&rant.

endeavored to suppress the orange demonstrations, to secure impartial administration of justice, and to devise a system of national education adapted for Catholics as well as Protestants. Nearly all that has since been done was proposed by this enlightened statesman, and the future historians of Ireland will point to him as one of the genuine though ill-requited benefactors of that country. From 1823 to 1827 Grant was vicepresident of the board of trade; from 1830 to 1834, president of the board of control; and from Nov. 1834 to Feb. 1839, secretary of state for the colonies. After this period, Grant withdrew in a great measure from public affairs, but supported the liberal party by his vote. He died at Cannes, in France, in 1866. Lord Brougham pronounced Grant to be "the purest statesman he had ever known." He was an eloquent speaker, though partly from diffidence, and partly from indolence, he spoke but seldom. Some of his despatches as colonial secretary, on the rights of the natives in the colonies, on repressing idolatry, and abolishing slavery throughout the British possessions in south Africa, are models of elevated and just thought, and of fine impressive English.

GRANT, FRANCIS, Lord CULLEN, a Scottish judge and political writer, was the son of Archibald Grant of Belinton, a cadet of the family of Grant of Grant, chief of the clan of that name. He was born about the year 1660, was educated first at Aberdeen, and afterwards at Leyden, adopted the profession of the law, and distinguished himself by his loyal zeal for the successive governments of William III., queen Anne, and George I. He wrote in favor of the union, on the observance of the Sabbath, on the law of patronage in the church, essays on law, religion and education, and reflections on the rebellion of 1715. For seventeen years he filled the position of a judge with great ability and integrity. He died at Edinburgh in 1726.

GRANT, Sir FRANCIS, fourth son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston in Perthshire, was born in Edinburgh, 1803. He received his education at Harrow and at the university of Edinburgh. He studied drawing under Somerville, a local artist of some repute, and was enabled, by the kindness of Lord Elgin, to form his taste in that nobleman's gallery. His first picture was exhibited in 1834, when he at once took rank among the best portrait painters of the day, and was regarded as a worthy successor of the courtly Law rence. His most famous works are those in which he has combined the likenesses of

distinguished characters with scenes of English sports. "The Meet of H. M. Stag

hounds" contained no less than 46 portraits; the "Melton Hunt," executed for the duke of Wellington; and the "Cottesmore," for Sir R. Sutton, are the best known in this class. Among his other paintings may be mentioned the equestrian portraits of the queen and prince Consort for Christ's hospital; the picture of the beautiful marchioness of Waterford; and those of lords Palmerston, Russell, Gough, Macaulay, Hardinge, etc. In 1842 Mr. Grant was elected associate, and in 1851, academician. In 1855 he received one of the three gold medals awarded to British artists at the Paris exhibition (for his "Meet of H. M. Staghounds "), and was also elected member of the Belgian academy. In 1866, the president's chair in the royal academy having become vacant, through the death of Sir C. Eastlake, Mr. Grant was elected in Feb. by 23 votes out of 29, and soon after received, according to ancient precedent, the honor of knighthood. In 1870 he received the degree of D.C.L. from Oxford. Sir Francis was twice married, his first wife being a Miss Farquharson of Invercauld; his second, a daughter of Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Norman, by whom he had a numerous family. He died Oct. 1878.

GRANT, James, of Corrimony, in Inverness-shire, born in 1743, died in 1835, was author of Essays on the Origin of Society, 1785, and Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael, 1814. The latter is a learned and ingenious work, imbued with Celtic feeling and enthusiasm.

GRANT, JAMES, b. Edinburgh, 1822. While a boy, he was for several years with the British army in Newfoundland, was made an ensign, and in 1840 had charge of the military depot at Chatham. He left the service to devote his attention to literature, and the study of Scotch antiquities. His first work (1846) was The Romance of War, or Highlanders in Spain. This was followed in rapid succession by more than forty different works. Many of his books are on martial themes, but among them are a number of novels. A considerable number have been reprinted in the United States. In 1875, Grant left the Protestant church and became a Roman Catholic. He died May, 1887.

