taught rhetoric at Rome with so much reputation, that he had the honour of a public statue, set up in Trajan's foruma. Ind the preface to his Commentary upon the epistle to the Galatians, Jerom again speaks of the above-mentioned Commentary upon the apostle Paul; and he represents Victori nus as a very indifferent interpreter of scripture. 3. Some have thought that Jerom studied rhetoric under Victorinus; but as Jerom says nothing of it, though he had a fair occasion, when he mentions Victorinus in his Chronicle, it is more probable, that he never was his scholar. 4. I choose to place at the bottom of the page a part of what Augustine writes concerning this illustrious convert: That after having long been an idolater, and taught rhetoric at Rome with great applause, and had his statue erected in the Roman forum, he in his old age embraced, and made open profession of, the christian religion, at a time when the greatest part of the Roman nobility were heathens. He particularly observes, that by reading the scriptures Victorinus had been convinced of the truth of the christian religion. He moreover says, thats when the emperor Julian published his edict forbidding christians to teach grammar and rhetoric, and other branches of polite literature, Victo d Non quod ignorem Caium Marium Victorinum, qui Romæ pueros rhetoricam docuit, edidisse commentarios in apostolum; sed quod occupatus ille eruditione secularium literarum scripturas omnino sanctas ignoraverit. Et nemo potest, quamvis eloquens, de eo bene disputare quod nesciat. Pr. in Galat. T. iv. p. 222. e Vid. Fabr. not. (c) ad Hieron. de. V. I. c. 101. f Ubi autem commemoravi legisse me quosdam libros Platonicorum, quos Victorinus quondam Rhetor urbis Romæ quem christianum defunctum esse audieram, in Latinam linguam transtulisset, gratulatus est mihi. [Simplicianus.] —Deinde, ut me exhortaretur ad humilitatem Christi.--Victorinum ipsum recordatus est, quem, Romæ cum esset, familiarissime noverat. Deque illo mihi narravit, quod non silebo.Quemadmodum ille doctissimus senex, et omnium liberalium doctrinarum peritissimus: quippe philosophorum tam multa legerat, et dijudicaverat et dilucidaverat, doctor tot nobilium senatorum, qui etiam ob insigne præclari magisterii, quod cives hujus mundi eximium putant, statuam in Romano foro meruerat et acceperat, usque ad illam ætatem venerator idolorum, sacrorumque sacrilegorum particeps, quibus tunc tota fere Romana nobilitas inflata, inspirabat populo jam et omnigenûm deum deorum monstra, -quæ iste senex Victorinus tot annos ore terricrepo defensitaverat, non erubuerit esse puer Christi tui.- -Legebat, sicut ait Simplicianus, sanctam scripturam, omnesque christianas literas investigabat studiosissime et perscrutabatur. Et dicebat Simpliciano, non palam, sed secretius et familiarius: Noveris me esse christianum, &c. Aug. Confess. 1. viii. c. 2. n. 1. et 2. T. i. Postea quam vero et illud addidit, quod imperatoris Juliani temporibus lege datâ prohibiti sunt christiani docere literaturam et oratoriam; quam legem ille amplexus loquacem scholam deserere maluit, quam verbum tuum quo linguas infantum facis disertas. Ibid. c. 4. n. 10. rinus shut up his school, rather than purchase a liberty of teaching by compliances unbecoming a christian. All which Augustine had been informed of by Simplician, bishop of Milan, who was well acquainted with Victorinus, and had often seen him at Rome, and was a principal instrument of persuading him to an open profession of the christian religion, if not of his conversion. 5. The books against the Arians, mentioned by Jerom, are still extant. Beside which, we have also a letter or treatise against the Manichees, and some other small tracts, written in the same style, and generally reckoned works of Victorinus. And his Commentaries upon St. Paul's epistles, upon some of them at least, are supposed to be still in being in manuscript, in some libraries; but they have not been yet published. 6. I shall now observe a few things, chiefly taken out of the books against the Arians, which, as we now have them, are four in number. 7. Most of the books of the New Testament are here frequently quoted, particularly the Acts of the Apostles, the epistle to the Hebrews, and the Revelation. m 8. He several times quotes the epistle to the Ephesians, with that title. 9. He says, that" Paul in all his epistles does nothing else but bear testimony to Christ; and that to him alone Christ appeared after his ascension. 