panem, hic accipit Pastor panem azymum in manus, cumque gratias egit, fregit ac dixit, Accipite, comedite: Hoc est corpus meum quod pro vobis traditur. Hoc facite ad commemora tionem meam. Hic simul praebet Pastor panem ministris qui circum mensam stant, qui protinus cum reverentia illum accipiunt et inter se dividunt ac comedunt. Dum interim Pastor pergit: Similiter, postquam facta fuit coena, accepit et poculum. Hic simul accipit Pastor poculum in manus, gratias egit ac dixit, Bibite ex isto omnes, hic calix novum Testamentum in meo sanguine est. Quotiescunque istud facturi estis, facite ad meam commemorationem. Quotiescunque enim panem hunc comedetis, et de poculo isto bibetis, mortem Domini praedicabitis, laudabitis, et gratias agetis, usquedum veniat.

Post haec circumferunt ministri azymum panem et accipit quisque sua manu particulam de exhibito pane et postea reliquam partem praebet proximo suo. Et si quis non vult panem sua manu contrectare, iam circumferens minister porrigit ei. Deinde sequuntur ministri cum crateribus et praebet alius alii poculum Dominicum. Ne abhorreat tua Maiestas ab isto accipiendi praebendique more, nam deprehensum est saepenumero quod quidam qui temere consederant, qui tamen simultates ac odia prius inter se exercuissent, ex hac participatione sive panis sive potus animi impotentiam deposuerunt.

Iterum legit de suggesto alius minister ex Evangelio Ioannis aliquousque, dum editur ac bibitur sacramentum corporis et sanguinis Domini, incipit autem a tredecimo capite. Cumque crateres omnes sunt reportati, tunc sic infit Pastor: Procumbite in genua. Nam sedentes et tacite auscultantes verbo Domini edimus et bibimus Coenae sacramentum. Cumque omnes procumbunt infit, inquam, Pastor :

Laudate pueri Dominum, Laudate nomen Domini. Diaconus: Sit nomen Domini benedictum ex hoc nunc et usque in saeculum. Hypodiaconus: A solis ortu usque ad occasum, etc. Et sic iterum alternis vicibus finiunt ministri hunc psalmum [cxiii], quem Hebraei perhibent a maioribus suis dici solitum

a mensa.

Post ista adhortatur Pastor ecclesiam his verbis:

Memores sitis, fratres carissimi, quidnam iuxta Christi iussum iam simul gesserimus. Testati sumus enim ista gratiarum actione quam ex fide peregimus, nos miseros quidem esse peccatores sed mundatos corpore et sanguine Christi quae pro nobis tradidit et effudit, sed et redemptos a morte sempiterna. Testati sumus nos fratres esse: id ergo praestemus caritate,

fide et officio mutuo. Oremus ergo Dominum ut amaram eius mortem sic alto pectore teneamus ut quotidie peccatis quidem moriamur, omnibus autem virtutibus sic fulciamur ac crescamus, gratia et munere Spiritus eius, ut nomen Domini in nobis sanctificetur, proximus autem ametur et iuvetur. Dominus misereatur nostri et benedicat nobis, illuminet vultum suum super nos et misereatur nostri, Amen. Oratio. Pastor iterum orat: Gratias agimus tibi, Domine, pro universis donis ac beneficiis tuis, qui vivis ac regnas Deus per omnia saecula saeculorum, Amen.

Pastor Ite in pace, Amen.

Deinde digreditur ecclesia.

No. 207. The Prophesyings.

Brevibus enarrabimus quem ordinem in linguis et prophetia observet, restauratore felicis memoriae H. Zuinglio, ecclesia Tigurina. In primis exturbavit illa Horas, quas vocant Canonicas, cantum quoque linguae peregrinae et theatricam obstreperamque musicam: non quod sacra displiceat lectio aut oratio, illas enim unice restitutas cupit: sed quod plurima in publico coetu cantata ac recitata sunt, quae dogmatis fidei Christianae erant adversa, item quae erant superstitiosa et ad quaestum tantum instituta: denique quod illa quoque, quae ex sacris lecta sunt Bibliis, isto prorsus modo abusuque lecta sunt, quo sciolos Corinthiorum sacra in coetu sancto legisse constat. Omnia itaque semel exturbata sunt, sed in eorum locum utiliora haec reposita.

Principio, quotidie convenitur exoriente sole ad preces et conciones publicas, in quibus et Deus oratur pro his quae temporis ratio ecclesiam orare iubet, et traditur pietas proposito aliquo ex Scripturis loco, qui et vulgari lingua absque omni linguarum involucro explicatur.

