the two brothers (now carried on by other scholars) is the Deutsches Wörterbuch, begun in 1852, and yet far from completion. Jakob Grimm died Sept., 1863. GRIMM, WILHELM KARL, brother of the preceding, was b. at Hanau, Feb. 24, 1786. He was the companion of his elder brother at the lyceum of Cassel, and the university of Marburg. In 1814 he was secretary of the librarian of Cassel, and on removing to Göttingen, in 1830, was appointed under-librarian and supernumerary professor of philosophy. He joined his brother in the protest against the king of Hanover, shared his exile, and also his call to Berlin. They labored together, and were commonly known as the Brothers Grimm. Wilhelm Grimm died Dec., 1859. Among the works of the younger Grimm are-Translations of Ancient Danish Heroic Poems of the Sixth Century; German Runic Characters; Heroic Legends of Germany, etc. GRI MMA, a small t. of Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic, and 18 m. s.e. of the t. of that name, is attractively situated in a hollow on the left bank of the Mulde. In the middle ages its importance as a trading town was much greater than at present, and the flourishing manufactures in cloth, flannels, hosiery, cottons, and linens, for which at an early period of its history this town was noted, have now almost entirely disappeared. Among the public buildings are the royal castle, now used as a court-house, and the ancient town-hall. Pop. '90, 8957, who support themselves by manufactures and agriculture. GRIMM'S LAW, the name-derived from the discoverer, J. Grimm (q.v.)—given to the principle which regulates the interchange of the mute consonants in the corresponding words of the different Aryan languages. A historical survey of this family of tongues shows the consonants to go through a cycle of changes (Ger. Lautverschiebung). What, for example, was a p in the original form of a word, or, at least, in the oldest form known, is found at a later stage transformed into f, which next passes into b; and this again tends to become p, and go through the cycle anew. The following table exhibits the transitions that manifest themselves in regard to the Greek, Gothic, and Old High German: There are of course many exceptions, arising from the influence of and other accidental causes. The following are examples of the law: Sanscrit. pâda-s pitri bhri tvam trayas paçu adjoining letters Old High. vuoz Gothic. piru thu du It is in the high German dialects that the action of this principle is most marked In the Teutonic tongues of the "low" type, of which English is one, the consonants have remained at the same stage of development they had attained in the Gothic (e.g. Eng. father, foot, bear, three); the old high German exhibits a third stage; and in modern high German the principle seems still at work, although its development is hindered by the crystallizing effect of written language. See VERNER'S LAW. GRIMSBY, GREAT, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport, and markettown of England, in the co. of Lincoln, is situated on the right bank of the Humber, 40 m. n.e. of the t. of Lincoln. It consists of two portions-the older, comprising a number of streets irregularly laid out, is at the head of the harbor; and the newer part, called the "Marsh," extends along the e. side of the harbor, and is regular and spacious. The parish church, a good specimen of the English pointed style, is an elegant cruciform structure, with a tower containing eight bells rising from the center. Among its institutions Grimsby has a free grammar-school, a national school, and other educational establishments; a mechanics' institute and a new town-hall. There are here an extensive and commodious suite of docks, opened in Mar., 1852, and spacious enough to receive the largest ships of war; several shipbuilding yards, mills, rope-walks, and breweries. Grimsby, however, is now chiefly famous for its immense fishing trade. It is said that more fish are landed here than at any other port in the United Kingdom except London. The commerce of Grimsby is benefited by its being the terminus of the East Lincolnshire, and of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire railways. It sends one member to the house of commons. Pop. in '91, of the municipal borough, 51,934; of the parl. borough, '91, 58,700. Grimsby was formerly a port of such importance that, in the reign of Edward III., it sent 11 ships to aid that monarch in his expedition against Calais. But the gradual silting up of the harbor reduced it to comparative insignificance. Its present prosperity may be said to date from the beginning of the 19th