GRANT, SIR JAMES ALEXANDER, M.R.C.s., b. in Scotland, 1830; grandson of James Grant, last Chief of Corrimony. He was graduated at McGill university, Montreal, and became a distinguished Canadian physician. He has been physician to the Governor-Generals of Canada since 1867; was prominent in the Dominion Parliament for eight years. He has written many essays on medical and other subjects.

GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS, b. Scotland, 1827; educated at Aberdeen; served in the English army in India, and was with gen. Havelock at Lucknow. In 1863 he was with Speke in exploring the sources of the Nile. In the Abyssinian expedition he was at the head of the intelligence department under lord Napier. He has published A Walk Across Africa; Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition, and various papers in the scientific journals. In 1885 he was deputy-lieut. of Nairnshire. He d. in 1892.

GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE, b. Scotland, 1808; served in the British army in the first Chinese war, and through the Punjab campaign in 1848-9. In 1858 he was made maj.gen. He was distinguished at the siege of Delhi, and the relief of Lucknow, and also in

movements at Cawnpore. He directed and brought to a successful close the British campaign in China which terminated with the capture of Peking in 1860. In 1861 he was lieut.-gen. and commander-in-chief at Madras. Sir J. published Incidents in the Sepoy War. He d. 1875.

GRANT, FIELD-MARSHAL GEN. SIR PATRICK, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., b. in Scotland, 1804; entered the military service of the East India Company in 1820; served for many years with distinction in India. In 1856 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras army, and in 1857 of the army in India at the period of the mutiny; was made governor of Malta (1867-72), and was appointed governor of Chelsea hospital in 1874. In 1885 he was appointed colonel of the Royal Horse Guards (the Blues), and Gold Stick in Waiting. D. Mar., 1895.

GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON, general, and eighteenth president of the United States, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont co., Ohio, April 27, 1822, and was the eldest of six children of Jesse R. Grant, a tanner and farmer, and his wife, Hannah Simpson. On his father's side he was remotely of Scottish ancestry, being a descendant of Matthew Grant, one of the settlers of Windsor, Conn., in 1635, and a man of much importance in the infant colony, which he served for many years as surveyor and town clerk.

His great grandfather, Noah Grant, held a military commission in the French and Indian war, and his grandfather, also named Noah, fought in the Revolution, afterwards emigrating to Pennsylvania and from thence to Deerfield, Ohio. His maternal grandfather, John Simpson, had likewise emigrated to Ohio from Pennsylvania. Jesse Grant, who had worked as a tanner for the father of the afterwards noted abolitionist, John Brown, started in business for himself at Ravenna, but removed to Point Pleasant, and again in 1823 to Georgetown, about forty miles from Cincinnati, and here Ulysses was brought up, working on his father's farm in summer and attending school in winter. Jesse Grant, who was an intelligent man, a great reader, and a contributor to western newspapers, desirous that his son should have a better education than he himself had obtained, procured for him in 1839 an appointment to West Point, where he showed during his course, particular proficiency in mathematics. In 1843 he graduated, standing 21st in a class of 39, and was then commissioned brevet second lieutenant of infantry in the 4th regiment, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. In May, 1844, his regiment was ordered to Louisiana, and in Sept., 1845, to Texas, to join the army of Gen. Taylor. Having been commissioned (Sep. 30) as a full lieutenant, Grant took part in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and was present at the capture of Monterey ; in 1847 was made quartermaster of his regiment, but participated in the battles of Gen. Scott's campaign, and for his bravery at Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, was made first lieutenant, and for his conduct at Chapultepec, Sept. 13, was brevetted captain. In the summer of 1848 his regiment returned, to be stationed first at Detroit and then at Sackett's Harbor. In that same year he obtained a leave of absence and was married to Miss Julia T. Dent, of St. Louis, sister of one of his classmates at West Point. In 1852 he accompanied his regiment to California and Oregon, and in 1853, Aug. 5, was commissioned full captain, but on July 31, 1854, resigned and removed to the neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo., where he cultivated a farm, and engaged in the real estate business until 1859, when he removed to Galena, Ill., to carry on a leather trade for his father. Here he was residing when the civil war broke out in 1861. He promptly offered his services to the government without stipulation or reserve, and of all those who knew him there was probably not one who had the slightest suspicion that he would develop a great capacity for military leadership. It may even be doubted that he himself had any anticipations of the career so soon to open before him. If his breast heaved with great hopes and ainbitions, the reticent man kept them strictly to himself and went quietly to the discharge of whatever duty he was required to perform. In looking now at the early stages of his career, we see an exhi bition of the pluck and pertinacity as well as the shrewd common sense that were afterwards so conspicuous. He was faithful in the few things he was at first called to undertake, thus proving his capacity for higher duties. There is no evidence that he ever sought to push his fortunes at the expense of other commanders, or that he was in haste to rise faster than the government discovered cause for his promotion. His victories were always modestly announced, without the least sign of a purpose to draw attention to himself or win the applause of his countrymen. If he was aware that such modesty on his part was more likely to kindle the admiration of the country than any amount of boastfulness, it is only another evidence of his high soldierly qualities and of his superiority over those who, for want of such perception, were constantly creating obstacles to their advancement. He went quietly and submissively to the discharge of whatever task was assigned him, never grumbling over difficulties, or asking to be placed in a more conspicuous or honorable position. In nothing more than this did he show the qualities of a great soldier, by nothing else did he more endear himself to his country. men. He was in this respect a general after Lincoln's own heart, and it is no wonder that the latter discerned his merits and charged him with greater and greater responsibilities, until at last he exalted him to the post of commander of all the forces in the field. Shortly after entering the service he was advanced from the position of col. to that of brig. gen. of volunteers and assigned to the command of the forces at Cairo. Sept. 8, 1861, he seized Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee, and on the 25th..

