it has been allowed to fall into desuetude, some persons declining to take so much trouble, and some, because they were not familiar with geometrical constructions, and therefore feared to commit error.

To apply the facial triangle to use, it was accordingly necessary to simplify it, and to render it more easily understood. I did this three years ago, with the aid of my craniograph. Craniographical drawings, giving the exact proportions of all the points of the skull, permit all the angles and all the triangles imaginable to be measured; but the craniograph is not applicable on the living subject; and I have reason to believe that the goniometer, which I now forward to the Anthropological Society of London, is the first instrument which permits the elements of the facial triangle to be measured on the living subject, because the progress of the double rule, which I have described in my memoir on the projections of the head (Bullet. de Soc. d'Anthrop., t. iii, p. 538) only gives the triangle by means of a construction.

When the goniometer is correctly applied, that is to say, when the two auditory plugs mark on the right and left branches the smallest number of millimeters, the edge of the ascending rod, A B, is placed exactly parallel to the median vertical plane of the head, and the triangle, A O B, is perfectly

equal to the facial triangle. The length, o A, the base of the facial triangle, and the length, A B, which is the facial line, can be read on the millimetric scales; besides, the angle, o A B, or facial angle comprised between these two sides, can be directly measured on the quadrant, Q Q. We thus know the essential elements of the desired triangle. We can easily measure the height of the face, BP, and the extent of prognathism, A P. To obtain this, it is merely necessary to apply on the horizontal rod, o A, one of the edges of a small thin rule, of which the other edge, touching the point B, represents the perpendicular, BP; we also read on the horizontal scale, o A, the number of millimeters comprised between the point A, which is zero, and the end of the rule. This gives the amount of prognathism, Then applying a small rule to the vertical side of the square, we can measure the length, BP; we can then, without any construction, directly measure all the elements of the facial triangle, with the exception of the auriculo-facial angle, B O A. If it is desired to measure this last angle, we are obliged to construct the facial triangle on paper, or at least to have recourse to calculations which render the use of tables of curves necessary.

My goniometer is not a more exact one than some of those which are already known. But it has the advantage of being more simple, more easy to manage and to carry, and in fact less costly. I may also remark, that it has been constructed especially to measure the facial triangle. It will be easy to graduate the branches of other goniometers, and to render them also convenient to measure the facial triangle; but this would increase their price, which, in the case of M. Jacquart's goniometer, is so high as three hundred francs, whereas M. Matthieu (Rue de l'ancienne Comédie à Paris) makes mine for twenty-five francs. I am amongst those who think that the progress of anthropology can only be advanced by the union of a great number of observers, and that the instruments employed in investigation ought to be sufficiently simple and sufficiently cheap to be used by all. It is in order to arrive at this result that I have taken, as the base of my own instrument, the craniometer of Mr. Busk, with the sole difference

that I have placed the brass pin of the auricular plugs actually in the axis of these plugs.

Excuse, Monsieur le Président, the length and the dryness of the details considered in this letter, and believe in the expression of my devoted sentiment.

(Signed)

To James Hunt, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., President of the Anthropological Society of London, Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris, etc., etc.

P. BROCA.

X.-Contributions to an Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World. By WILLIAM BOLLAERT, Hon. Sec. A.S.L., Corresponding Member of the University of Chile, of the Ethnological Societies of London and New York, etc., etc.

I WILL call the native inhabitant of the New World the Red Man, to distinguish him, as far as colour is concerned, from the white man of Europe, the brown of India, and the Negro of Africa. As in the white species, with their soft, long, and flowing hair of various colours, the complexion also varies; so corresponding variations exist amongst the brown and black species, with their almost straight, wavy, woolly, and crisp black hair; and amongst the red men, with strong, straight black hair, there are different shades of red, copper colour, brown and dark-brown complexion.

In the United States,† I have had the opportunity of examining many tribes, their colour varying from red or copper and through shades of brown. On the shores of the Spanish

In 1859, I drew up a paper on the "Ethnology and Architecture of America." At the beginning of 1860 I met with a serious accident, which confined me very much to the house, and even up to the present time, during which period I remodelled the paper of 1859, and now call it "Contributions to an Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World."

Out of the researches I made for the “Contributions,” have resulted the following:

1. Past and Present Populations of the New World.

2. Palæography of the New World.

3. On the alleged introduction of Syphilis from the New World.

4. On the Astronomy of the Red Man.

Nos. 1, 2, and 4, will be found in the first volume of the Memoirs of the Anthropological Society: No. 3, in the November number (1864) of Journal of same society.

5. On the recently discovered Maya Hieroglyphic Alphabet of Yucatan. 6. Contributions to an Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World. 7. Examination, by the Maya Alphabet, of the Mexican and other Codices; also, the Hieroglyphs of Mexico, Yucatan, Copan, Palenque, etc.

Nos. 5, 6, 7 will appear in vol. ii, Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, No. 8; in preparation.

8. The Red Man's Place in Nature.

"On the Indians of Texas," Ethno. Soc. Trans., 1850.

main and the Isthmus of Darien, I have seen Indians generally of a bright brown; on the tropical coast of Peru,* the native is of a brown colour, in the frozen Andes he is often of a dark brown hue, and in the eastern low lands some are light brown.

The Araucaños I have seen are of a reddish brown ; and the Fuegians I have twice visited in the region of Cape Horn and the Straits of Magellan are dark brown.†

It has been said that to see one nation of Americans you see all; this is not quite the case even as regards colour; whilst as to form, feature, physical and mental development, there are marked differences and peculiarities resulting from causes we shall have to investigate.

I will now refer to what is said as to the relations between the inhabitants of the Old and New Worlds, and what nations are supposed to have visited America before Columbus made his great discovery. Out of a great mass of material on this point, I can only notice a very small portion. Some northern writers describe, according to certain manuscripts, the first voyage which the Scandinavians made to America in the tenth and eleventh centuries, under one Bjarna Herjulfson, going from Iceland to Greenland, and sailing along a portion of the eastern coast of America. That Leif, the eldest son of Eric the Red, went in A.D. 1000 to a part of the coast he called Helluland, supposed to be Newfoundland, then to Nova Scotia and Canada, to Vinland, or the land of the vine, which is thought to have been between Cape Sable and Cape Cod. That in 1004 a brother of Eric, Thorwald Ericson, went beyond Cape Cod to the south-east of Boston, and had an encounter with the Skraelings, or Esquimaux, in which he was killed. That in 1007, Thorfinn Karlsfenne and Snorre Thorbrandson, with three vessels, one hundred and sixty men and live stock, passed two winters in Mount Hope Bay, but the Esquimaux drove this party away. That in 1121, the

"On the Indians of Peru," Ethno. Soc. Trans., 1854.

I may refer to one cause, at least, why among some Indian tribes there are people of a lighter colour than others; namely, the stealing of white women from the Spanish settlements, as did the Araucaños of Chile, the Jeveros of Ecuador, and by others.