century, when measures were first taken to improve the harbor. GRINDAL, EDMUND, 1519-83; an English prelate, private chaplain to bishop Ridley, and chaplain to king Edward VI. When Mary came into power he went to the continent and remained until her death. On returning he was one of the makers of a new liturgy, and one of seven ministers chosen to oppose the Roman Catholics in open discussion. He was bishop of London, succeeding Bonner, and afterwards bishop of York. In 1575 he was made archbishop of Canterbury. He became blind in 1582. GRIN'DELWALD, one of the most beautiful of the high Alpine valleys, at a distance of 35 m. from the city of Bern, is about 12 m. long and 4 m. broad. Grindelwald owes its celebrity as a resort for travelers to two great glaciers, branches or arms, as it were, of the immense ocean of ice which covers the Bernese Oberland. The village of Grindelwald, consisting of a number of widely-scattered cottages, with about 3,500 inhabitants, is about 3,600 ft. above sea-level. GRINDING, the operation of shaping any hard substance by rubbing away its surface with a rough stone or with a cutting powder. It is similar to filing, and is used in cases where, from the hardness of the material, or for other reasons, filing is inapplicable. Thus cutting-tools and other steel instruments may be filed before hardening and tempering; but after this, if further abrasion is required, they must be ground. Glass lenses and metal specula are ground to shape with emery-powder laid upon a metal tool. Ornamental glass is ground into facets or otherwise by means of stones and lap-wheels. Diamonds and other gems are ground or cut with diamond-dust imbedded in soft iron. When large flat surfaces are required, they are obtained by first working two pieces of the substance nearly flat, and then laying one upon the other, and grinding their surfaces together with sand, emery, or other suitable cutting powder. Plate-glass is flattened in this manner; also surfaces of cast-iron where accurate fitting is required, the iron surface being either prepared with a planing-machine, or by turning in a lathe with a slide-rest. Sockets and other bearings which require to be fitted with great accuracy are usually finished by grinding together. For brass and bell metal powdered pumice-stone is best adapted for such purposes, as emery is liable to imbed itself in the metal, and give it a permanent cutting action upon the bearings. Dry grinding is the term applied to the grinding of steel with dry grindstones. Its principal applications are in the grinding of the points of needles and forks, the surfaces of gun-barrels, and in finishing steel-pens. This kind of work produces painful irritation in the throat and nostrils of the men and women who follow it; and although the distressing effects have been very much diminished of late by the introduction of currents of air to carry away the particles of steel, and mouth-pieces of damp cloth, the evil is not entirely obviated; in some branches, such as gun-barrel grinding, it is still very great. Besides this evil, the stones used for gun-barrel grinding, which are very large, revolve with great rapidity, and occasionally break with great force while revolving, and seriously endanger the lives of the men. Another kind of grinding, quite distinct from the above, is that of crushing and rubbing a substance into a fine powder. This is effected by passing the substance between rough stones, as in the common flour-mill, or between rollers, either smooth or toothed, according to the degree of fineness required, or by a heavy stone or iron cylinder revolving upon a smooth plate. Colors are ground in small quantities with a muller and slab. The muller is a heavy piece of stone of somewhat conical shape, and which rests on its base upon the slab of stone, and is grasped by the hands, and the color is mixed to a pasty consistence with the required medium of oil or water, and rubbed between the two surfaces until smooth and impalpable. On a larger scale iron or stone cylinders revolve on a slab in such a manner that they shall not merely roll but shall also rub upon the surface of the slab. A knife or scoop follows one cylinder and precedes the other, scooping the paste into the position required to come fairly under the cylinder which follows it. Chocolate, spices, plumbago for crucibles, and a variety of other substances, are ground in this manner. GRINDING AND CRUSHING MACHINERY. Most of the improvements in grinding and crushing machines have been made within the last 30 years, particularly as relates to crushing and breaking. The first machine on