active in sense; and intransitive verbs, which have no passive participle, have the auxiliary perfect participle; as, "I have gone, I have been, I have risen." 5. The term auxiliary, as applied to this participle, has no reference to the relative importance of the verb to have and this participle, but merely denotes that this form is one of the elements of the perfect tense. 6. The passive participle is often incorrectly called the perfect participle. (See page 80.) 7. The signification of some verbs is such that the passive participle in some forms of expression denotes completed action; as, "The house is emptied;" "The house is built," "The letter is written." In such instances the action can not be represented as received without being represented as completed. So far as the completion of the action is concerned, "The house is built" is equivalent to "The house has been built;" but the former sentence denotes an existing state rather than a completed action. The name of the agent can not be expressed when this form is used to denote an existing state. Thus when we wish merely to denote the finished state of the house we do not say, "The house is built by John." When we say, 66 Houses are built by mechanics," or "Every house is built by some man, we do not express existing states but general truths. EXERCISES. 1. In the place of each of the following blanks put a word of the form indicated at the beginning of each paragraph: IMPERFECT INFINITIVE. (Sign to.) I wish.... I desire. . . . my lesson. . . . . is pleasant. Florence wishes....German. Ella expects. to the country. The boat is expected .. at four o'clock. I hope . you in Madison. Are you willing. .... with us? I am glad. you. Anna wishes . . . . by all. We are anxious.... home. John is determined not. ... by any one. .... The letter is supposed.... by Julius. He is believed.... his word. Brutus is said.... Cæsar. James is known.... such things often. Alexander is said.... Darius. The house is believed. . . . on fire by robbers. Darius is said.... by Alexander. The wall is supposed ... . by the Romans. Cæsar is said.... . by Brutus. IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. (Active ending in ing; Passive, being.) John is.... Emma is . . . . a book. Spring is.... She saw the bird.... its nest. I saw William .... wood. They are.... in the grove. The flowers are. ... George is.... a butterfly. He has left the place.... by all on account of his meanness. PERFECT PARTICIPLE. (Having.) .... the elephant. .... I will now go home, that book, she has taken another. .... by Alexander, Darius surrendered. A heavy rain .... the grass begins to grow. The fort. . . . the general entered the city. That knife. . . . I must get another. .... you once more, I ....& am satisfied. The time .... we will wait no longer. The dog raccoon, we returned. .....a hat, he is no longer bareheaded. That house.... we must build another...... dinner, he is ready to go to the field. The horse .... was taken to the stable. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. (In regular verbs ending ed.) Alice is.... by every one. He was.... by the fall. The lesson has been.... The sloth is.... to be a very lazy animal. The animal is.... by Goldsmith. The victory was by Marius. The door will have been .... The work will be .... in a month. The day was.... in feasting. The dog should be ... to his owner. The apples were.... from the tree. had been... The garden was .... The mob had been... .... The wood AUXILIARY PERFECT PARTICIPLE. (Same in form as Passive.) Thomas has .... his task. Emma has .... a letter. They will have.... the letters before dinner. The man has . . . . from his house. Martha has.... the book. The ship had .... Robert has .... a lion. The ice has.... I had.... to see you. I had. . . . my lesson. The lady had .... her fan. She has .... you three times. John had .... to go. The crowd has .... Emma has .... the apple. Theodore has .... a whole page. James has .... the robin. 2. Which of the following words are in the imperfect infinitive, and which in the perfect infinitive? She intended to I wish to see you. He promised to go with me. write a letter. Jane had intended to write a letter. The army was ordered to march. The king is supposed to have escaped in a boat. His army is said to have been routed. The man is thought to have stolen the jewels. It was her duty to obey. They were anxious to remain. He was commanded to cease. John sought to perform his duty. I go to instruct him every day. 3. Which of the following words are imperfect participles, which perfect, which passive, and which auxiliary perfect participles? James is building a house. Having mended my pen, I will write. The moon is shining. The horse, having eaten the corn, is now eating hay. The letter was written yesterday. I have neglected my studies. Being reviled, he reviled not again. Having torn my coat, I must stay at home. I shall be running while you are walking. Having read that book, he is waiting for another. Jane is loved. Lucy is admired. The general died lamented by all. Virtue being lost, all is lost. John is reading an interesting book. Being with him at the time, I knew all about the matter. NUMBER AND PERSON. The NUMBER and PERSON of the verb are the modifications which it has according to the number and person of its subject. Thus, in the present tense, with the first person we use love, with the second lovest, and with the third loves; as, "I love, thou lovest, he loves." Here love is said to be of the first person singular, lovest of the second person singular, and loves of the third person singular. Remarks.