AIGUILLES, granitic peaks in the
Alps, how formed, 81, 90.
Alcyonites, fossil alcyonia, nearly
resembling sponges, the pro-
duction and habitation of poly-
pi, 271.

Alluvial depositions, 15, 422, 436.
Alpnach coal, contains teeth and

bones of the mastodon, 303,465.
Alternation of marine and fresh-
water formations, 300; hypo-
theses respecting them, 328.
Alumine or Clay, 48.
Alum shale, 265–268.
Ammonite, or Cornu Ammonis,
(provincially snakestone,) a fossil
chambered shell, supposed to
resemble the closely coiled
ram's horns on the head of Jupiter
Ammon; twenty species of this
shell found in lias, 263.
Amphibole; see Hornblende.
Amygdaloid, 190, 210.
Amygdaloidal, 59.

Basalt, description of, 188; varie-
ties of, and its passage into phe-
nolite, pitchstone, and obsidian,
189; its connection with por-
phyry, sienite, and granite, 190;
caps of basalt, 201; columnar
basalt of the Hebrides and the
north of Ireland, 202, 204; ba-
salt of Iceland, 206; of Auvergne,
207, 358, 359; coral in basalt,
208; imbedded basalt, 209; al-
ternation of with limestone, 210;
experiments on, 212; igneous,
origin of, 215; Werner's theory
of, 217.

Basaltic dykes, 191, 198, 200.
Basin, Paris, strata of, 297; fossil
remains in, 310, 315, 323.
Belemnite, a round straight cham-
bered shell, frequently about the
size of a finger, but tapering to
a point; from the Greek Be-
lemnon, a round arrow-head,
Bi263, 270.

sum.

Animals, division of, by Cuvier, into

radiated, articulated, moluscous,
and vertebrated, Chap. II. 35.
Anthracite, a species of coal that

burns without smoke, 160, 170.
Atlantades, 478.

Augite, 120, 188; one of the prin-

cipal component minerals in dark
lava and basalt, 377.
Auvergne, geology of, 358, 365.
Azores, forty-two volcanoes in the,
349.

rds, bones of, rarely found fossil,
41; in Stonesfield slate, 275,
276, 311, 462.

Bitumen, 162; in the volcanic tufa
of extinct volcanoes, 364, 369.
Black-lead mine, Borrowdale, 494.
Blocks of granite and other primary

rocks on calcareous mountains,
and in valleys, 89--97, 433.
Blue John, or Fluor Spar, mine of,
402.

Boiling springs, 354; see Thermal

Waters.

Cader Idris, columnar trap-rock
on, 205.

Calcaire grossier, fossil remains
in, 298, 303, 304.
Calcaire siliceux, 310.

Calcaire alpin, observations on,
227.

Calcareous tufa, 443.
Calcareous sandstone of Austra-
lasia, and of Cornwall and Gua-
daloupe, 452.

Carbon, 50, 161; in volcanic pro-
ducts, 369.

Cardona in Spain, salt formation
at, 252.

Carnivorous quadrupeds, fossil re-
mains of, most abundant in ca-
verns, 459.
Caverns in transition or mountain

limestone, 139; how formed, 140.
Caverns with bones of carnivorous
animals in Germany and Hun-
gary, 459, 460; at Kirkdale in
Yorkshire, Professor Buckland's
discoveries in, 461, 463; subsi-
dence of their roofs, 464; ca-
vern in Derbyshire containing
the entire skeleton of an ele-
phant, 465.

Cawk, or Sulphat of Barytes, 410.
Central Fire, observations on, 75,
381.

Cetaceous animals of the whale fa-
mily, rarely fossil, 41; in Italy,
319.
Chalk. Upper, lower, and middle

thickness of the strata in En-
gland and France, 288; chalk
with flints, 288, 289; sometimes
intermixed with siliceous sand,

289; some chalk contains mag-
nesia, 289; characters by which
magnesian chalk may be distin-
guished, 289; on the constant
occurrence of flint in chalk, 290,
291; fossils in chalk, 292; loca-
lities of chalk, 292.
Charnwood Forest, granite of, more
ancient than that of the Alps,222;
sandstone of, 241; sienitic rocks
of, 245; hills, geology of, 500,
502.

Cheshire, rock-salt of, 249.
Chimborasso, 95; formation of tra-
chyte on, 365.

Chlorite, 54; in the granite of the
Alps, 89; chlorite slate, 129; see
Talcous Slate.
Classification of rocks, 10; of ani-
mals, by Cuvier, 35; of shells,
defects in, 44, 83.

Clay, or Alumine, 48, 189.
Clay-stone, 189; of Braid Hill, re-
bles trachyte, 373.

Cleavage of slate, mistaken for
stratification, 128.

Clermont in Auvergne, 358.
Cleveland Basalt Dyke, 197; hills,
276.

Clinkstone, or Phonolite, 377.
Coal Formation, the strata which
compose it, contain almost ex-
clusively fossil vegetable re-
mains, 147; strata under the
regular coal formation, 147, 148,
170; imperfect coal formations,
171;
coal formations in various
parts of the world, 176, 177.
Coal, mineral, varieties of, 148,
149.