the Pacific coast consisted of immense weights raised by cams to a height of 4 or 5 ft., and let fall upon the rock. Ore from mines is usually received in large pieces and requires preliminary crushing before the succeeding fine crushing. This operation is usually performed by jaw crushers such as the Blake or the Dodge rock breakers. These machines have a vertical jaw pivoted either at the top or bottom end, the loose end having a short oscillating movement which crushes the rock as it falls in front of the jaw. Rotary crushers are also employed for this work, especially where large crushing capacity is required. Some of these machines are capable of crushing from 40 to 50 tons of hard rock per hour. In gold and silver mills stamps are used for the final crushing of the ore. Stamps are not so good for dry crushing as for wet crushing, as the matter of dust requires great care against proving fatal to the operators. In some cases fast running rolls are found preferable to stamps, but the latter, on account of their cheapness of operation and ease of repair are in most general use. The ordinary cornish rolls constitute a simple and cheap machine for crushing rock after it has passed through the rock breaker. They are principally used where the crushing is not desired to be very fine. During the last 20 years a great number of pulverizers have been invented, very few of which have proved satisfactory. Many of these depend for their action upon the attrition of particles of rock between surfaces of the machine. The weakness of these forms of machines lies in the excessive wear of the grinding surfaces. The Huntington mill has been the most successful of this class of machines. For further notice of rockcrushing machinery, see METALLURGY; and for sugar-cane crushing-machines, see SUGAR. In the article MILL there is a description of grindstones and machinery for making flour. There are various other forms of mills for other purposes, such as the crushing of seeds and bark, and grinding of paints. Very powerful mills are required in the preparation of vulcanized indiarubber (caoutchouc). The crude indiarubber, after being boiled and softened in a steam vat, is passed between two fluted rollers of very great strength, by which it is ground to a sort of paste. A kind of mill used for crushing seeds, grinding chocolate, mixing mortar, etc., consists of two vertical wheels turning independently upon the ends of an axle, which also turns upon a vertical pivot midway between the two wheels. A circular bed or vat, having a rim of greater or less height, receives the article to be ground, over which the wheels or rollers are made to revolve. One of the most ingenious, simple, and effective mills in use was the invention of Mr. James Bogardus, of New York city. Two wheels, having on their faces concentric grooves, have different axes of revolution, being eccentric, a name given to the mill. The wheels are placed horizontally, and the lower one is turned by a shaft at the rate of from 600 to 800 revolutions per minute. The upper wheel also takes on a motion from the impulse of material brought against it, but being eccentric, the material is brought diagonally against the edges of the groove, making the grinding very effective and preventing clogging. Over 200 barrels of sugar have been ground per hour in a 16-in. mill. It will grind 5 tons of oil-cake, half a ton of bark, two tons of white lead in oil, four tons of iron-ore, and two tons of any ores per hour. It is very strong and not easily disordered. GRINDSTONES. Flat circular stones made to revolve upon an axis, and used for grinding steel, glass, other stones, etc. They are made of sandstone, or sandstone grit, of various degrees of coarseness, according to the purpose for which they are to be used. Grindstones are usually mounted more or less simply, from the stone disk fixed on a horizontal spindle carried on the tops of two posts rudely set in the ground, with a winch handle, or crank and treadle, to the large stones employed in cutlery manufac tories, turned by machinery at a speed as great as practicable without bursting the stone by the centrifugal force. Grindstones are commonly made of sandstone, of which, suitable for the purpose, there are quarries in the northern coal districts and the midland counties of England, and in Nova Scotia. Some of the best grindstones in the United States are brought from Berea, Ohio. Artificial grindstones of very uniform and per fect texture are made with emery (q.v.), in great variety of size and form, adapted to various uses; and are much used for work on metal surfaces, dispensing