"The

ture gives character, attestation, authority to the writing. Those who say "over his signature" should, to be consistent, say "given over my hand and seal." first works which were published under my name."-Johnson.

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the adjuncts and the antecedent terms:

Our clock strikes when there is a change from hour to hour; but no hammer in the horologe of Time peals through the universe when there is a change from era to era.-Carlyle.

[Remark 2.] In short, he is ruined. All that they did was piety to this.-Ben Jonson. We are ready to try our fortunes to the last man.-Shakespeare.

To thee, sweet Eden, how dark and sad

Are the diamond turrets of Shadukiam!-Moore.

[Rem. 3.] Now shake from out thy fruitful breast the seeds Of envy, discord, and of cruel deeds.-Dryden.

2. Correct the errors:

[Remark 6.] There was no abatement in the disease. He was accused with having done this. This was well adapted for the purpose. He is an advocate of war. He agreed with my proposal. This language is akin with that. Austria's alienation to British interests.— British Quarterly Review. They made an alteration of the coat. This is analogous with that. He is angry at her. She has a great antipathy for a dog. This was appropriate for his circumstances. I arrived to Newport in the night. Robert and his schoolmates were ashamed at having called Henry a coward.

You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons.— Swift. He blushed with shame. Some of the lower animals have a capacity of thinking.-Prof. Whitney. He conferred a favor to them. Do not confide on him. The government was deficient of means to carry on war. I will demand it from him. He died with the measles. My father had gone when I returned, and so I was disappointed in the walk I expected to take with him. Joseph's pronunciation is very different to yours.

They embarked on that ship. He was enamored with the lady. He enjoined to them the duty of helping the poor. The tale is founded in truth. He is friendly toward us. He inculcated this maxim into the mind of his son. He was initiated in the society. The enemy made an inroad in the country. He is insensible to shame. She insinuated herself in the queen's favor. You have need for recreation. You have done me a great favor, and I am much obliged by you. The

quarrel originated from a misunderstanding. She has a partiality for such persons. He placed the books into their hands. The rat plunged in the river. The field was planted to cotton. He had a prejudice to the woman. I have profited from your advice. He was reconciled with the man with whom he had quarreled. He is a man in whom you can not rely. To this General Badeau remonstrated. The twins have a great resemblance with each other.

The property was sold at auction. He is solicitous for the future. Shall we sow the field to wheat? He divided the apples between John, James, and William. Is he a man in whom you can rely? Is he a man on whom you can confide? He fell in the ditch. The guests have gone in the dining-room. Break the stick into two. Divide the flour into three parts. There was not a window on the steep and crooked street called the Bow that was not absolutely filled with spectators. Our old friends the Crawleys' family-house on Great Gaunt Street. They came to a dirty shop-window on a dirty street. They are planting corn up to Mr. Robinson's. He is up to home. This remarkable story is said to be founded in undoubted facts. He lives down to Mr. Randolph's. An article over his own signature was published in the papers. Given over my hand and seal this first day of August. He has a very handsome house on Bedford Square.

RULE XII.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs; as, "He spoke distinctly;" "She is extremely cautious;" "I know him too well."

Remarks.-1. For adverbs seeming to modify nouns see Rem. 4, p. 132. Adverbs sometimes modify abstract nouns expressing action or being; as, "I'll break with your young wives of your departure hence."-Shakespeare. "Owen Glendower's absence thence."-Id. His presence there would be of great service." For from afar, etc., see Remark 15, p. 134. For after, before, etc., with propositions, see Rule VI, Remark 4. For the adverbs yet, also, etc., see Remark 10, p. 141.

2. Adverbs sometimes modify adjuncts. (See Remark 5, p. 133.) They sometimes modify virtual adjuncts with which the preposition is not expressed; as, "I have lived here nearly twenty years"-"I have lived here for nearly twenty years."

3. The modified word is sometimes omitted; as, "We in vain seek for a remnant of the valor [which was] once the terror of the world."-Chambers. "Finally [I say] the war has begun." "Up, Guards, and at them."-Wellington. Here spring or some such word is understood. "No remains of Grecian paintings have been preserved, [which has happened] unfortunately for the lovers of antiquity." Such passages are usually arranged in an inverted order; as, "Unfortunately for the lovers of antiquity, no remains," etc.

