His discourse was broken off by his man's telling him he had called a coach.-Addison. All my ideas were put to flight by my intolerable landlady's tapping at the door.-Irving. What was to be expected from the unfortunate girl's uniting her fate to that of a character so notorious as Robertson's?-Scott.

2. Correct the errors:

His brothers crime is not his. A mothers tenderness and a fathers care are natures gifts for mans advantage. John Thomson his book. Lucy Morrow her book.

[Remark 2.] This book is your's. The tree is known by it's fruit. You left your books and took our's and their's.

[Remark 8.] At Smith's the bookseller's house. The people began to say that Fred's molasses was sweeter than any body's else.-Rev. E. Kellogg. Brown's the surgeon's knife.

[Remark 4.] She began to extol the farmer's, as she called him, excellent understanding. She praised the child's, as she called him, ready wit. This was Mr. White's, the gentleman who informed me,

account of the affair.

[Remark 6.] Brown's and Jones's wife was there. Towne's and Ray's Arithmetic.

[Remark 7.] The world's government is not left to chance. She married my son's wife's brother. The extent of the prerogative of the King of England is sufficiently ascertained. It was necessary to have the physician's and surgeon's advice. It was the men's, women's, and children's lot to suffer. This is a picture of my father; it is a portrait of the Emperor Nicholas.

[Remark 10.] They have no notion of the same person possessing different accomplishments. Such was the occasion of Simon Glover presenting himself at the house of Henry Gow.-Scott. He pointed out the difficulty of counsel doing justice without preparation.-Lord Campbell. On the gentleman going up to his assistance.-Dean Ramsay. The question may be settled by the king running away. Nor has any proof yet been found of Weston being put into the cell to kill Overbury.-W. H. Dixon. So far from women exercising little or no influence over the progress of knowledge, they are capable of exercising, and have exercised, an enormous influence.-Buckle. To prevent it taking fire.Rev. E. Kellogg. She could scarce conceive the possibility of her will being opposed, far less that of its being treated with disregard.*-Scott.

Here the author puts its in the possessive, though he has just used "will being opposed."

RULE V.

The object of a transitive verb in the active voice must be in the objective case; as, "She sees me;" "They built a house."

Remarks.-1. Participles, gerunds, and infinitives have objects like finite verbs; as, "Seeing me;" "To see me;" "They are building a house."

2. An infinitive, a gerund, or a proposition may be the object of a transitive verb; as, "Boys love to play;" "Boys love playing;" "I know who lives here."

3. In the usual order of arrangement the subject precedes and the object follows the verb. When a pronoun is used either as subject or object the object is sometimes placed before the verb; as, "Him I know;" "This subject he has examined." The form of the pronoun in each of these sentences prevents any ambiguity; but from "Darius Alexander conquered" we can not learn who conquered. But some sentences containing no pronouns may be of such a character that the object may be placed before the verb without causing ambiguity; as, "Such charms has the maiden;" "So great power does the king possess." Placing the object before the verb renders it more emphatic.

4. Relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns are placed as near as possible to the beginning of their propositions, and thus they precede the verb; as, "The man whom I met;" "Whom did you see?"

5. The object is sometimes omitted when it is easily supplied or when the idea is designedly left indefinite; as, "He reads every day." The object is frequently omitted when it is a relative pronoun; as, "This is the man I saw." Here whom or that, the object of saw, is omitted.

6. Some verbs usually intransitive may become transitive by taking objectives of signification kindred to their own; as, "He runs a race;" "They live a happy life." Allied to this construction are such expressions as the following: "Death grinned horribly a ghastly smile," "Her lips blush deeper sweets;" "Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balms."

7. Some verbs usually intransitive are sometimes made transitive by being used in a causative sense; as, "He galloped his horse up the hill"-"He caused his horse to gallop up the hill."

The verb learn has sometimes been used in a causative sense and made to take an objective denoting the person; as, "He learned me grammar." As we have the verb teach with this meaning, this use of learn should be avoided.

The objective it is sometimes used as a kind of expletive after verbs usually intransitive; as, "Come and trip it as you go

On the light fantastic toe."-Milton.

