Remarks.-1. For the sake of emphasis the verb do is used as an auxiliary in the present and past tenses with the infinitive; also in the imperative; as,

2. Do is sometimes used when shall or should is omitted; as, "If thou do repent." Sometimes also when may is omitted; as,

nakedness do not appear."-Rev. iii, 18.

EXERCISES.

1. Conjugate the following verbs:

That the shame of thy

Attack, defeat, comprehend, interpose, learn, wish, play, follow.

2. Name the first person singular of each tense of the indicative of the following verbs, the second person of the imperative, and the infinitive and the participles:

Paint, gather, look, try, succeed, intermit, reply, multiply.

3. In what mood, tense, number, and person is each of the following verbs? I have loved. John walked. We learn. They have succeeded. I shall form. You have defeated. They will have completed. Learn thou. Thou hast waited. Ye have complied. Wait ye. Thou hadst intended. I had expected. George will learn. God forbid.

2. Be, or be thou, or do thou be.

PLURAL.

2. Be, or be ye, or be you.

COMPLETE WITH THE LESS USUAL FORMS.

Remarks.-1. The great irregularity in the conjugation of this verb results from the fact that it has been derived from more than one source, one form being derived from one Anglo-Saxon verb, and another from a different one. Thus part of it is derived from wesan and part from beon, both signifying to be. Other parts are derived from other sources.

2. Be and beest were formerly used in the present; as, "We be twelve brethren." Gen. xlii, 32. "There be of protestants."-Milton. "Thus much we all know and confess, that they be not of the highest nature."-Bacon. "If thou beest he."Milton. "I think it be thine, indeed."-Shakespeare.

3. This form of the present is sometimes, though seldom, used by modern authors after if, though, etc.; as, "If he be a knave, I am deceived; that is, if he is. Ordinarily, when be is used after if, though, etc., it is in the infinitive, shall, should, etc., being understood; as, "If he be detected, he will be punished;" that is, if he should be.

4. This verb has not the emphatic forms of the present and past tenses.

5. It has been observed (page 77) that the past tense of verbs in general is enployed in suppositions referring to present time when the thing supposed does not exist; as, "If ye loved me, ye would keep my commandments;" "If I had a pen, I would write." To express suppositions of this kind this verb has were and wert instead of was and wast. If I was refers to past time and leaves it uncertain whether I was or was not; If I were refers to present time and implies that I am not; as, "If I were you, I would do that." This conditional form is found in the singular number only, suppositions of this kind being expressed in the plural by the common form.

Were and wert, as has been stated, belonged originally to the past tense in a particular dialect of the Anglo-Saxon language. Many English writers have used wert as the second person singular of the common past tense; as, "Before the heavens thou wert."-Milton. "Whate'er thou art or wert."-Byron. "Remember what thou wert."-Dryden. "I knew thou wert not slow to hear."-Addison. "All this thou wert."-Pope.

6. Were is often used for would be, and had been for would have been.

EXERCISES.

In what mood, tense, number, and person is each of the following verbs? I have been. Be thou. He is. We shall have been. I shall be. Thou art. He was. They had been. Be you. We have been. Be we. If I were. If thou wert.

PASSIVE VOICE.

The passive voice is formed by using the passive participle with the verb to be.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO LOVE IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.

2. Be loved, or be thou loved. 2. Be loved, or be you loved.

How is the passive voice formed?

Remarks.-1. The passive voice being nothing more than the verb to be with the passive participle, the remarks under to be apply to the passive.

2. Certain intransitive verbs have sometimes the form of the passive voice, without being passive in sense: "He is gone;" "The Lord is risen indeed." These do not admit after them the name of the agent with the preposition by, as transitive verbs in the passive voice do.

Thus, we may say, "James is loved by John;" but not "James is gone by John." "James has gone," and "James is gone," both represent James as having done something, and not as having had something done to him. Has gone refers more particularly to the action of going, and is gone to the state of being absent.

EXERCISES.

1. Conjugate the following verbs in the passive voice:

Follow, pain, admit, carry, permit, advise, examine.

2. Name the first person singular of all the tenses of the indicative in the passive voice of the following verbs, the second person of the imperative, together with the infinitive and the participles.

Attend, persuade, remove, instruct, convince, appease.

3. In what voice, mood, tense, number, and person is each of the following verbs? Darius was defeated. You have been deceived. I have been loved. They were arrested. The letter has been written. Darkness will have disappeared. Thou wilt be envied. The time has come. The grass

has been cut. The mower had cut the grass. They had detected John. John had been detected. They will have completed the work. The work has been completed. Hallowed be thy name.

Thy kingdom come. Stand we to defend our rights. With virtue be we armed. Fall not that curse upon us. Rise we by morning light. Be this our motto. Go from thy native land. Come unto the yellow sands. Read this letter carefully.

Take this my parting gift. Be warned by his fate. such company. Cease to do evil. Learn to do good. march toward Birnam.

Go not into

Make we our