Honey.

rounded, according to their intended uses. The finest kind of hones are those called oil-stones; these are hard, compact, and so very silicious that they readily wear down the hardest steel; they are varieties of slate, derived from the argillaceous schists of the paleozoic period. The best are those brought from Turkey; Bohemia is also celebrated for its hones; and excellent ones are found in Persia, in the Harz mountains, in Styria, in America, Spain, Peru, and in Siberia. In Great Britain several localities yield honestones of excellent quality, and none better than the celebrated Water-of-Ayr stone, which is much used for polishing copper-plates, as well as for hones. The Welsh oilstone or Idwall stone, and the cutler's greenstone, are obtained from Snowdon in Wales; and in the neighborhood of Tavistock the Devonshire oil-stones are procured. The hones used for sharpening scythes, etc., are usually made of coarse-grained sandstone.

HONESDALE, borough and co. seat of Wayne co., Pa.; on the Lackawaxen river and the Delaware and Hudson and the Erie railroads; 32 miles n.e. of Scranton. It is the centre of a rich coal-mining region; has large shipments of coal by rail and the Delaware and Hudson canal; and contains several parks, library, national bank, and silk, glass, shoe, woolen, axe, and other manufactories. There are waterworks, electric lights, and weekly periodicals. Pop. '90, 2816.

HONESTY, Lunaria, a genus of plants of the natural order cruciferæ, of which two species, natives of the s. of Europe, L. annua or biennis and L. rediviva, have long been cultivated in American flower-gardens, partly on account of the beauty of their flowers, and partly of the curious appearance of their large flat seed-pouches (silicules). The origin of the English name is doubtful. Some of the older English poets mention the plant as lunarie. It was regarded as possessing extraordinary virtues.

HONEY is secreted by the nectariferous glands of flowers, from whence it is collected by the working or neuter bees, which extract it by means of the proboscis, and pass it into the dilatation of the esophagus, known as the crop or honey-bag. When the animal has arrived at the hive, it disgorges the honey, probably altered by admixture with the secretion of the crop, into the cells of the comb. It is used by the bees as food, but it is its general properties and uses to man that here require notice.

The composition of honey varies somewhat according to the food of the bees, their age, the season, etc. Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, and Hymettus, a mountain in Attica, were in ancient times celebrated for their honey; doubtless in consequence of the wild thyme and other fragrant herbs growing on them. The honey of Narbonne and Chamouni is now held in high estimation for similar reasons; and in Gt. Britain honey obtained by bees having access to heather has, as is well known, a peculiarly agreeable taste. The substances which have been recognized in honey are sugar of two kinds-one crystallizable and analogous to glucose (q.v.), and the other uncrystallizable, mannite (according to Guibourt); gummy, waxy, coloring and odorous matters; and pollen. The proportion of crystallizable sugar increases with the age of the honey, so as to give it in time a granular character. The best and newest honey is a clear fluid contained in a white comb, while older honey is of a yellowish and even reddish tint. From the remotest times, honey has been employed as an article of food; and to the ancients, who were unacquainted with sugar, it was of more importance than it now is. "A land flowing with milk and honey" offered the highest conceivable advantages to the eastern mind. Taken in moderate quantity, honey is nutritive and laxative, but dyspeptic persons often find that it aggravates their symptoms. Its therapeutic action is probably not very great, but it is employed with advantage to flavor and give a demulcent character to various drinks or mixtures prescribed for allaying cough; and in the form of oxymel, which is usually prepared by mixing honey, acetic acid, and water, it is frequently added to gargles, or mixed with barley-water, so as to form an agreeable cooling drink in febrile and inflammatory affections, or given as an expectorant in coughs and colds.

It should be mentioned that honey occasionally possesses very deleterious properties. Xenophon, in his history of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand (Anabasis, book iv.), describes the honey of Trebizond as having produced the effect of temporary madness, or rather drunkenness, on the whole army who ate of it. Mr. Abbot, writing from Trebizond in 1833 to the secretary of the zoological society, observes that he has himself witnessed that the effects of this honey are still precisely the same as those which Xenophon describes, and he adopts the views propounded by Tournefort in 1704, that the poisonous properties are consequent on the bees extracting the honey from the Azalea Pontica. Many other instances of poisonous honey are on record.