Coal-fields, or Coal-basins, of limit-
ed extent, 149-152; deranged
by faults, 153; coal mines, 155;
an elucidation of the structure of
coal-basins, 157; ironstone ac-
companying coal strata, 159;
great coal-field in South Wales,
151, 181; coal-fields in England
and Wales enumerated, 496, 498.
Coal, origin of, 161, 163, 165,

168; conversion of vegetable
matter into coal, 168, 170; coal
of Alpnach, containing bones

and teeth of the mastodon, 173;
search for coal, how it should
be made, 174, 175; on the pe-
riod when the coal of England
will be exhausted, 178.
Cols, or Passages in the Alps, 81;
height of, 527.
Columnar structure, 62, 205.
Compact structure, 59.
Comparative Anatomy, its impor-
tance in Geology, 315.
Conchology, defects in the classi-
fication, 44.

Conformable position, 67, 73.
Conglomerate, rounded masses of
rock in sand or clay, 132; sepa-
rates slate from transition lime-
stone in Denbighshire, 491; in
Cumberland, 493; conglomerate
of trachyte, 376.
Coral rag, 271.

Coral rocks formed by zoophytes,
36, 115, 271, 452.
Cordier, his mechanical analysis of
lava, 377.

Cotemporaneous formations, 222,
227.

Crag of Norfolk, 320; fossil re-

mains in, 321.
Craters, elevation of, 345.
Crocodiles, fossil remains of in
oolite, 270; at Tilgate Forest,
281; at Highgate and Islington,
306.

Cross courses, 405.

Cross Fell in Cumberland, 492,
493.

Crust of the globe, comparative
thickness of, 6, 185, 388.
Crystals, of the same mineral, as-
sume different forms in different
districts, 417.

Cuvier, Baron, his classification of
animals, 35-39; new animals
discovered by him, 297, 312—
314; his observations on the
structure of fossil animals, 415,
418.

Daubeny, Dr., on the geology of
Sicily, 210.

Density of the earth, 4.
Denudation, what, 473.

Diabase, or Greenstone, 120.
Diableret mountains, fossil re-
mains in, 225.

Diallage, crystallized serpentine,
116; in Cornwall, 487; in Rad-
norshire, 490.

Diluvial agency, 473, 476.
Diluvial deposits, 15, 422; fossil
bones in, 453-458.
Disintegration of rocks, 421.
Dolerite, 120.
Dolomite, 57, 237.

Dome-shaped mountains in Au-
vergne, their origin, 364.
Dragon, flying, fossil remains of,
234.

Droitwich, rock-salt of, 251.
Druses, 399.

Dudley, transition limestone of,

135.
Dudley, basalt of, 212; geology
of, 505.
Dye-earth, 136.

Earthquakes and Volcanoes, their
connection, 331; distance at
which earthquakes are felt, 332;
affect distant springs and wells,
332; frequency at particular pe-
riods, 335; at Lisbon in 1759,
its effects, 336; more powerful
in mines than on the surface,
338; at Chili, effects and extent
of, 104, 105.

Earths of which rocks are princi-
pally composed, 47, 48.
Eboulements, what, 424.
Echinites, fossil Echini seldom
found below the oolite lime-
stone, 271; characteristic of
chalk, 291.

Echinus, a sea urchin, pl. Echini.
Elephants, fossil remains of, 453,
458, &c.

Elks, fossil remains of, in Ireland,
457.

Elvan, of Cornwall, 122.
Encrinites, sometimes called En-

trochi; fossil zoophytes with a
round and jointed stem, and
round and jointed arms, or
branches, surrounding the
mouth, which when closed bear

a resemblance to a lily, a cap, or
a turban, &c., hence called the
lily encrinite, the cap encrinite,
&c.; common in transition lime-
stone, 137.
Escarpments of mountains, 79.
Euphemia, engulphed by an earth-
quake, 332.

Eurite, finely granular, or compact
Felspar, 101.

Fair Head, basaltic columns of, 203.
Faults; see Dykes.
Faulty ground, 156.
Felspar, 52, 87.
Fire-damp, 176.

Fish thrown out during volcanic
eruptions, 353.

Fish, fossil remains of, 311; see
Magnesian Limestone, Lias, &c.
Flint, in and under chalk, 288; its
origin, 290.
Flinty slate, 130.

Floetz rocks of Werner, 233.
Fluan, (a term used by miners,)
405.

Fluor-spar mine, 402.
Fontainebleau sandstone, 319.
Forest marble, 272.
Formations, 65.

Fossil organic remains, called also
Extraneous fossils and petrifac-
tions; see Chap. II. et passim.
Freestone; see Oolite.
Freshwater formations, indications
of their occurrence in the regular
coal formation, 165, 167; in the
strata between the upper oolite
and the green-sand below chalk,
279-285; observations on the
alternations of freshwater and
marine formations, 327, 329.
Freshwater limestone, 322, 326;
formed in recent lakes, 445.
Fuller's earth, 272.