Smithland, at the mouth of the Cumberland, two important strategic points. His next move, a month later, was to check the advance of a large force under Gen. Jeff. Thomp son, which was successfully accomplished by two battles, one at Fredericktown, Mo, the other at Belmont, in the latter of which he had a horse shot under him. The district of Cairo was now enlarged and Gen. Grant confirmed in command thereof. In Feb., 1862, he moved from Paducah with 15,000 men, aided by Commodore Foote with a fleet of gunboats, for the purpose of capturing Fort Henry, on the Tennessee and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland. The former surrendered Feb. 6, its reduction being mainly the work of the gunboats; the latter was taken on the 16th only after a severe battle in which the land forces were engaged. Buckner, who was in command of the fort, proposed the appointment of commissioners to settle the terms of capitulation; to which Gen. Grant replied: "No terms other than an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." The capture of this fort was the first important and brilliant victory of the federal arms, and it made a great impression upon the country. Gen. Grant was at once made a maj.gen, of volunteers, his commission being dated on the day of the battle. The battle of Pittsburg Landing was next fought. The union forces at that point had lost their com mander by death, and while halting were attacked Apr. 6 by a large confederate force under Albert Sidney Johnston and beaten with heavy loss. Gen. Grant arrived on the field at the critical moment and reformed the broken union lines, and heavy re-inforcements under Gen. Buell having arrived, the battle was renewed on the 7th and the confederates driven back to Corinth. The loss on each side in this battle was 12,000 men, and Gen. Grant was slightly wounded. Gen. Halleck being called to Washington, Gen. Grant was assigned to the command of the department of the Tennessee, with headquarters at Corinth, which the confederates had evacuated. Here he was much annoyed by spies and guerrillas, against whom he adopted the most energetic measures. He next fought the confederate Gen. Price at Iuka and defeated him. He then removed his head-quarters to Jackson, leaving Rosecrans with 20,000 men to hold Corinth, which he did successfully, though attacked by a force twice as great as his own. In Oct. Gen. Grant's department was enlarged by a portion of Mississippi, including Vicksburg, the forces under his command being designated as the 13th army corps. After several unsuccessful efforts to capture Vicksburg, it was besieged May 18, and surrendered on July 4, 1863, with 31,600 prisoners. Gen. Grant was now appointed a maj.-gen. in the regular army, and in Oct. placed in command of the military division of the Tennessee, comprising the departments commanded by Sherman, Thomas, Buruside, and Hooker. His next exploit was the defense of Chattanooga by driving the forces of Bragg from Missionary ridge and Lookout mountain. Gen. Halleck, in his annual report to the war department, said that in view of the strength of Bragg's position and the difficulty of storming his intrenchments, "the battle of Chattanooga must be considered the most remarkable in history. Not only," he continues, "did the officers and men exhibit great skill and daring in their operations on the field, but the highest praise is due to the commanding gen. for his admirable dispositions for dislodging the enemy from a position apparently impregnable." Congress at its next session promptly returned thanks to Gen. Grant and his army, and ordered a gold medal to be struck in his honor. Congress also revived the grade of lieut.gen. in the army, whereupon Gen. Grant was nominated by President Lincoln for the position, and the nomination promptly confirmed by the senate. He went to Washington, received his commission at the hands of President Lincoln, and returned with all speed to Tennessee. In a letter to Gen. Sherman, written after his appointment, he frankly acknowledged his success in the field was "due to the energy, skill, and the harmonious putting forth of that energy and skill, of those whom it has been my good fortune to have occupying subordinate positions under me." His first general order as commander was issued Mar. 12, 1864, and announced that his head-quarters would be in the field, and, until further orders. with the army of the Potomac. The war, which had existed for three years, and been attended with immense sacrifice of life and property, and an unwavering hope of final victory for the union and liberty, was now approaching its culmination. The successes of Gen. Grant in subordinate positions had awakened among the northern people a perfect assurance that, as commander of all the union forces, he could not fail to bring the conflict to a speedy and honorable conclusion. His quiet confidence in himself was sustained by the hearty devotion of the army and the support of a united people. The battles of the next year, which had for their object the capture of Richmond, at which point the secessionists had concentrated their main army for a last and desperate resistance, were the bloodiest of the whole war. The first movements of Gen. Grant, though unsuccessful as to his main design, resulted in crippling the enemy and so preparing the way for final victory; but they were attended with great loss of life. In the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, between May 3 and June 15, the union loss in killed, wounded, and missing, was 39,259. The confederate losses are estimated at 32,000. Gen. Grant, having failed in his flanking movements, saw at last that his only hope of seizing Richmond depended upon first taking Petersburg, and to this object he now addressed himself with his usual pluck and pertinacity. Lee attempted to create a division by a movement on Washington, but was foiled and driven back by Sheridan. Sherman meanwhile had forced Hood to evacuate Atlanta, and was on his famous