Honey, although not of so much importance commercially as it was before sugar became so large an importation, is nevertheless brought to Gt. Britain from abroad in considerable quantities, which, in addition to the home produce mentioned in the article BEE, shows that it is still largely in demand. Nearly fifty tons are annually imported from various parts of the world: North America, the West Indies, Portugal, France, and Greece are the countries upon which England draws. The French is very fine, and is chiefly consumed for domestic and medicinal purposes; the Greek is the finest, and is only used as a table delicacy; most of the other kinds are inferior, and excepting some portion which is used by the tobacco manufacturers, to give a spurious VII.-20

Honeysuckle.

sweetness to tobacco, it is difficult to account for the consumption of so large a quantity. Honey is often very much adulterated. One of the most common materials used for that purpose is flour; samples of French honey have also been found largely adulterated with gelatine; the latter cannot so easily be detected, as there is always present naturally a portion of gelatine in honey. The quality of even the best depends upon its careful refinement or clarifying. If honey be slightly heated, the chief impurities rise to the surface, and can easily be removed by skimming; this is usually done.

HONEY ANT is a name given to several species of the ant family, inhabiting Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona. Like other ants they live in colonies, and most of them have considerable resemblance to our common brown ant. In some the abdominal cavity is enormously distended with honey, which is forcibly injected by the normal workers, and is afterward utilized for the young brood. They are placed in rows in galleries and fed and waited on by the other ants, and resemble spherical distended sacs, the head and thorax having the appearance of a small stem. In Mexico these ants are eaten by the common people. See McCook's works.

HONEY BUZZARD, or PERN (pernis), a genus of falconida, allied to kites and buzzards, but differing from them, and from all other falconida, in having the lore, or space between the eye and the bill, closely covered with feathers, which overlap one another like scales. The food of honey buzzards consists, not of honey, but chiefly of bees, wasps, and their young, in quest of which these birds dig up the ground, to get at the nests of the insects. They feed also partly on other insects, and less frequently on lizards, small birds, etc. One species (P. apivorus) is found in Britain, but is rare; it is rather larger than a common buzzard.

HONEYCOMB MOTH, or WAX MOTH (galleria), a genus of small moths of the same tribe with clothes moths, of which some of the species are remarkable for infesting beehives. There they deposit their eggs; and the larvæ feed on the honey-comb, through which they make tunnels lined with silk, and in the midst of which they finally spin their cocoons and undergo their transformations. The cocoons are often united in little heaps. These moths, when numerous, are very injurious, and sometimes quite destructive to the bees, from the stings of which they seem to enjoy a perfect immunity. G. millonella or cereana, perhaps the most destructive species, is about an inch in extent of and are amongst the worst enemies the bee-keeper has to encounter. See illus., BUTTER FLIES, ETC., vol. III.

HONEYCOMBS, in guns, are flaws resembling the cells made by bees, worked in the metal by the action of exploded gunpowder. They spread rapidly, and, with continuous firing, soon eat into the metal to such an extent as to render the further use of the gun dangerous.

HONEY-DEW, a viscid saccharine exudation which is often found in warm dry weather on the leaves and stems of plants, occurring both on trees and herbaceous plants. It is usually but not always associated with the presence of aphides, cocci, and other insects which feed on the juices of plants, and its flow is ascribed to their punctures; but the rupture of the tissues from any other cause, such as the state of the weather, seems also to produce it, and warm dry weather seems to be necessary for the production in the sap of that superabundance of sugar which is thus thrown off. Aphides themselves exude by certain peculiar organs (see APHIS) drops of a fluid which is called honey-dew, which probably differs considerably from the direct exudation of the plants on which they feed, but mingles with it where they abound. Honey-dew is often so abundant as to fall in drops from one leaf to another on to the ground, sometimes falling from trees even as a copious shower. Different kinds of manna are the dried honey-dew or saccharine exudation of certain plants. See MANNA. But very generally, this exudation, as it dries, coats the surface of leaves and branches with a clammy film, to which everything brought by the atmosphere adheres, and on which molds and other small fungi soon grow, and thus the pores of the plant are clogged and its health is impaired. Gardeners are therefore careful to wash off honey-dew with the syringe. Orange and lemon plantations sometimes suffer great injury from the abundance of honey-dew; and it has proved a cause of very great loss in the coffee-plantations of Ceylon.