Give the rule for adverbs? Give examples in which the modified word is omitted.

4. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs; as, "If with your inferiors, speak no coarser than usual; if with your superiors, no finer." Here coarser and finer are intended to denote the manner of speaking, and they should be changed to more coarsely and more finely. "Her aged lover made her presents, but she hated him all the same."-R. G. White. Here the adjective same is improperly used to modify the verb hated. One gentleman meeting another said, "How are you?" "1 am tolerable," replied the other; "how are you?" "I am endurable too," was the answer. The gentleman used tolerable for tolerably well.

5. Poets sometimes take the license of using adjectives for adverbs; as, "Swift fly the years."-Pope.

6. Adverbs should not be used as adjectives; as, "He arrived safely" for "He arrived safe." (See p. 210.)

Above is sometimes used as an adjective, there being an ellipsis of mentioned, made, cited, or quoted; as, "The above [mentioned] statement." Then is sometimes used elliptically for then existing; as, "In his then [existing] situation."-Johnson. 7. No before a noun is an adjective; as, "No man saw it." No is sometimes an adverb modifying an adjective in the comparative degree; as, "She is no wiser than he." Here no is used for not.

No is sometimes used for not after whether, if the verb is omitted; as, "Whether they will walk in my law or no."—English Bible. This form has been much censured by grammarians; but it is used by good writers; as, "La Bruyere has often painted single persons; whether accurately or no we can not at this time determine."-Hallam. "Whether a war for the propagation of Christianity be lawful or no."-Bacon. "Resolve whether you will or no."-Shakespeare.

For no in the answer to a question see Remark 9, p. 133.

8. But has come to be used as an adverb in the sense of only; as, "Our light affliction, which is but for a moment." The original form is "which is not but (be out) for a moment." The use of but in the sense of only is confined to constructions in which not has been omitted. Other negatives are expressed with but, and then but has its proper meaning; as, "No one but a villain would do so." With never it has its proper meaning; as, "A person I never saw but twice."-Bulwer. "God is light,

And never but in unapproached light

Dwelt from eternity."-Milton.

Some, from mistaking the meaning of but, avoid this construction and say, for instance, "A person I never saw more than once.

9. In affirming equality as is used with the adjective; as, "She is as foolish as he is." In denying equality so is used; as, "She is not so foolish as he is." 10. Among vulgar errors with respect to adverbs may be mentioned(a) The use of most for almost; as, "He was most suffocated by the smoke." (b) The use of way for away; as, "He lives way up the hill."

(c) The use of like for as or as if; as, "Read like (as) he does;" "She reads it like (as if) she did not understand it." Do not use the adverb like if you can not insert the preposition to after it. "Read like [to] him" is correct. (See p. 167.)

(d) The use of directly for as soon as; as, "She went out directly he came in." (e) The use of illy for the adverb ill; as, "He is illy able to bear the loss."

Give examples of the improper use of | In what sense is it used with never? adjectives for adverbs.

Of adverbs for adjectives.
What is no before a noun?

Give examples in which no is used for

not.

How has but come to be used in the sense of only?

In affirming equality what adverb is used before the adjective?

What in denying equality?

Give an example of the improper use of

most for almost.

Of way for away. Of like for as; as if. Of directly for as soon as. Of illy for ill.

(f) The use of how or how that for that; as, "He said how he had seen them last night;" "He said how that he had seen them last night."

(g) The joining of the adverb ever to an interrogative pronoun, making what is in appearance, but not in sense, a compound relative pronoun; as, “Whoever would have thought it?" instead of "Who would ever have thought it?" In England particularly this vulgarism is becoming very common among slipshod writers.

(h) The use of such vulgarisms as mighty fine for very fine, awful ugly for extremely ugly.

(i) The use of two negatives to express a negation; as, "I did not eat nothing" (no thing) for "I did not eat any thing" or "I ate nothing." " "I did not eat nothing" denies that I ate nothing and implies that I ate something.

11. Adverbs should be placed in such a way as to show clearly what words they are intended to modify. The same principle applies to adjuncts and other modifying expressions.