Deinde vero, quod linguas ac prophetiam attinet abstrusiorem, ea hora qua prius canebantur Horae Canonicae, nunc quotidie coit coetus doctorum maxime. In eo autem tractantur summa cum diligentia ac reverentia libri Veteris Testamenti. Novi enim Testamenti opuscula indies pro publicis exponuntur concionibus. Ceterum nihil hic temere aut confuse peragitur. Series cum librorum tum capitum observatur, neque aliud incipitur nisi praecedens absolutum sit: immo ne plura quidem

1 By Oswald Myconius, at 3 p.m., in Our Lady's Minster.

praeleguntur quam quae summo cum otio et accurata diligentia proque dignitate rerum et auditorum utilitate explanari queant.

Porro a sacris precibus hic coetus sumit initium. Precantur enim omnes communibus votis omnipotentem et misericordem Deum, cuius verbum lucerna est pedibus nostris et lumen semitarum nostrarum, aperiat et illuminet mentem nostram, ut oracula sua pure et sancte intelligamus, et in illud quod recte intellexerimus transformemur, quo maiestati eius nulla ex parte displiceamus, per C. D. N.

Hoc

Peractis precibus, praelegit adolescens stipendiarius ecclesiae iuxta Vulgatam quam Hieronymi vocant editionem eum locum, ad quem prophetae cursu et ordine devenere interpretandum. Stipendio enim ex aerario ecclesiastico aluntur egregia et bonae spei ingenia, atque in artibus, linguis, et litteris sanctis instituuntur, ut aliquando ecclesiae unde aluntur rependant ac plurimum sanctis ministeriis prosint.... Ubi vero adolescens eum qui tractandus venit locum Latina lingua recitavit, assurgit lector Hebraeus ac Hebraea lingua eundem locum recenset, sparsim eius linguae idiotismos proprietatesque indicans, iam sensum etiam reddens, aliquoties verbum verbo interpretans sed et Grammaticorum et Rabbinorum recitans sententias. muneris pridem Ceporinus,1 nunc summa cum diligentia, eruditione et pietate obit D. Conradus Pellicanus Rubeaquensis,2 vir de linguis, pietate ac litteris optime meritus. Hebraeo succedit lector Graecus, hic Septuaginta interpretum aut quorumcunque tandem sit, versionem Graecam percurrit, cum Hebraeo confert, et quatenus ab illo discrepet ostendit, aliquoties et restituit, ubique advigilat accurate. Hanc provinciam obiit, quoad vixit, ipse Zuinglius. Hac collatione facta versioneque Graecorum interpretata, demum prophetae officio fungitur, qui hactenus praestitit interpretem. Ea enim quae iam Latine, Graece et Hebraice lecta sunt, omni diligentia et summa fide enarrat, indicans quomodo praesens ille locus a priscis sit tractatus scriptoribus, quid de eo senserint Iudaeorum interpretes, quid Catholici, quid verbis sacris consentaneum, quae verborum cohaesio, structura et vis, quae sententiarum maiestas et proprietas, vis et elegantia, quo omnia referenda breviter quis genuinus sensus, item quis usus et fructus huius loci, quomodo ex eo fides, pietas, sanctimonia, iustitia et constantia discenda sit. . . .

Hactenus vero aedificantur linguis et prophetia docti, et qui 1 Jakob von Wisendangen, Prof. of Hebrew at Zürich, 1525-†6. 2 Konrad Kirschner, of Ruffach in Elsass, 1478-†1556, his successor.

Latinae linguae periti sunt. Omnia enim ista Latina peraguntur lingua. Proinde ut ad totam quoque ecclesiam, ad ipsum, inquam, populum promiscuum aliqua redeat utilitas eundem illum locum, quem hactenus tractarunt sacri interpretes et prophetae, pro publica concione plebi exponunt episcopi, proponentes plebi ea quae aedificationis sunt, consolationis et exhortationis. Interim autem, dum sacra ad hunc modum a prophetis interpretibus et episcopis tractantur, tota ecclesia sedet, omnia quae dicuntur diiudicans, id est, tacite apud se expendens, quo pertineant omnia, quis eorum usus ac fructus.1 No. 208. The Council's mandate for Church

going, 10 Aug. 1531.

