been, in consequence, condemned and excommunicated by the archbishop, appealed to the pope, who at once ordered Hincmar to restore Rothadius, or to appear at Rome in person or by his representative, to vindicate the sentence. Hincmar sent a legate to Rome, but refused to restore the deposed bishop; whereupon Nicholas annulled the sentence, and required that the cause should again be heard in Rome. Hincmar, after some demur, was forced to acquiesce. The cause of Rothadius was re-examined, and he was acquitted, and restored to his see. Under the successor of Nicholas, Adrian II., a question arose as to the succession to the sovereignty of Lorraine on the death of king Lothaire, the pope favoring the pretensions of the emperor Lewis in opposition to those of Charles the Bold of France. To the mandate which Adrian addressed to the subjects of Charles and to the nobles of Lorraine, accompanied by a menace of the censures of the church, Hincmar offered a firm and persistent opposition. He was equally firm in resisting the undue extension of the royal prerogative in ecclesiastical affairs. When the emperor Lewis III., in opposition to the solemn judgment of the council of Vienne, sought to obtrude an unworthy favorite, Odacer, upon the see of Beauvais, Hincmar boldly remonstrated, and fearlessly denounced the unjustifiable usurpation. Hincmar died in the year 882. His works were collected in two vols. folio by Père Sirmond, S. J. (Paris, 1645). Several other pieces of his are found in the 8th vol. of Labbe's Collection of Councils, and in the 5th vol. of that of Hardouin; as also in Père Cellot's Concil. Duziac. (Paris, 1658). Many others of his works, still in MS., are enumerated in Wetzer's Kirchen-Lexicon, v. 308. HIND, the female of the stag (q.v.) or red deer. The term is also sometimes used to designate the female of some other species of deer-never being so applied, however, to any other British or European species; and is sometimes even extended to female antelopes. In the strictest use of the term hind, according to the ancient laws and customs of" venerie," it did not become the designation of a female red deer until the third year of its age. HIND, HENRY YOULE, Canadian geologist, b. in England in June, 1823; educated at Leipsic and at Cambridge; went to Canada in 1847. As geologist for the Dominion government, he explored large areas in British America and Labrador, and made a geological survey of New Brunswick. He afterwards became a professor in King's College, Nova Scotia. In 1860, he was elected a fellow of the royal geographical society. He is author of Northwest Territory, and of numerous reports on explorations and geology of the British possessions in North America. HIND, JOHN RUSSELL, an English astronomer, was b. at Nottingham, May 12, 1823. Hind was sent as one of the commission appointed to determine the exact longitude of Valentia, and on his return was appointed to a post in Mr. Bishop's observatory, Regent's park, London. He has calculated the orbits and declination of more than 70 planets and comets, noted 16 new movable stars, and 3 nebulæ, and discovered 10 new planets, viz., Iris and Flora in 1847, Victoria in 1850, Irene in 1851, Melpomene, Fortuna, Calliope, and Thalia in 1852, Euterpe in 1853, and Urania in 1854. In 1851 Hind obtained from the academy of sciences, Paris, the Lalande medal, and was elected a corresponding member. In 1852 he obtained the Astronomical Society of London's gold medal, and a pension of £200 a year from the British government. He was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac in 1857-91. Hind's scientific papers have generally been published in the Transactions of the Astronomical Society, in the Comptes-Rendus of Paris, and the Astronomische Nachrichten of Altona. Hind's popular works are-Recent Comets and the Elements of their Orbits (published in the Athenæum, Aug. 9, 1845); Astronomical Vocabulary (16mo, 1852); The Comets (12mo, 1852); The Solar System (8vo, 1852); Illustrated London Astronomy (8vo, 1853): Descriptive Treatise on Comets (1857), etc. He was president Astronomical Soc., 1880, and d. in 1896. HINDLEY, a t. of Lancashire, England, 3 m. s.e. from Wigan, with which it is connected by railway, on the Manchester road. There are numerous coal-works in the vicinity; cotton-spinning and the manufacture of cotton goods are also extensively prosecuted. There are places of worship belonging to the church of England, and to a number of other denominations; a free grammar school, and numerous other schools. Pop. '61, 8,477; '81, 14,667; '91, 18,973. HINDLEY'S SCREW is an endless screw, the threads of which are cut on a solid whose sides are terminated by arcs of the same radius as that of the toothed wheel with which it works; in this machine several teeth are at work at once, and the pressure on each is diminished by being distributed. HINDS, a co. in w. Mississippi, on Pearl and Big Black rivers, crossed by the Illinois Central, the Queen and Crescent route, the Jackson, and other railroads; 870 sq. m.; pop. '90, 39,279. Co. seat, Jackson. HINDU KUSH, or INDIAN CAUCASUS, forms the westward continuation of the Himalaya, being sometimes reckoned a part of that colossal range. It extends from the Upper Indus on the e. to the Bamian pass (q.v.) on the w., stretching in n. lat. between 34° and 36°, and in e. long. between 68° and 75°. Separating Afghanistan on the s. from Turkistan on the n., it sends off the Oxus through the latter, and the Helmund through the former, to two salt lakes-the Oxus to Aral, and the Helmund to Hamûn. The loftiest summit is Hindu Koh, situated about 80 m. to the n. of