change this. The space formerly occupied by wall and moat offered the opportunity of laying out parks about the inner city; or, better, of encircling boulevards and promenades, or a series of detached parks surrounding the central part of the city. Münster, Freiburg, Breslau, Hanover, and Würzburg are among those cities which have made such use of the land gained by the destruction of their fortifications. Würzburg has preserved a portion of the old fortifications, and has laid out the grounds well, with artificial fountains, ponds, and waterfalls. One part of this ring of parks furnishes the site for the royal residence, for a church, a school, a courthouse, and other public buildings. Various operations, such as straightening main thoroughfares and cutting new streets through a closely built district, leave small angles which are hardly adapted to building purposes. The excellent opportunity hereby offered for the laying out of small parks is seldom lost. Moreover, the modern street, with its large stores and their show windows, has taken upon itself the functions of the old-time market-place. The latter may, then, well be transformed into a small park, adding to the beauty and healthfulness of the city. Berlin may be mentioned, in this connection, as one example out of the many exhibited. A great many of the German cities are situated on river banks; and it is noticeable that the river fronts are almost always laid out in parks or promenades, for the health and recreation of the people and the beauty of the city. Large parks cannot be allowed to exist in cities when they encroach too much. If they are so situated that they interfere with immediate connection between important quarters of the city, they must be opened to traffic, at least to some extent. For example, the Barmerwald, in Barmen, lies between a new district being developed as a residence neighborhood and the business center. Direct thoroughfares have been laid through it. In the Thiergarten, in Berlin, are to be found canals, roads for traffic vehicles, electric street railways (with underground conduits), and an elevated road. It will be readily recognized that the advantages derived by means of parks and boulevards result also, in some measure, from the activities of the Baupolizei-especially in those districts where

it prescribes gardens for every house. Moreover, there is a plan definitely carried out, of planting trees wherever possible—even in much-frequented streets and squares. The Guentz bequest in Dresden furnishes an example. Cöln, also, sets out trees in the public squares whenever it can be done without hindrance to traffic. Dresden exhibited, further, a system of underground pipes for watering trees in busy streets and squares. The system

has been in use twenty-five years. A total of 10,929 trees are thus watered.

In a very large number of German cities vacant land is parceled out into tiny truck-gardens, which are rented to people who live in the prevalent tenement rows. Flowers and vege

tables are raised. The little summer house, Gartenlaube, which is seldom lacking, is a favorite resort for the family on Sundays and holidays. Kiel has about 325 acres divided into 2,700 such gardens. Where the group of gardens is more pretentious, it often has connected with it children's playgrounds and school gardens the latter cultivated by school children under the general direction of their botany teachers. Such groups were exhibited by Leipzig and by Freiburg. The children of German cities are well provided with sand-piles and playgrounds. In this field München's exhibit was the most telling. She showed a map of the city, which was thickly dotted with playgrounds, some connected with schools and others with small parks.

Berlin

Public baths. An important undertaking of the municipalities is that of providing bathing facilities at small cost. exhibited, among others, its newest and largest establishment, which cost 968,600 marks. Halberstadt showed its establishment, built 1899, at a cost of 300,000 marks, with newest outfitting for tub and shower baths, swimming, hot air, and steam baths. Hannover has plans for a new bathing establishment, to cost 925,000 marks, with three swimming-tanks, tubs, steam baths and air baths. Lübeck showed plans of the municipal sea baths at Travemünde. Barmen spent 364,000 marks, in 1901-2, for rebuilding her baths. She now has shower, tub, hot-air, swimming electric-light, and sun baths. Freiburg has converted an unused gas reservoir into a swimming tank. The water is

supplied from the cooling apparatus of the neighboring gas-works. The operating expenses are naturally very low; and baths cost only 5 pfennigs (14 cents). In the years 1897-1901 a bathing establishment costing 1,700,000 marks was built in München, on the Karl Müller foundation. It is magnificently furnished in palatial style; indeed, it may seem almost too imposing for a Volksbad. It is evident that "the best is good enough for the people;" and this is gratifying, if the privileges can be offered at people's prices. Gelsenkirchen expended 625,000 marks in 1902-3 to build a bathing establishment with two swimming tanks, hot-air and steam baths, and the usual tub and shower baths. River baths abound-usually inexpensive floating bath houses, where the fee is inconsiderable. The use of these is, of course, restricted to the warm weather season; but they are exceedingly popular.

Public conveniences.-Public lavatories, so generally lacking in American cities, are almost universal in German cities. Of those located under ground the best were exhibited by Aachen, Wandsbeck, and Essen. Quite as unobjectionable, where there is not a lack of space, are the artistic little buildings, in the characteristic Nürnberg style, which Nürnberg exhibited. Augsburg, Halle, and Breslau showed buildings which are ornamental features of the squares and parks where they are located, as their architecture conforms to that of other buildings about them, or to their natural environment.

Water supply. Some municipalities own and control their water-works; and others are served by companies which have franchises from the municipality. The principal differences to be noted rest upon the various sources of the water supply, dependent upon differing local conditions, München is supplied with water from springs in a large forest reserve lying well above the city. The water from this, the largest spring-water supply in Germany, flows, by force of gravity, through two walled canals to a reservoir, 62 meters above the city level, from which it is distributed by gravity pressure. Aachen obtains water from a novel source. A lack of adequate springs has led her to mine for water. A gallery 2,318 meters long, 11⁄2 m. wide, and 2 m. high