march to the sea. Lee was so effectually beleaguered by Grant in the approach to Richmond that he was unable to send reinforcements to his generals at other points, and the confederacy was rapidly falling to pieces. At length, on April 2, 1865, Petersburg fell, and on the 3d the union forces entered Richmond, the confederates fleeing as they advanced. Grant pursued the flying army, caught and surrounded it, and forced it to surrender at Appomattox court-house, April 9. Lee, with 8,000 men-all of his force that were armed-was captured, and the confederacy overthrown. Grant's entire loss in the campaigns of the year was 12,663 killed, 49,559 wounded, and 20,498 missing; total, 82,720. In the same time he had captured more than 66,000 confederate soldiers; how many he had killed and wounded is not known. The terms granted to Lee were most magnanimous, and all the forces of the confederacy made haste to disband on similar conditions. The civil war was now over, the union restored, and Grant was the hero of the day. The assassination of Lincoln and the accession of Andrew Johnson quickly followed, and then came the excitement of the period of reconstruction, in which Gen. Grant, for whom congress had created the rank of gen. of the army, bore a loyal and honorable part. In 1868 he was elected president, receiving 214 electoral votes, to 80 cast for Horatio Seymour. In spite of unfortunate divisions in the republican party, he was re-elected in 1872, receiving 286 electoral votes, while but 42 were cast for the opposing candidate. At the close of his second term, in 1877, he made the tour of the whole civilized world, visiting especially all the great nations of Europe and Asia, and receiving, as a great soldier and civilian and the first citizen of the United States, all the honor which rulers and people could bestow. As the unofficial representative of his country, in the nations he visited his bearing was such as to win universal admiration and respect. His intercourse, moreover, with the rulers and other representative men abroad, was, no doubt, calculated to remove the prejudices and conciliate the good-will of foreign nations toward the great republic of the new world. On his return home in the spring of 1880, a large and influential portion of the republican party sought to make him a candidate for the presidency once more; but the movement was defeated, not because the people did not still admire and trust him, but on account of the formidable opposition to bestowing the office upon any man, however eminent or noble, for more than two terms.