Galt, 287.

Geodes, in green-sand, 286.
Geognosy, 3.

Geology, derivation of the word, 2;
speculative, 3.

Geology of England and Wales,
483;
the principal mountain
range on the western side of the

island denominated the Great
Alpine Chain, 484; divided into
three groups or ranges: the
Devonian range, 485; mineral
treasures of, 489. The Cam-
brian range, 489; mountains of,
490; principal mineral treasures
of, 491. The Northern range,
extent of, 491. Structure of the
calcareous mountains explained
by a section of England, 492;
mountains surrounding the
lakes, 494; branch from the
northern range extending into
Derbyshire, 495. These three
ranges comprise the Alpine di-
stricts. The middle district, coal-
fields in it enumerated, 495-
498; this district in some parts
covered by red marle and sand-
stone containing rock-salt and
brine springs, 499. Primary
rocks and ancient trap rocks ap-
pear in the middle district, 499;
at Charnwood Forest, 500, 504;
in Warwickshire, 504; Glouces-
tershire, Somersetshire, 506,
507. The upper calcareous di-
strict contains no beds of good
coal nor any metallic veins, 507.
Magnesian limestone bordering
the coal strata, extent of, 507.
Lias limestone, extent and du-
ration of through England, 508,
509.

Oolite limestone, range

of through England, and its ab-
rupt termination, 509, 510;
strata between the oolite and
chalk, 510. Chalk, extent of in
England, 511. Tertiary forma-
tions covering chalk, 511, 512;
alluvial and diluvial depositions,
512; subterranean and subma-
rine forests, 513; thermal wa-
ters of England, 514; Obser-
vations on the total thick-
ness of the different rock forma-
tions of England, 516, 517; on
coal districts concealed by upper
calcareous strata, 517; on the
cause which prevented the
further extension of the oolite
and lias to the north-west, 519.
Giant's Causeway, 202.

Glentilt in Scotland, peculiarities

of the granite there, 99.
Globular structure, 62; in basalt,
explained, 214.

Gneiss or Slaty granite, 108; alter-
nates with and passes into com-
mon granite and into mica-slate,
109.

Gold, where found in England,
396, 418.
Granite, composition of, 86; varie-
ties of, 88-90; localities of, 91
-97; granite veins in slate, 97;
vertical beds of, in the Alps,
224; different ages of, 225;
granite, passage of into sienite,
porphyry, and basalt, 191; bears
a near affinity to ancient volcanic
products, 385.

Granite of England, more ancient
than that of the Alps, 222.
Granite, scattered blocks of, 97,
433.

Granite veiné, 109.

Granite, secondary, observations
on, 100, 101.

Gravel, 422, 423; beds of, scatter-
ed on the summits of detached
hills, 476, 513; organic remains
in, 457.

Gray wethers, 318.

Green-sand formation, 285; fos-

sil remains in, 287.
Greenstone, a rock composed of
hornblende and felspar, the dia-
base of the French, 120; some-
times called trap, 143; sienitic
greenstone, 187.
Gres ancien, 242; rouge, 242;
des Vosges, 242; bigarré, 242;
ferrugineux, 285; à lignites,
321.

Greywacke, 131; passes into the

old red sandstone, 132; its place
sometimes supplied by conglo❘
merate, 132.
Greywacke slate, 131, &c.
Gryphite, a fossil bivalve shell, the
lower valve deeply curved, the
upper flat, 263.
Gypsum, 57; accompanies rock-
salt, 256; and is always anhy-
drous in the Alps when first ex-
posed, 258; observations on,

|

259; Paris gypsum and gyp-
seous marle, 311.

Halifax, the Rev. R., on the lias and

oolite of Leckhampton Hill, 267.
Hall, Sir James, his experiments to
explain the formation of basalt,
213; to convert chalk into mar-
ble, 215; to form sandstone, 389;
his theory on the formation of
valleys, 474.

Hampstead Heath marine sand,
319.
Hartshill, quartz rock of, 246.
Hastings sand, or iron-sand, 280;
fossil remains in, 281.
Height of mountains, table of; see
Appendix.

Helix. Helicites, fossil shells of
the snail genus Helix Janthina,
230.
Highnam Park, lias limestone,
267.

High Stile, crater in, 192.
Himmaleh mountains, the highest
in the world, 95; fossil bones of
horses and deer brought down
from them by avalanches, 478.
Hippopotamus, fossil remains of,

454.

Hone or Whetstone slate, 129.
Honeycomb limestone of Sunder-
land, 238.
Hornblende,55,119,143; slate,119.
Hornstone, or Petrosilex, 130.
Hot springs; see Thermal Waters.
Humboldt, account of the formation
of new islands, 75; on subterra-
nean fire under primary rocks,
104 and 343, 344, 345; and on
the extent of volcanic fire, 356.
Huttonian or Plutonian theory re-

specting metallic veins, 408; on
the formation of valleys, 468.
Hydrogen gas evolved from volca-
noes, 370.

Hyenas, bones of, found in caverns,
462.