with slow and laborious hand-filing. Emery-wheels are made as large as 3 ft. in diameter, and so strong that they can be driven at 6,000 ft. per minute, when they will readily cut tempered steel. Grindstones are also recently being made of carborundum which ranks next to the diamond in hardness. These are coming into large use for cutting and polishing precious stones. GRINGO (Span. for "gibberish;" probably a popular variation of Griego, "a Greek") is a contemptuous term applied to an Englishman or Anglo-American by the Mexicans and South Americans. GRINNELL, a city in Poweshiek co., Ia., on the Central Iowa railroad, 55 miles e. of Des Moines; pop. 3332. It is the seat of Iowa college (Congregational), founded in 1848. There are banks, churches, newspapers, public library, and some manufactures. GRINNELL, HENRY, 1799-1874, brother of Moses H., and a partner in the great commercial house of Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York. Having amassed a considerable fortune by his skill and success as a merchant, Mr. Grinnell devoted the latter part. of his life to the extension of geographical knowledge, mainly in connection with the arctic regions. In 1850 he undertook the expense of fitting out an expedition in search of information concerning the ill-fated Franklin and Crozier expedition of 1845. The expedition comprised two vessels, and was commanded by lieut. De Haven, U.S.N. Unsuccessful in the immediate object of their search, the explorers were fortunate enough to make important additions to existing geographical knowledge of the polar egions. They discovered the extensive tract of land divided by Smith's Sound from Greenland, and named "Grinnell Land" after the enterprising and munificent New York merchant. This discovery brought about a sharp controversy with English geographers and explorers as to priority, which was finally concluded in favor of the American expedition, and the name 'Grinnell Land" affixed permanently in place of that of "Prince Albert Land," which had been given it by the British. In 1853 Mr. Grinnell, with the aid of Mr. George Peabody, fitted out for a second expedition, the brig Advance commanded by Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, who had sailed as surgeon and naturalist with De Haven. This expedition doubtless accomplished more than any which had preceded it, having first definite evidence of the existence of an open polar sea, and defined the coast-line, and explored the interior of hitherto unknown lands. See KANE, E. K. Mr. Grinnell was the first president of the American geographical society, and his name and services are held in high respect both in America and England, and in the latter country, his liberal example induced such energy and enter prise as eventually resulted in clearing up the long-mooted question of the fate of the Franklin expedition. GRINNELL, MOSES HICKS, 1803-77; b. Mass.; an eminent New York merchant, the head of the firm of Grinnell, Minturn & Co. He was a representative in congress in 1839-41; and in 1869-70 collector of customs at New York. GRINNELL LAND, the most northerly land of the American continent so far as discovered. It is separated from Greenland by Kennedy's Channel. Lieut De Haven, who commanded the ships sent out by Henry Grinnell from New York in 1850, was the discoverer. It was named Albert Land, ignorantly by the English, the following year. In 1871 Capt. Hall examined the e. coast as far up as 82° 16', a few miles above which point the shore appeared to incline westward. This land is nearer to the pole than any other now known; the n. limits of Greenland have not been explored. GRIPING, or GRIPES, a popular name for all painful affections of the bowels, whether attended with constipation (q.v.) or diarrhea (q.v.). When pains of this kind are spasmodic, they are termed colic (q.v.) The action of purgative medicine is often attended by more or less of griping pain, which may be averted in certain cases by the careful choice of the medicine, or by combination of it with carminatives (q. v.), or with a little opium. GRIPPE, a French name for influenza (q.v.). GRI QUALAND, a tract of country in s. Africa, comprising two districts in Cape Colony-Griqualand West, with an area of 15,197 sq. miles, and a pop. in 1891 of 83,375, and East Griqualand, having 7594 sq. miles, and a pop. in 1891 of 152,618. It derives its name from its inhabitants, the Griquas or Bastaards, a race sprung from the intercourse of Dutch settlers with Hottentot and Bush women. Some of the inhabitants are successful farmers, and there is a thriving settlement, Griqua Town, lying 95 miles w. of Kimberley.