705 (at a cost of £50,000) to admit 100 disabled seamen. By July 1, 1708, 350 had been admitted; and the income derived from bequests, the original royal grant, and from contributions made under coercion by sailors, amounted to £12,000 a year, half of which was expended in maintaining the seamen, and the remainder in completion of the building. In the reign of George II., the forfeited estates of the earl of Derwentwater, who had been attainted of high treason, were granted to the hospital, were granted to the hospital, and were computed at £6,000 a year. Up to 1834 a compulsory contribution of 6d. a month was exacted from all seamen, whether of the navy or merchant service, towards the funds of the hospital; but in that year an annual grant of £20,000 from the consolidated fund was substituted.

The income from all sources afterwards reached nearly £150,000 a year, out of which the following officers and pensioners were maintained: 1 governor, £1500 per annum; lieutenant-governor, £800; 4 captains, 4 commanders, 8 lieutenants, 2 masters, 2 chaplains, a considerable staff of naval medical officers and nurses, and 1600 pensioners. The pensioners were lodged, clothed, and fed at the expense of the hospital, and in addition had the following pecuniary allowance as tobacco and pocket-money: warrant-officers, 58. a week; petty-officers, 4s.; seamen, 38. The nurses were usually the widows of sailors who had lost their lives in the service.

The question had been frequently raised of late years, whether this superb charity was not, after all, a mistake, and whether the vast revenues would not be bestowed to better advantage in pensions to seamen, who might still find employment in aid of their subsistence, and who would have the happiness of passing the last days of their lives among their descendants and relatives. Under the old rules, the hospital was, so far as the pensioners were concerned, a monastery in which hundreds of men lived together, without any of the soul-sustaining inducements of monasticism. The old men were, on the whole, painful objects to contemplate, wrecks from whom no further good of any description was to be expected. Leading lives useless to themselves and to others, their best occupation was to recount, with the garrulity of age and the boastfulness of selfabsorption, the exploits of long ago. Many would have preferred to see them in happy country-homes, kept by pensions from absolute want, teaching their grandchildren to