After his extended tour in Europe and Asia, General Grant lived in New York until his death, 1885. His misadventure in business life-in which he and his two sons became partners in a firm of speculators, who traded on the great name of Gen. Grant, and brought him, in 1884, to financial ruin-drew toward him universal sympathy, upon ascertainment by legal evidence that General Grant had been grossly deceived in persons to whom his well-known generosity of nature had led him to give a cordial confidence. A bill was introduced into the senate, 1884, to place him upon the retired list of the army, with the rank and full pay of general, which position he had resigned to become president. Subsequently another bill to grant him a pension of $5000 per annum was introduced, but was withdrawn at his own request. The first bill was passed by unanimous vote, early in 1885. General Grant wrote some articles in historical review of the civil war for the Century magazine, which have attracted wide attention; and his Personal Memoirs appeared 1885-86, a voluminous work relating to recollections of his military life, which he had dedicated to the officers and soldiers of the Mexican and civil wars. In Jan., 1885, he became a great sufferer from a cancerous affection of the throat, for which the physicians found no cure. The people of the south as well as of the north, remembering not only his military bravery and sagacity, but also his magnanimity in the hour of victory, responded with a pathetic interest to accounts of his patience under suffering, and to the gentleness and manly simplicity which, upon a full review, appear as prominent elements of his character. He died at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July 23. His remains were placed in a temporary structure in Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson river, in New York city, and in 1897 were transferred to a magnificent tomb near by, which was dedicated with military and international naval ceremonies on April 27.

GRANT, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent lawyer, was descended from the Grants of Baldornie, and was b. at Elchies in Strathspey, in 1754. He was some time attorney-general in Canada, then M.P. for Shaftesbury, and subsequently for Banffshire; was sixteen years master of the rolls, from which he retired in 1817, and died in 1832. Lord Brougham describes him as the greatest magistrate that ever adorned the English bench; and Charles James Fox declared that he was the only man in the house of commons whom he had any diffidence in replying to.

GRAN THAM, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, in the co. of Lincoln, is situated on the left bank of the Witham, 23 m. s.s.w. of the city of Lincoln, and about 110 m. n.n.w. of London. Grantham has a free grammarschool. The parish church, a beautiful structure of the 13th c., has a fine spire 273 ft. high. Here Newton was instructed in classics before entering Cambridge. A canal 30 m. long connects this town with the river Trent. Near by are iron mines. It imports coal, and manufactures agricultural implements, bricks, paper, gingerbread, etc. Pop. of parl. bor., '91, 16,746.

GRANULA'TIONS. See INFLAMMATION, CICATRIZATION, WOUNDS, ULCERS.

GRANVELLE, ANTOINE PERRENOT, Cardinal de, 1517-86; b. France, but a Spanish statesman. He was the son of the chancellor of Charles V.; was thoroughly educated, and excelled as a linguist. Before he was 25 he was bishop of Arras. At the Trent council he defended his sovereign's policy of war upon France, for which he was made a councilor of state. In 1550 he was chancellor, succeeding his father. As a diplomatist. he was engaged in the treaty of Passau, and in arranging the marriage of Philip with Mary of England. When Philip came to the throne, Granvelle was made chief-minister, and was principal adviser in the affairs of the Netherlands. After Philip left for Spain, Granvelle became supreme, and soon made his administration odious to the Flemish people, as his whole power was exerted to restore the domination of the church of Rome. He increased his power by bringing in Spanish soldiers, making new bishops, and refusing to call together the general assembly. But when he proposed to establish the inquisition, the wrath of high and low alike centered upon him. He was made a cardinal in 1561. William of Orange, Horn, Egmont, and at last Margaret of Parma (the Spanish regent) asked for his recall. Philip refused, but the unpopular cardinal foresaw trouble and probable danger, and of his own accord asked to be withdrawn. He went to Besançon, and occupied his leisure in literary and scientific studies. Subsequently he negotiated the alliance between Spain, Vienna, and Rome, against the Turks, and was viceroy of Naples. In 1575 he was called back to Spain, and made chief officer of the supreme council, in which capacity he arranged the union between Spain and Portugal, and while Philip was out of the country he acted as regent. He was a patron of literature, and richly endowed the college of Besançon.