-Griqualand West has of late years become famous from the discovery of the Cape diamond-fields, which are situated within its bounds. The first diamond was found in 1867, and for several years a strong tide of immigration flowed unceasingly. Various settlements were formed; digging was vigorously prosecuted; and all nationalities were represented. The territory in which the diamond-fields lie had been secured to a native chief, Waterboer, by the British government; but both the Orange River Free State, and the Transvaal Republic contested his boundaries, and the result was constant disturbances at the diggings. At length, in Oct., 1871, the British government of Cape Town issued a proclamation declaring Griqualand West, British territory, and annexing it to Cape Colony. This was done with the assent of Waterboer, whose interests were not neglected. It contains the divisions Hay, Herbert, Kimberley, and Barclay West.-Griqualand East was incorporated with Cape Colony in 1876. GRIQUAS, or BASTAARDS, people of s. Africa who are the offspring of native women by Dutch settlers. There are probably 15,000 of them on Orange river near the n. limit of Cape Colony. Some of them are partially civilized, and a considerable number are counted as Christians. There is a thriving settlement at Griqua Town, about 500 m. n.e. of Cape Town. Their chiefs are chosen by suffrage, and there are among them many prosperous farmers and cattle breeders. GRISCOM, JOHN, LL.D., 1774-1852; b. N. J.; studied in a Quaker academy, and at 17 began to teach. He was a teacher in New York for a quarter of a century. He made a tour in Europe to inspect institutions of charity, reform, and education, includ ing manufactories, publishing his observations in A Year in Europe. The New York High School, forerunner of the Free Academy and the Normal College (now the Colleg of New York) was projected and for six years supervised by him. He was also one of the founders and secretary of a society for the prevention of pauperism. His latest work was the reform of the school system of New Jersey. GRISCOM, JOHN HASKINS, 1809-74; b. New York, son of John, the teacher. He was educated in medicine at Rutgers college, and Pennsylvania university, and for many years practiced in New York, being professor of chemistry in the college of pharmacy, and 24 years physician to the city hospital. He was also an active member of the prison association. Among his works are Animal Mechanism and Physiology; Uses and Abuses of Air and Means for the Ventilation of Buildings; First Lessons in Physiology with Brief Rules for Health; Sanitary Legislation, Past, Present, and Future, etc. GRISE LDA, or GRISELDIS, is the heroine of a celebrated medieval tale, which probably had its rise in Italy. A poor girl, who was a charcoal-burner, was raised to be the wife of the marquis of Saluzzo, who put her humility and obedience to the severest tests. She, however, passed through them all triumphantly, and a reconciliation took place. In this legend the endurance and self-renunciation of the loving. woman are represented as carried to the highest pitch. We find the tradition first worked up into a tale, said to be founded on fact, in Boccaccio's Decameron; Petrarch translated it into Latin in 1373, under the title De Obedientia, et Fide Uxoria; and in the 14th c. the story was well-known throughout Germany. In the year 1393 it was worked up into a "mystery" play in Paris; in England the drama of The Patient Grissel appeared in 1599, and one on the same subject by Hans Sachs in Germany in 1546. Versions of the story are also found in the literatures of Holland, Bohemia, Sweden, Iceland, etc. The old German people's book, entitled Markgraf Walther, has lately been reproduced with more or less fidelity in Schwab's Buch der Schönsten Geschichten und Sagen, Marbach's Volksbücher, and Simrock's Deutschen Volksbücher. See Dr. Friedrich von Westenholz, Die Griseldis-sage in der Literaturgeschicte (Heidelberg, 1888). GRISETTE, a sort of woolen cloth, so-called from its gray color, frequently worn by the French women of the lower class, and hence applied to young women employed as shop-girls, sewing girls, chambermaids, etc. It is also used in a more special sense by foreigners, to designate the young women of this class in Paris who are free in their manners. GRI'SI, GIULIA, a celebrated vocalist, was b. at Milan in 1812. From a very early period she evinced the most remarkable musical genius, accompanied by a voice of the rarest promise. At the age of 16 she first appeared in the opera of Zelmira, at Bologna, and gathered her earliest