HONEY-EATER, or HONEY-SUCKER, a name sometimes given to some of the sunbirds (q.v.), but also the common name of a large family of birds nearly allied to these and to humming-birds, and peculiar to Australia and the islands of that part of the world. This family, meliphagida―of the order insessores, and tribe tenuirostres-has a long curved sharp bill, not so slender as in humming-birds and sun-birds; the tongue terminates in a pencil of delicate filaments, the better to adapt it for sucking honey from flowers, or juices from fruits. These are a principal part of the food of the honey-eaters, but they also devour insects in great numbers. They are birds of elegant form, and generally of gay plumage. Most of them have a long and broad tail. They may be observed fluttering and darting among trees and shrubs when in blossom, and are very abundant in all parts of Australia. They are extremely vivacious and active, and keep up a continual chattering. One of the most splendid species, meliphaga or ptiloris para

Honeysuckle.

diseus, is called the rifleman or rifle bird by the Australian colonists. Another species, myzantha melanophrys, is called the bell bird, because its voice much resembles the tinkling of a little bell. To this family is referred the poe bird, parson bird, or tui-tui (prosthemodera Nova-Zeelandia) of New Zealand, a bird larger than a blackbird, and of a deep metallic green color, becoming bronze and black in certain lights, with snowwhite tufts of downy curling feathers on the sides of the neck. Unlike most of the meliphagida, it is a bird of fine song. It has also great powers as a mocking-bird, readily learns to speak many words, and becomes very familiar in domestication.

HONEY-GUIDE, INDICATOR, or MOROC (indicator), a genus of birds ranked in the cuckoo family, but differing from the true cuckoos in characters which show an approach to woodpeckers, and also, in some respects, to creepers. They are all natives of Africa, and are found in almost all parts of it. They have acquired their name from guiding men to honey; a curious instinct prompting them to flutter near the traveler with frequent repetitions of a cry which resembles the syllable cherr; and it is said that; if followed, they almost always lead to a place where a bees' nest may be found.

HONEY LOCUST TREE, Gleditschia triacanthos-also known as the SWEET LOCUST and BLACK LOCUST, and in Britain as the THREE-THORNED ACACIA—a lofty and beautiful tree of the natural order leguminosa, sub-order cæsalpinica, a native of the valleys of the Alleghanies, and of the basin of the Mississippi. It is not found wild on the Atlantic coast of North America, although often planted for ornament in the vicinity of habitations. The flowers, which are small, greenish, and in spikes, have, when perfect, six stamens and one pistil, but are very generally unisexual. The leaves are twice pinnate, without terminal leaflets, the numerous small leaflets giving a peculiar gracefulness to the foliage, which is of a light shining green, The tree is furnished with numerous sharp triple spines. The pods are long, flat, pendulous, often twisted; the seeds large, brown, and enveloped in a pulp, which, when the pod is ripe, is very sweet. Sugar has been made from it, and, when fermented, it yields an intoxicating beverage, in use among the American Indians. The honey locust attains a height of 70 or 80 feet. Trees of large size are to be seen in some parts of Britain. The wood resembles that of the American locust tree (q. v.), or false acacia, but is more coarse-grained.

HONEY-STONE, or MELLITE, a mineral of remarkable characters and composition, found in connection with coal and sulphur in several places in Germany. It occurs in square octahedrons, looks like a honey-yellow resin, and may be cut with a knife. It is a mellate of alumina, consisting of mellic acid, alumina, and water.

HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera, or, according to some botanists, caprifolium, which others make a sub-genus of L.), a genus of plants of the natural order caprifoliacea. They are shrubs, often twining, and have the flowers either in whorls or in pairs. The calyx is short and 5-toothed; the corolla, tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, generally two-lipped; the fruit a 3-celled and many-seeded berry.-The COMMON HONEYSUCKLE, or WOODBINE (L. periclyměnum), is very abundant in woods and thickets in most parts of Britain. On account of its beautiful cream-colored whorls of flowers and their delicious fragrance, it is often planted in shrubberies, and trained against walls. It is said to be the "twisted eglantine" of Milton. The phenomena observed in its growth have been adduced in proof of a perceptive power in plants: the branches shooting out till they become unable to bear their own weight; and then, on their meeting with any other branch, twining around it, from right to left; but if they meet only with one another, twining in different directions, one to the right, and another to the left.-Very similar to this is the PERFOLIATE HONEYSUCKLE (L. caprifolium), with paler whorls of flowers, and remarkable for having the upper leaves united so that an opposite pair form one leaf, through the middle of which the stem passes. This peculiarity is confined to the flower-bearing shoots, and does not occur on the young runners; it is also most perfect nearest the flower. This species is a native of the s. of Europe, but now naturalized in many parts of Britain, and much planted, as although less powerfully fragrant than the common honeysuckle, it flowers earlier. See illustration, FLOWERS, Vol. VI., fig. 16.— There are numerous other species, natives of Europe, Siberia, and North America.-The FLY HONEYSUCKLE (L. xylosteum) is an erect shrub, a native of Europe and Asia, scarcely indigenous in Britain but common in shrubberies. Its branches are not unfrequently used in some parts of Europe for tubes of tobacco-pipes; and it is said to make good hedges in dry soils. Other erect species are not unfrequently planted in shrubberies.The TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE (L. sempervirens), called in America the CORAL HONEYSUCKLE, is a native of the southern states of North America, often planted in Britain on account of its beautiful flowers, red on the outside, and scarlet within, which, however, have no fragrance. It is a twining evergreen shrub.-The berries of the honeysuckles are nauseous.-The name honeysuckle is also given to shrubs very different from this genus, but of which the flowers abound in honey, as to species of banksia in Australia. Azalea viscosa is called swamp honeysuckle in North America.

HONEYSUCKLE ORNAMENT, a form characteristic of eastern art. It is used in Assyrian, Persian, and Hindu architecture, and wherever used indicates an eastern

Honors.

origin. The Greeks borrowed it from the Persians, and, by refining and improving it, made it one of the most beautiful ornaments of their architecture. It is chiefly used in the Ionic style (q. v.). See also GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE.

HONFLEUR, a small t. and seaport of France, in the department of Calvados, is situated on the southern shore of the estuary of the Seine opposite to and 7 m. distant from the port of Havre. Its situation, backed by wooded heights, is exceedingly pleasing. The commerce of Honfleur, once of some importance, has been absorbed in great measure by Havre; many vessels, however, engaged in the fisheries, are still owned here, and there is a considerable trade in the export of eggs and fruit to England, and in timber. There is a tidal harbor capable of receiving vessels drawing 20 feet of water during the spring tides. Pop. '91, 9450.

HONG, the Chinese name for a factory or warehouse kept by foreigners. The word signifies a row or series of shops or rooms. In Canton each block so occupied is known as a hong," ," and when about a dozen great traders had the monopoly of the foreign trade they were called "hong merchants."

HONG KONG (“Fragrant Streams "), a British island off the s.e. coast of China, is situated in the estuary of the Chu-Kiang, about 100 m. s.e. of Canton. It is 11 m. long, from 2 to 5 m. broad, and has an area of about 29 sq. m. The capital is Victoria, having a fine harbor. The population in 1891 was 221,441, of whom 210,995 were Chinese and 1901 Indians. About one-third of the Chinese were British subjects by birth. The estimated population, Dec. 31, 1891, was 248,498, of whom 237,670 were Chinese.