"In the proper disposition of words the sound carefully requires to be consulted as well as the sense." The adverb carefully is intended to modify consulted, and it should be placed immediately before that word.

"The sublime Longinus in somewhat a later period preserved the spirit of ancient Athens."-Gibbon. "In a somewhat later period."

"Though some of the European rulers may be females, they may be correctly classified under the denomination of kings."-Dean Alford. This means that the rulers may be classified in a correct manner; but the writer intended to say that it would be correct to classify them as kings, and he should have said, "They may correctly be classified." Correctly modifies may.

"He might have easily caught the fox." Easily is intended to modify might, and it should be placed next to it. "He might easily have caught the fox."

"Every one that begs is not poor." By the position of not this sentence is made to affirm that no beggar is poor. Not should be placed before every. "Not every one that begs is poor."

"When we merely speak of numbers the verb is better singular."-Dean' Alford. "When we speak of numbers merely."

"The floor had been just washed."-Rev. J. G. Wood. This should be "The floor had just been washed." Just is an adverb of time, and in the compound tense had been washed it should be placed next to that part, had, which denotes the time. In "The floor had just been thoroughly washed" thoroughly is properly placed next to another part of the compound tense.

"His Majesty was only shaved twice a week."-Swift. Only what? Not only shaved, but only twice a week. "In a large district he only found two carts."Taine's Eng. Lit. Only what? Only two carts. "This verb is only used in the indicative mood."-Mason's Eng. Gram. Here should be "only in the indicative mood" or "in the indicative mood only." "George Sand has only celebrated one passion."-Taine's Eng. Lit. Only what? Only one passion. "The termination of the possessive case is only affixed to the last of the names."-Mason's English Gram. Here should be "only to the last" or "to the last only."

Alone (for only) is often misplaced; as, "Decorations and costumes of great splendor, of which the mythological paintings of Rubens can alone give an idea."-Taine's Eng. Lit. This means that the mythological paintings of Rubens can by themselves give an idea of these decorations and costumes; but the writer

intended to assert that nothing but these paintings can give an idea of these decora-. tions and costumes, and he should have said, "Decorations and costumes of great splendor, of which only the mythological paintings of Rubens can give an idea." 12. The adverb enough should always follow the adjective or adverb which it modifies; as, "He spoke in a tone loud enough to be heard by all."

13. It is generally inelegant to place an adverb between to and the simple form of the infinitive; as, "He endeavored to faithfully perform his duty." This should be "He endeavored to perform his duty faithfully" or "He endeavored faithfully to perform his duty."

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the adverbs and the words modified:

Now came still evening on. Never can she be more happy. She was most gaudily dressed. The two friends were then walking rapidly down a very steep hill. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. Often have I seen them walking together.

[Remark 1.] She is far from the land where her young hero sleeps. He went much against his inclination. That was greatly to his advantage. It turned almost every way.

[Remark 3.] I learned this from a Mr. Thomson, formerly a citizen of Mobile. Have you ever seen him? Never. Have you ever spoken to her? No. On, Stanley, on!

[Remark 7.] No villain should enter here. She is no better than he is. No more, sweet Hamlet! No offer could be more acceptable. I do not know whether they are out or no.-Byron. Can I make men live, whether they will or no?-Shakespeare.

2. Correct the errors:

[Remark 4.] He spoke clear and distinct. She walks graceful. The soldier acted braver than the officer. He lives best who acts the noblest. The words nearest connected.-Dean Alford. A tolerable good fire.-Scott. He writes beautiful. She is a remarkable handsome girl. He does his work good.

This con

[Remark 6.] She can not look gracefully in that dress. struction sounds harshly. He makes often mention of those friends. This infinitive stands independently of the other words in the sentence. [Remark 9.] She is so timid as he is. She is not as timid as he is. [Remark 10.] The fire is most out. I have most finished my exercise. He walks like you do. He has gone way to the Rocky Mountains. It seemed like the wind would blow the house down. Directly I receive the letter I will go. It illy becomes him to talk so. He said how he had been badly treated. Whoever can understand him? That girl is What is said of placing an adverb between to and the simple form of the infinitive?