RULE 15.

When in a sentence there is no finite verb, but only an infinitive, with a nom. case, expressed or understood, construe such an infinitive like an indicative, the nom. being construed in its proper place.

RULE 16.

When there occur an accusative case and an inf. mood, quod or ut being left out, construe the acc. first, with the word that before it, because it is there virtually a nominative, and should therefore, with its adjuncts, be construed like a nom, before the verb.

RULE 17.

Words in apposition must be construed as near to one another as possible,

RULE 18.

All correspondent words must be construed as near to one another as possible,

RULE 19.

Generally construe every word in any clause you have entered on after the nom. case, before you proceed to another clause; "beginning each clause, as you pass from one to another with the nom. case and verb, if there be such in it, and finishing it according to Rule 1.

RULE 20.

An oblique case, unless it be an adjunct to the nom, should be construed after the verb; and when more obliques than one depend on the same word, construe accusatives before datives, datives before ablatives, and genitives immediately after the words which govern them.

RULE 21.

When sum is put for habeo, the English nominative is expressed in Latin by a dative, and the accusative by a nominative: in this case construe the dative first like a nominative, then the verb, as if declined from habeo, and then the nominative after the verb, like an accusative.

A

RULE 22.

By a very common ellipsis, the verb sum may be understood in any mood or tense; when it is so, it must be supplied in construing, as the sense requires.

RULE 23.

By a most elegant ellipsis, any verb may be understood and inferred by reflection from another verb of like import, actually expressed within the period.

RULE 24.

Adjectives are often elegantly used as adverbs; and are then joined with verbs in the construction, and rendered adverbially.

See R. 25. in an Appendix to Part 1.

GENERA NOMINUM ET TERMINATIONES.

1. F.

Fœmineum a primæ.

2. N.

Um neutrum est. Er, or, os, o, mascula tertiæ habentur. Foeminea impurum s, x, aus, as; fere et es, is; Et verbale in io; et polysyllabon in do vel in go. 3. N.

3.

F.

Hæc sunt omnia neutra, en, ar, ur, t, c, us, e, l, ma.

4. M.

4. N.

5. F.

Us quartæ mas. U neutrum est. Es foemina quintæ.

Note. The characters 1. F. 2. M. &c. shew to what declension and gender the several rules apply; as 1. F. the first declension feminine; and the construing is after this manner; viz. THE GENDERS AND TERMINATIONS Of nouns. -a, a word ending in a, primæ of the first declension, foemineum is feminine.-Us, r que, a word ending in us, or in r, secundæ of the second declension, est is, mas, mascu line.-Um, a word ending in um, est is, neutrum neuter. Er, or, os, o, words ending in er, or, os, o, tertiæ of the third decl. habentur are accounted, mascula masculine. -Foeminea all these are feminine, impurum s. a word ending in s after a consonant; x, aus, as, words ending in

, aus, as; et and, fere commonly, es, is, words ending in es, is; et and, verbale a noun derived from a verb, in io, ending in io; et and, polysyllabon a word of many syllables, in do, ending, &c.

He may name the parts of speech according to his grammar.

2.

3 and 4.

And here some, that are less easy, naming their declensions and conjugations.

He may resolve nominative cases and their verbs by the first concord and what other rules he may have learnt in his grammar applicable to the nom. case, particularly its gender.

6.

He may go on to parse accusative cases governed by verbs; genitive cases, the latter of two nouns; infinitives; adjectives of whatever sort agreeing with nouns in the nom. accus. or gen. cases; always declining such verbs as what participles he parses are derived from, and applying his grammar rules, as far as he has learnt them.

7.

He may account for other oblique cases governed of verbs, and likewise of prepositions: and under Rule 6 here, he may begin to parse the ablative absolute,

In the eighth chapter, he may parse verbs that have no nom. case expressed, and adjectives that have no

nouns expressed, supplying the ellipsis: and here, under Rule 8, he may begin to parse relatives as connected with their antecedents, if he can be made to comprehend that.

9.

Now he may resolve the governments of adjectives; parse nouns of time and place; and observe under Rule 11. how nom. cases, as well as others, follow after certain verbs.

10 and 11.

In parsing the word governed, he may observe how such word, though construed after the word governing it, is commonly and elegantly set before in the Latin: and he should be careful to write so himself in his Latin exercises.

12, 13, and 14.

He may be reasonably expected to resolve any word that occurs in these chapters, particularly in such peculiarities of the Latin idiom as are here exemplified: and these too he should study to imitate in his writings.

N.B. Of what words or sentences the learner is about to parse in Latin, he may, in each chapter, parse first the concise English translation. This will greatly assist him in both languages, by leading him to observe their relative differences and accordances. In this he must compare adjectives and adverbs in the three degrees; note the signs of cases, persons, voices, moods, tenses; their agreements, governments; and decline nouns, pronouns, and verbs, in this or some such manner, viz.

To be

To go

When the Infinitive word predicates (that is, says, affirms, or declares) in any language, as in Latin and Greek it sometimes does, then indeed it is a verb or mood; otherwise it is no verb, no mood, but a noun for the most part, sometimes an adjective, (see note, c. 7. R. 8.) In English the Infinitive never predicates. In English therefore it is never a verb or mood, as it is commonly called, but is for ever a noun, being always the name of an action or condition. And this verbal noun being the root of the verb itself, it may in English be thus premised; though not conveniently so for learners in Latin and Greek, as our Dictionaries and Lexicons are managed.