Whereas the mandate for Church-going put out last year [26 March], 1530, has been badly observed; and people, young and old, men and women, idly wander about hither and thither during sermon-time, on the bridges, down the alleys, by the gates and alongside the moats; therefore our Lords order all persons who have concern and oversight in this matter of church-going and particularly, since need requires it, such as ought always to go from time to time, and hereby earnestly command that every man shall strictly observe the mandate to go to Church on Sundays and Holy-days. And that no man may be able to fraudulently say that he went to another church, it is provided that henceforth the preachers in all the three churches shall begin to preach at one and the same time, convenient to all.

Our Lords further give notice hereby to the numbers of those who are free and well-off that on work-days they frequent the prayers and preaching more diligently and better. They have ordered, and it will henceforth be the rule, that the morning sermon shall take place every day, as hitherto, and that at 8 a.m. for half-an-hour there shall be a discourse and prayer.

*

VIII

THE ANABAPTISTS IN ZÜRICH, 1525-32

The new order had not yet been set up when, 28 Oct. 1523, at the Second Disputation, a radical party made its appearance

Similar Prophesyings' were held at Bern and at Basel. They were the sources of the Reformers' commentaries, and of the Puritan 'prophesyings' in England: for which see G. W. Prothero, Statutes and Documents, 1559-1625, 202 sqq.

(Zuinglii Opera, i. 539: supra, No. 197). They were led by Conrad Grebel, †1526, and Felix Manz, †1527, both Zürichers, and by Balthasar Hubmaier, 1480-+1528, pastor of Waldshut. Their aim was to apply consistently the principle which governed the official reforms, and admit nothing without explicit warrant of Scripture. The baptism of infants has no such warrant; as, on 1 May 1523 [No. 209] Zwingli admitted to Hübmaier (Füsslin, Beyträge, i. 252 sq.; cf. Zuinglii Opera, i. 260). By 5 Sept. 1524, when Grebel and his friends were in correspondence with the revolutionary but never Anabaptist Thomas Münzer, 1490+1525, now near Waldshut, they were not twenty' in number (Cornelius, Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs, ii. 248). But they stood to [No. 210] their opinions (ibid. 245; and Zuinglii Opera, II. i. 338 sq.) so boldly that, after, 17 Jan. 1525, an abortive disputation (Bullinger, i, § 135), on 18 Jan. [No. 211] the Council ordered infant baptism and silenced their leaders (Egli, Nos. 622, 624). Then began [No. 212] Anabaptism by sprinkling or by pouring before 7 Feb., at Zollikon 1 (ibid. No. 636, §§ 1, 2): afterwards, by immersion (Kessler, Sabbata, i. 262) near Schaffhausen : then, Easter 1525, at Waldshut (Egli, No. 911, § 4). On 20 March there was a second disputation (ibid. No. 668); and 'fourteen men and seven women' were thrown into the Witches' Tower... to see if it were possible to turn them from their error' (Bullinger, i, § 145). But, 5 April, they escaped (Egli, No. 691). At last, after, 6 Nov., a third disputation (ibid. No. 853; Bullinger, i, § 163) had proved ineffectual, on 7 March 1526 [No. 213] the Council decreed, as if to suit the penalty to the crime, that Anabaptists should be drowned (Egli, No. 936; Zuinglii Opera, vii. 477). Manz was the first so to suffer, 5 Jan. 1527 (Egli, No. 1109); two countrymen, 23 March 1532, the last (ibid. No. 1829). Meanwhile, a literary warfare broke out. In the treatise of 27 May 1525 On baptism, anabaptism, and infant baptism (Opera, II. i. 230 sqq.), there occurs [No. 214] Zwingli's statement of his position (Opera, tr. R. Gualther, ii. 97 b). Hübmaier replied, 11 July, with The Christian baptism of Believers (see a summary of its argument in Vedder, Balt. Hübmaier, 114 sq.). And the controversy closed with, 31 July 1531, the Refutation of the tricks of the Catabaptists (Opera, iii. 357 sqq., tr. Jackson, Selections from Zwingli, 123 sqq.), where [No. 215] Zwingli gives his account of the movement (Opera, iii. 363 sq.).

No. 209. Hübmaier's evidence, 1525, upon

Zwingli's admissions, 1 May 1523.

In 1523, on Philip and James' day, I conferred with you [Zwingli] in Graben street upon the Scriptures relating to Baptism. Then and there you said I was right in saying that children should not be baptized before they were instructed in 'Ad quintam ab urbe [Zürich] lapidem,' Zuinglii Opera, iii. 365.