GRANVILLE, a co. in n. North Carolina on the Virginia border, crossed by the Southern railroad, and drained by Tar river; 600 sq. m.; pop. '90, 24,484, includ. colored. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. The main productions are corn, oats, wheat, tobacco, and cotton. Co. seat, Oxford.

GRANVILLE, town in Washington co., N. Y., containing the villages of Granville, Middle Granville, and North Granville; on the Mettowee river and the Delaware and Hudson railroad; 68 m. n.e. of Albany. It has national banks, an academy, weekly newspaper, extensive quarries of slate, and manufactories of roofing and marbleized slate and slate mantels. Pop. '90, 4716.

GRANVILLE, town in Licking co., O., containing a village of the same name; on Raccoon creek and the Ohio Central railroad; 30 miles e. of Columbus. The village contains Denison university (Baptist), Shepardson college, Granville female college, Doane academy, and several weekly and quarterly periodicals. Pop. '90, town, 2326; village, 1366.

GRANVILLE, a fortified t. and seaport of France, in the department of La Manche, is situated on a promontory surmounted by a fort, 23 m. n.e. of St. Malo. It has a sheltered tidal harbor and an extensive pier. It has regular steamship communication with the island of Jersey. Among the notable features of the town is the old parish church of gray granite, built in the flamboyant style, and dating from the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. The principal trade of Granville is in the whale, cod, and oyster fisheries. Pop. '86, 11,513; '91, 12,721.

GRANVILLE, EARL. See CARTERET, JOHN.

GRANVILLE, Granville GeoRGE LEVESON GOWER, Earl, b. England, 1815; educated at Oxford; in 1836 in the embassy to France; the next year in parliament, and re-elected in 1837. In the commons he was a liberal and a free trader. He became a peer in 1846, vice-president of the board of trade in 1848, and went into the cabinet in 1851, at the close of that year succeeding Palmerston in the foreign office. He retired with the Russell ministry. He became president of the council; in 1855 ministerial leader in the house of lords; and, in 1856, he represented the English government at the coronation of the czar. During Gladstone's temporary retirement, 1878-80, Lord Granville acted as leader of the liberals. On Gladstone's return to power, Lord Granville became secretary of state for foreign affairs, and later secretary for the colonies. He died Mar. 31, 1891. Lord Granville was esteemed by men of all parties for his remarkable urbanity and unfailing tact, and he was at the same time a statesman of much firmness, as evinced by his foreign policy, 1881-2.

GRAPE. See VINE.

GRAPE-FRUIT, a popular name at the North for a small kind of shaddock (q.v.), called pompelo, and raised in Florida in great quantities for the market.

GRAPE-HYACINTH (Muscári), a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, of the natural order liliacea, nearly allied to the hyacinth, but differing in the globose or subcylindrical perianth, contracted at the mouth, and 6-toothed. The species are natives chiefly of the countries near the Mediterranean, and the warmer temperate parts of Asia. Some of them are frequent in our flower-borders. M. moschatum has a smell of musk. M. racemosum is a somewhat doubtful native of the s. of England.

GRAPE-SHOT, called also tier-shot, consist of bullets or small iron balls piled round an iron pin, holding together a series of parallel iron plates (each the diameter of the cannon used), between which are the shot, kept in their places by holes in the plates.