10. He says, that the Holy Ghost may be not unfitly styled the mother of Jesus. He has diversP other expressions relating to the doctrine of the Trinity, which are not agreeable to the apprehensions of learned divines of late h Apud Bib. PP. T. iv. p. 253, &c. Et in Actis Apostolorum et ipse [Petrus] et Lucas, qui scripsit de iis. Adv. Arian. 1. iii. p. 280. B. * Lectum apud Paulum ad Hebræos de Christo. Adv. Ar. 1. ii. p. 272. G. et passim. Item in Apocalypsi ipse dixit: ⚫ Ét habeo claves mortis et inferi.' l. iii. p. 280. C. m ipse ad Ephesios. 1. iii. p. 280. C. " Paulus tamen in omnibus epistolis suis quid aliud agit, nisi de Christo testimonium dicit? Et post abscessum Christi solus Christum vidit, et soli apparuit. L. iii. p. 280. A. • Natus est Filius, Aoyoç qui sit, hoc est vita virtute patriâ, generante intelligentiâ, hoc est quod esse omnium quæ sunt veluti æternum fontem. Non fallatur ergo, si quis subintellexerit Sanctum Spiritum matrem esse Jesu. L. i. P 270. B. P Pater ergo, Filius, Spiritus Sanctus Deus, Aoyoç Пapakλŋтos, unum sunt, quod substantialitas, vitalitas, beatitudo, silentium: sed apud se loquens silentium, verbum, verbi verbum. Quid etiam est voluntas Patris, nisi silens Verbum? Hoc ergo modo cum Verbum Pater sit, et Filius Verbum, id est, sonans Verbum. atque operans. L. iii. p. 278. A. times. Nor indeed is he very intelligible: but he seems to say that the Word silent is the Father, or, the will of the Father; and the word speaking, or operating, is the Son. Which may induce some to recollect what was said formerly of Sabellianism, in the chapter of Dionysius bishop of Alexandria. CHAP. XCV. APOLLINARIUS, BISHOP OF LAODICEA. I. His time and history. II. His works, particularly his Commentaries upon the scripture, and his writings in the defence of the christian religion. III. His peculiar opinions in the latter part of his life. IV. His works relating to those opinions. V. Scriptures received by him. VI. His character. I. SAYS Jerom, in his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers: • Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea in Syria, son of a presby*ter of the same name, in his younger days employed himself chiefly in grammatical studies. Afterwards he published ' innumerable volumes upon the holy scriptures, and died in the time of the emperor Theodosius. His thirty books against Porphyry are still extant, and are esteemed the 'most valuable of all his works.' 6 Apollinarius is placed by Cave as flourishing about the year 370; but Tillemont thinks he was bishop of Laodicea in 362, at the latest. For certain, I think, he may be reckoned to have flourished in the time of the emperor Julian, and afterwards. It has been questioned whether Apollinarius ever was bishop; but Tillemont, Basnage, and some others, are e a See Vol. ii. ch. xliii. num. vii. Apollinarius, Laodicenus Syriæ episcopus, patre presbytero, magis grammaticis in adolescentiâ operain dedit. Et postea in sanctas scripturas innumerabilia scribens sub Theodosio Imperatore obiit. Exstant ejus adversus Porphyrium triginta libri, qui inter cætera ejus opera vel maxime probantur. De V. I. cap. 104. H. L. T. i. p. 250. d Ubi supra. Les Appollinaristes. Art v. Mem. T. vii. * Ann. 364. n. xi. Vid. Cav. ubi supr. Du Pin, Bib. des Aut. Ec. T. ii. p. 125 and 127. h clear that he obtained that dignity in the church as is said by Jerom in the chapter just transcribed, and also in his Chronicle, and by Rufinus in his Ecclesiastical History. He died in the reign of Theodosius, as Jerom said just now; and probably not long after the beginning of it, in 382, or soon after. For Epiphanius, in 376 or 377, calls him an old man, and a venerable old man: and Suidas says, that he lived in the time of Constantius, and Julian the apostate, to the reign of Theodosius the great, being contemporary with Basil and Gregory, those admirable men of Cappadocia, with whom also be was acquainted. k Apollinarius the father, as we learn from' Socrates, was an Alexandrian. From thence he went to Berytus, where he taught Greek learning: after that he removed to Laodicea, and married, still continuing to teach grammar. Here likewise he was made presbyter, and his son reader; who, as we suppose, was at length ordained bishop of that city. And moreover, it is observed by ecclesiastical writers, that the elder Apollinarius