laurels by the inimitable quality, melodiousness, and fidelity of her voice, as well as by her pathetic and lifelike impersonation of the rôle. Two years later, she appeared at Florence, and to no artist was pre-eminence ever more unanimously accorded. Her greatest triumph, however, was obtained at La Scala, Milan, where she played the part of Norma in the tragic opera of that name. So thoroughly did she identify herself with this character, that hardly any subsequent singer has ventured on an original and independent personation. Grisi's début at Paris in 1832 was equally successful, and overcame the proverbial cynical apathy of the frequenters of the Théâtre Italien. London, however, was the scene of her grandest performances, and most appreciative audiences. Grisi was twice married, first, unhappily, to Mous. Gérard de Melcy, and secondly, to Signor Mario, the eminent tenor. She died in 1869. JRIS-NEZ, or GRINEZ, CAPE, a headland of France, in the department of Pas-deCalais, opposite Dover, is the point of land nearest to the English shore, the distance being barely 21 miles. Cape Gris-nez is about equally distant from Calais on the n.e., and Boulogne on the south. It is surmounted with a light-house. GRI'SONS (Ger. Graubünden), the largest and the most thinly peopled of all the cantons of Switzerland, is bounded on the n. by St. Glarus, St. Gall, and the Vorarlberg; on the e. by the Tyrol; on the s. by Lombardy; and on the w. by Uri and Ticino. Its area is 2770 sq. m.; its population, 1894, 95,469, of whom nearly one-half were Germans. The canton divides itself naturally into three great valley-districts, of which the first and most important lies along the course of the Rhine, and stretches northward, occupying nearly the whole of the western portion of the canton; and the second, forming the Engadine (q.v.), extends n.e. along the course of the Inn. The third valley-district comprises several smaller valleys whose streams run southward, belonging to the basins of the Ticino and the Adda. The whole canton is an assemblage of mountains intersected by narrow valleys. The climate is very varied, in some districts winter reigns for nearly eight months, while some of the southern valleys resemble Italy. In the colder districts, scanty crops of barley and rye are raised with difficulty; while in the southern valleys, wheat, maize, and also the vine, fig, and almond are successfully cultivated. Pastures and forests occupy a large portion of the canton; and cattle, timber, and cheese are the principal exports. Iron, lead, copper, zinc, and silver are worked. The rivers abound in salmon and trout, and in the mountains are bears, wolves, lynxes, and wild-cats. The country was anciently inhabited by the Rhætii, who are by some connected with the Etruscans (see ETRURIA). It was conquered by the Roman emperor Constantius in the 4th c., and his camp (Curia, Chur, Coire, the name of the present capital) was planted on the Rhine. Chur has been a bishopric since 450 A.D. In the 10th c. the country of the Grisons was added to the German empire, and remained till 1268 subject to the Swabian dukes. With the decay of the imperial authority it came to be oppressed by a numerous nobility, the ruins of whose castles still crown the heights. Against them the people began, in the end of the 14th c., to form leagues in the different valleys. One of these leagues, formed in 1424, was called the gray league (Ger, der grauc bund; in the native language, lia Grischa), from the gray homespun worn by the unionists, and hence the German and French names of the canton-Graubündten and Grisons. In 1472 these separate unions entered into a general federation, which then formed an alliance with the Swiss cantons. It was not till 1803 that Grisons was admitted into the Swiss confederation as the 15th canton. The constitution of Grisons is very complicated, and suffers from the want of centralization incident to its origin. Of the inhabitants, one-half speak German, and the others dialects derived from Latin. The dialects of the southern valleys are a kind of Italian; the Latin of the Engadine (q.v.) and the Romanese differ greatly from Italian, but are far from being Latin. GRISWOLD, ALEXANDER VIETS, D.D.; 1766-1843; b. in Conn. In 1795 he was ordained, and began preaching in three different towns, beside teaching school. In 1804 he went to Bristol, R. I. He was the first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal diocese comprising Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. His last public act was the consecration of his successor, Dr. Eastburn. He published a large num |