the city of Cabul, and estimated to be more than 20,000 ft. above the sea. Hip-joint. HINDUSTAN', meaning The Land of the Hindus, is a term of the same class as Turkistan, Afghanistan, Farsistan, Beloochistan, or Frangistan (the oriental name of western Europe). See INDIA. HINGE, the pivots or joints on which doors, shutters, etc., revolve. The simplest form of hinge is a projection cut upon the substance of which the door is made, and fitted into a hole. This is sometimes done with wooden shutters, and there are examples extant of stone shutters hinged in this manner. The cathedral of Torcello, near Venice, which dates from the 11th c., still has the windows protected with shutters formed of large slabs of stone, hinged on stone pivots. During the middle ages, hinges, as well as every other useful article, were made subjects of ornamentation. The earliest ornamental hinges date from about the 10th century. The first examples are cramped and stiff, and the scrolls are frequently terminated with animals' heads. In the early English and decorated styles, the hinges and other metal-work were very elaborate and beautiful in design, and frequently extended over the whole of the doors. In the perpendicular style, hinges were usually very simple in form, the paneling of the wood work not admitting of much ornamental iron-work. In modern times hinges have almost entirely lost their ornamental character. They are chiefly made of brass and iron, and fitted on the edges of the doors and shutters, where they are concealed. "Doublejointed edge-hinges" are those now most in use. The revival of medieval architecture has, however, given an impulse to the manufacture of ornamental metal-work, and hinges of varied and good design are now generally used in connection with Gothic architecture. HINGHAM, a town in Plymouth co., Mass., containing the villages of West Hingham, South Hingham, and Hingham Centre; on the sea-coast, and a branch of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad; 17 miles s.e. of Boston. It contains a high school, Derby academy, public library, old meeting house (built 1681), statue of Gov. John A. Andrew, tomb of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and national and savings banks; and has electric lights, and street railroads, and manufactories of rope and upholstery trimmings. Pop. '90, 4564. HINNY, the hybrid produced between a horse and a female ass. It is smaller than a mule, but the body is more bulky in proportion to the legs, and its strength is inferior. It is less valuable than the mule, although it is more docile. The hinny is rare. It was described by some to the earlier naturalists as a hybrid between the ox and the ass, and even Buffon seems to have entertained this notion. HINOJOSA-DEL-DUQUE, a t. of Spain, in the province of Cordova, and 45 m. n.w. of the city of that name, has agricultural and stock-raising interests, manufactures of linens and woolens, and rich copper mines near by. Pop. '87, 9470. HINSDALE, a co. in s. w. Colorado on the Rio del Norte and Gunnison rivers, formed after the census of 1870. The surface is mountainous, and some of the peaks are remarkably high. There are silver mines in operation. Pop. '90, 862. Area, 1400 sq. m. Co. seat, Lake City. . HINSDALE, BURKE AARON, b. Ohio, 1837; educated at Hiram college, and in 1861 entered the Campbellite ministry, officiating in Cleveland and other places. In 1866 he was chosen assistant editor of the Christian Standard. In 1869 he was professor of history in Hiram college, in 1870 became its president, and in 1886 professor of the science and art of teaching in the University of Michigan. He is the author of Genuineness and Authenticity of the Gospel; The Evolution of the Theological and Doctrinal Systems of the Ancient Church; and Republican Text-Book for 1880; and edited The Life and Works of James A. Garfield (1882-5). HINTERLAND (Ger. "back territory "), a term that came into general use at the time of the partition of East Africa between Germany and England in 1890. "The doc trine of the hinterland" is the claim of German diplomats that when a power takes possession of a strip of sea-coast, its rights extend inland indefinitely, or until its territory reaches the recognized boundary of some other power. HIOGO, or FIOGO, a seaport of Japan on the island of Hondo, at the head of the gulf of Osaka. It now forms one town with the adjoining city of Kove. The joint population in 1893 was 148,625. HIQUEN-THSANG, a celebrated Chinese traveler, professing the Buddhist creed, who visited 110 countries and places of India in the first half of the 7th c. (629-645), and gave a very detailed and interesting account of the condition of Buddhism as it prevailed at that period in India. His inquiries having been chiefly devoted to the objects of his veneration, he did not enter so much into details concerning the social and political condition of India as might be desired; but considering the many curious notices he gives on other matters which, besides those of Buddhist interest, came under his observation, and the high degree of trustworthiness which his narrative possesses, his memoirs must be looked upon as one of the most important works on the history of India in general, and of Buddhism in particular, during the period stated. Appar ently, he traveled alone, or with a few occasional companions; and wearing the garb of a religious mendicant, with nothing but a staff, wallet, and water-pot, he does not seem to have been exposed to any dangerous adventures on his journey from China to India. It is more remarkable, however, that he incurred no impediment on his way |