and his son were both intimate with Epiphanius, an heathen sophist at Laodicea; and the son studied under him. Suidas adds, that he was acquainted with Libanius. m II. As Jerom in the chapter already transcribed says, that Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, published many volumes upon the scriptures, and in another place reckons him among those who had left monuments of their diligence in studying the scriptures; I am led, agreeably to my design, to give an account of his works. Moreover, we perceive, that Jerom, when young, often heard Apollinarius preach at Antioch; and he seems to have been then well pleased with his explications of the scriptures, though he did not Chr. p. 186. b. Ruf. H. E. 1. ii. cap. 20. * Ο πρεσβύτης, και σεμνοπρεπης, κ. λ. Η. 77. n. ii. p. 996. γεροντα. k lb. n. xxvi. p. 1031. ΤΟΥ γεγονως ἐν ἡμεραις Κωνσαντις και Ιελιανε το παραβάτε, και έως της αρχης Θεοδοσια τε μεγάλε, συνχρονος Βασίλειε και Γρηγορίς, των εκ Καππαδοκιας θαυμαζομενων. Εγενετο δε γνώριμος αμφοτέρων, και Λιβάνιο, και άλλων τινών. Suid. V. Απολλινάριος. Socr. 1. ii. cap. 46. Διδασκαλῳ δε αυτῳ m Socr. ibid. Sozom. 1. vi. cap. 25. χρώμενος Απολλινάριος, οτι γαρ νεος ην. • See before, note. * n Soz. ib. p. 672. Α. P Quod e contrario de Theodoro, Acacio, Apollinario possumus dicere. Et tamen omnes in explanationibus scripturarum sudoris sui nobis memoriam reliquerunt. Ad Minerv. et Alex. ep. 152. Vid. T. iv. P. i. p. 220. Dum essem juvenis, miro discendi ferebar ardore-Apollinarium Laodicenum audivi Antiochiæ frequenter, et colui. Et quum me in sanctis scripturis erudiret, nunquam illius contentiosum dogma suscepi. Ep. 40. al. 64. Ad Pamm. et Ocean. T. iv. P. 2. p. 342. approve of every thing said by him. His Apology for the Christian Religion against Porphyry affords another reason, why I should give a more distinct account of this author's works, than I do of most others of so late an age. 1. The emperor Julian, in the year 362, published an edict forbidding the christians to teach the Greek learning, or reading, or read their authors. At this time, says Socrates, the two Apollinarii before mentioned were very useful to the christians: the elder wrote a grammar in a christian form, and put the books of Moses into heroic verse, and all the other books of the Old Testament into various kinds of metre, used by the Greek poets. The younger, who was an excellent writer, put the gospels and the apostolical doctrine into dialogues, after the manner of Plato. 2. Sozomen, without ascribing any works to the father, says of Apollinarius of Syria, that" employing his extensive learning and happy genius suitably to the occasion, for supplying to christians the want of Homer, he wrote the Jewish Antiquities to the reign of Saul, in four and twenty books, giving to each book the name of a Greek letter, as Homer had done. He also wrote comedies in imitation of Menander, tragedies in imitation of Euripides, and lyric poems after the manner of Pindar, still taking his subjects from the sacred scriptures. To these works, as well as to some other, Jerom may be supposed to refer, when he says in his Chronicle; at this time Apollinarius bishop of Laodicea, composes many writings relating to our religion. Among the poems of Gregory Nazianzen is a tragedy, entitled Xpiros αXV, Christ suffering: which some supposed to have been written by Apollinarius. Others think that opinion to be without foundation, and that it is neither Gregory's nor -Apollinarius's." 3. Beside these, we can trace out from ancient writers, particularly from Jerom, commentaries of Apollinarius upon most parts of scripture. 4. He wrote, as we learn from Jerom, a' Commentary upon Vid. Pagi Ann. 362. n. xxxix. Ib. p. 187. Socr. 1. iii. c. 16. · Ὁ δε νεωτερος Απολλινάριος, εν προς το λεγειν παρεσκευασμενος, τα ευαγγέλια, και τα αποςολικά δόγματα, εν τοπῳ δια λόγων εξέθετο, καθα και Πλατων παρ' Έλλησιν. κ. λ. "Soz. 1. v. c. 18. p. 623. Apollinarius, Laodicenus episcopus, multimoda religionis nostræ scripta Ap. Gregor. Naz. Cav. H. L. p. 248. De Greg. Naz. Tillem. Mem. T. ix. componit. Chr. p. 186. W Opp. T. ii. p. 253–298. * Basnag. Ann. 390. n. x. S. Greg. Naz. art. 110. 2 -et maxime in explanatione Psalmorum, quos apud Græcos interpretati sunt multis voluminibus, primus Origenes, secundus Eusebius Cæsariensis, tertius Theodorus Heracleotes, quartus Asterius Scythopolitanus, quintus Apollinarius |