The island is covered to the shore with mountains, the peaks ranging from 1000 to nearly 2,000 ft. high. The mountains consist chiefly of granite, syenite, serpentine, and trap; granite quarries are skillfully worked by the Chinese. In the early years of the colony, when the ground was being broken up for building purposes, European settlers suffered much from febrile and other diseases, and an unenviable reputation for unhealthiness was justly earned. Now, however, in this respect Hong-Kong may compare favorably with any other British possession in the east. For about six months, from May to Oct., the heat is oppressive in the extreme, being accompanied with much rain and damp. During four of the winter months, the weather is cool, dry, bracing, sometimes even cold; but the change from the high and moist temperature of summer to a dry cold is apt to produce dangerous diseases, more especially of the kidneys. The temperature in summer ranges from 83° to 90°, and in winter from 40° to 75°. On the mainland, opposite the northern shore of the island, and separated from it by the harbor, which varies from half a mile to 4 m. in width, is the Kow-loong peninsula, a strip of coast territory and portion of the township of the same name, which was ceded to the British government by the convention of Pekin, Oct. 24, 1861.

Victoria, the capital, is situated on the northern shore of the island, on a small bay surrounded by mountains. It is laid out in magnificent streets and terraces, and has an abundant supply of good water from a large reservoir on the southern side of the island. The harbor is commodious and safe; the roadstead has a depth of from 3 to 7 fathoms, and affords good anchorage. At Aberdeen, on the s. side of the island, and at Kowloong, there are docks capable of taking in the largest steamers. Between Victoria and Canton and Macao, communication by steam is maintained daily, and since the opening of the Suez canal the same may almost be said of Shanghai, Yokohama, Bombay, Calcutta, and Singapore, so that the magnificent harbor presents a most stirring appearance. In 1895, 4546 vessels of 5,772,292 tons and 26,554 junks of 1,844,705 tons entered the port. Here mercantile houses centralize their operations and conduct their money transactions; yet Hong-Kong occupies only a secondary rank in the commerce of China. The bulk of the merchandise from Europe goes direct to the place of its destination, without touching this port; in the same manner, teas and silks pass through HongKong only when it is a port of call for the steamers carrying them. The import trade of Hong-Kong is chiefly in opium, in English cotton and woolen goods, and in metals, in repairing vessels, and in the transfer of passengers. One of the most flourishing of British colonies, Hong-Kong is destined to further extension and importance, and will rise with the gradual increase of the commerce of eastern Asia. A small species of deer is found on the island. Among reptiles there are several species of non-poisonous snakes, one species of the boa which reaches a length of eight or nine feet, and the cobra. Lizards also abound.

In 1843 this island was ceded in perpetuity to IIer Britannic Majesty by the treaty of Nankin, having been occupied as a preliminary measure in 1841. Its affairs are ruled by a governor and legislative council.

HONG-KIANG or WESTERN RIVER, See SI-KIANG.

HON ITON, a small market-t. and municipal borough of England, in the co. of Devon, is beautifully situated in a graceful and highly cultivated valley, near the left bank of the Otter, 16 m. n.e. of Exeter. The old church contains a light and elegant oak-screen, erected in 1482 by Courtenay, bishop of Exeter. Honiton has long been

famous for the lace called, from the town in which it is the chief branch of manufacture, "Honiton lace." This lace is made by hand on a pillow; its manufacture was introduced into England by the Lollards during the reign of Elizabeth. The vale of Honiton is famous for its butter. Pop. '81, 3349; 91, 3216.