-1. Some languages have a peculiar form for every person in both numbers; but in English there are not so many separate forms. The second person singular has a form appropriated to itself in all the tenses, and the third person singular has a distinct form of the verb in the present tense; the present of the verb to have retaining this form when used as an auxiliary in the presentperfect. There is no other change in regular verbs on account of the number and person of the subject. 2. The three persons in the plural are always alike, and, with the exception of the verb to be, the same as the first person singular. The infinitive mood and the participles, as they have no subject, are without number and person. Remark. The infinitive is sometimes used as a finite verb and takes a subject; but it is not varied on account of the number and person of the subject. The imperative mood has usually only the second person; but it sometimes takes the other persons; as, "Retire we to our chamber."-Shakespeare. Confusion on thy banners wait !”—Gray. "Swift fly the years, and rise the expected morn."-Pope. "Thrive I as I may."-Shakespeare. "Commence we now that higher state, Now do thy will as angels do."-Montgomery. "My soul, turn from them-turn we to survey."-Goldsmith. The verbs in such expressions as "Be it enacted," "Be it so," "So help me God," "So do God to Abner," "Hallowed be thy name," "Thy kingdom come," "God above deal between thee and me," belong to the third person of the imperative. Remarks.-1. Instead of some of these forms it is more common to use the infinitive mood with the second person imperative of the verb let and the objective case of the noun; as, "Let him fall;" "Let us rest here." Let is often used in this way even when there is no command addressed to any one; as, "Let there be light." 2. The first and third persons of the imperative are not "abridgments" of the forms with let, nor are they in any way derived from these forms. They are among the oldest forms in the language; as, "He that hath eeris of herynge hear he."-Wiclif. They are derived from the Anglo-Saxon subjunctive employed as an imperative; as, "Si thin nama gehalgod" (be thy name hallowed); "Fare we on tunas" (go we to the towns). EXERCISES. In what number and person is each of the following verbs? I write. Joseph writes. Thou writest. We write. They write. You write. You will learn. They have learned. Thou hadst learned. We shall have learned. They will have learned. Margaret will go. Thou wilt go. Robert shall go. You will go. James had gone. Does John write? Dost thou write? Do we write? Do you write? Do they write? Will you learn? Have they learned? Will they have learned? Will Mary go? Did Susan run? John does not write. Thou dost not write. They will not have learned. Thou hadst not learned. They will not come. Robert shall not go. Thy will be done. Stay we here. Heaven protect us. God bless you. Be it decreed. Die thou, and die our fear. Long live she so, and long live you to think so. Perish the baubles! CONJUGATION. The CONJUGATION OF A VERB is the regular arrangement of its parts according to the voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. The only regular terminations added to verbs are est, s, ed, edst, and (See General Rules for Spelling, iii, v, and vii.) All other changes are made by the use of auxiliaries. The third person singular of the present formerly ended in eth. This termination is still sometimes used in the solemn style. Contractions sometimes take place; as, sayst for sayest. In adding s, the same changes take place that occur in forming the plural of nouns; as, wish, wishes; go, goes; tarry, tarries. The PRINCIPAL PARTS are the imperfect infinitive, the past indicative, and the auxiliary perfect participle, which is the same in form as the passive participle. When these are known all the parts of the verb may be formed by using the proper terminations and auxiliaries. In regular verbs all that is necessary to be known is the imperfect infinitive. The present indicative is the same as the imperfect infinitive with the sign to omitted, except in the verb to be, which has am. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO LOVE IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. |