HONOLULU, a seaport in lat. 21° 18′ n., and long. 157° 55′ w., on the south-western or leeward coast of Ooahu, one of the Sandwich islands (q.v.), is perhaps the only spot in Polynesia that can fairly claim to be reckoned as an integral part of the world of commerce and civilization. Being the seat of government, as well as the center of trade, it is, in every sense, the metropolis of its own group, which is at once the largest and the most important of all the kindred clusters. But beyond this, its intrinsic advantages, and the absence, or at least the distance, of rivals along the surrounding waters, in any direction, have combined to render it an entrepot between the opposite shores of the Pacific. Besides attracting numbers of whalers for repairs and supplies, Honolulu occupies a most convenient position on each of the three great thoroughfares of its own giant ocean. Though Ooahu, in common with the rest of the chain, is evidently of volcanic formation, yet the reef, which forms the breakwater of the harbor of Honolulu, is of coral formation. The temperature of the town ranges between 67°.9 in Jan., and 33°.2 in Aug.; so that, roughly computed, the annual mean is 75°.55, with a divergence in either direction of only 7.65. The tropical heat is modified by periodical northeasters. The population, numbering 28,061, consists chiefly of natives, the foreign element of it counting about a tenth, and of these a good many are naturalized subjects from the United States of America. Honolulu is visited annually by about 300 vessels of various sizes, many of them being whalers. This mart of traffic has, for seventy years, maintained the unity, and, through the unity, the peace of the once independent and hostile tribes of the Hawaiian archipelago. In Honolulu are to be found consuls from the United States, Chili, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, and Peru.

HONORABLE, RIGHT HONORABLE, AND MOST HONORABLE; titles given in the United Kingdom to peers, their families, and persons holding certain public situations. A marquis or marchioness is styled most honorable, a peer (temporal) or peeress of a lower grade, whether by right or by courtesy, is right honorable. The title right honorable is also bestowed on the younger sons of dukes and marquises, and their wives; and on all the daughters of dukes, marquises and earls; and honorable on the younger sons of earls, and all the children of viscounts and barons. Privy councilors, the lords mayor of London, York, and Dublin, the lord advocate of Scotland, and the lord provost of Edinburgh, are also entitled to the prefix right honorable; and maids of honor, lords of session, the supreme judges of England and Ireland, to that of honorable. Members of the house of commons, though honorable is not prefixed to their names, are distinguished as the "honorable member for," and the East India company has been held entitled to the same prefix. In America the almost universal practice is to attach the title honorable to the names of governors of states, judges, members of congress, and other public functionaries.

HONORAʼRIUM, a term sometimes used to denote the fees payable to counsel or physicians, because they were presumed to be given as a present, and paid beforehand, and not on the vulgar theory of payment for services rendered. The legal effect which followed was, that neither counsel nor physicians, if not paid their fees beforehand, could bring an action against the client to recover them. This is still the case in the United Kingdom as to counsel, but not as to registered physicians, who can now recover their fees by action. It would be, perhaps, more precise to say that the honorarium was not given as a present, but strictly as a mark of honor, and the amount was not left at the will of the payer, but was rather settled by custom, varying of course with the standing of the employed. According to Brande the honorarium was originally applied solely to the salaries of the great officers of state, by way of intimation that they were tendered as a mark of honor.

HONOR, HIS. The legal form of address given to the lieutenant-governor of the state of Massachusetts by the state Constitution.

HONOR, MAIDS OF, are attendants of the Queen of England, eight in number, and are usually selected from among the daughters or grand-daughters of peers. When they have no superior title they take by courtesy that of "honorable," and are placed in rank next the daughters of barons. Their positions are by no means sinecures, and their salaries are paid by tax. It is their duty to accompany the Queen on all occasions, each in turn.

HONORS IN WHIST. See WHIST.

HONORS, MILITARY AND NAVAL. See SALUTES, MILITARY.

HONORS OF WAR, the term used to express the privileges allowed to a garrison surrendering, either in consideration of a brave defense, or from some other cause. Many degrees of honor may be paid to a vanquished enemy, according to the generosity or judg ment of the victorious commander-in-chief. In some cases, the garrison is allowed to march out with all its arms, drums beating, colors flying, etc.; at another time, the