8. Transitive verbs are sometimes improperly used as intransitive by having a preposition placed between them and the objects; as, "The house caught on fire;" "I can not allow of that."

We may say, "This does not admit such a construction," or "This does not admit of such a construction;" "He plays the flute," or "He plays on the flute;"

What is the rule for the object of a tran- | When is the object omitted? sitive verb?

Do any but finite verbs have objects?
What besides nouns may be objects of
transitive verbs?

What is the usual order of arrangement?
When is this order deviated from?
What is said of the position of relative,
interrogative, and indefinite pronouns?

How may some verbs usually intransi-
tive become transitive?
What is said of it?

How are transitive verbs sometimes im-
properly used as intransitive?
Mention some verbs used either transi-
tively or intransitively, being followed
or not followed by prepositions.

"Jump the fence," or "Jump over the fence;" "Ride a horse," or "Ride on a horse;" "Nothing can compensate the loss of reputation," or "Nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation."

9. The verb graduate is now used sometimes as transitive and sometimes as intransitive; as, "He was graduated last year;" "He graduated last year." The transitive sense is to be preferred. The intransitive sense is not mentioned in

Johnson's Dictionary.

10. Locate is sometimes improperly used as intransitive; as, "He has located in Cincinnati."

The transitive verb leave is often used in an intransitive sense; as, "When do you expect to leave?" Leave is not used in this sense by writers of the highest class, and this intransitive sense is not mentioned in the dictionaries. There is no necessity for using leave in this sense; for we have start, set out, go, take leave, etc. 11. Some verbs may have two objectives, one denoting the object on which the action is exerted, the other denoting what the object is made, in fact or in thought, to be; as, "They made him captain;" They consider him a good man," "The society elected him chairman.”

66

The second objective is sometimes called the "factitive objective" (from Latin facere, to make).

The verbs used in this way are those that in the passive voice have a predicatenominative; such as choose, appoint, elect, constitute, render, esteem, consider, reckon, name, call.

After some of these verbs we may suppose an ellipsis of the verb to be; as, "I consider him [to be] a good man."

This construction is not apposition. A noun in apposition with another noun is annexed for the sake of explanation or description and may be omitted; but in this construction the second noun is essential. There is a great difference between "He called Cicero, the father of his country," and "He called Cicero the father of his country;" the former sentence meaning that he called Cicero, who was the father of his country, the latter that he gave to Cicero the appellation of father of his country. With the verb changed to the passive voice the former sentence would become, "Cicero, the father of his country, was called by him;" the latter would become, "Cicero was called the father of his country by him."

12. Some verbs are followed by two objectives; one being the direct object of the verb, the other generally denoting the person to or for whom something is done; as, "He gave me a book;" "Forgive us our debts;" "She taught him grammar;" "They allowed him a seat;" "It cost him a dollar."

The Anglo-Saxons had a dative case, expressing by a termination what we express by a preposition; wulf, wolf, for instance, having in the dative wulfe, to or for a wolf. The nouns denoting persons in the preceding examples are probably remnants of this dative, and some call a word used in this way the indirect object of the verb. But if the order of the words is changed, we must express a preposition; as, "She gave a book to me;" "Buy a book for her;" and it is as well to suppose a preposition implied, in accordance with the genius of modern English. Wycliffe has "Forgeue to us our dettes."

13. It is generally only the direct object of a transitive verb in the active voice that becomes the subject of the verb in the passive voice; but in some cases the indirect object, or objective with a preposition implied, has been treated as the direct object and made the subject of the verb in the passive voice; as, "They

Give an example of a verb with two objectives.

What is the second objective called? Mention some of the verbs used in this way.

| Is this construction apposition?
Give an illustration.

Explain "He gave me a book."

Is it correct to say, "I was given a book?"
Why?

allowed him a seat," "He was allowed a seat;" "James gave me a book," "I was given a book by James;" "We forgave him the debt," "He was forgiven the debt."

This is the common construction with the verbs ask and teach, and it is sometimes used by good writers with other verbs; but in general the direct object of the verb in the active voice should be made the subject of the verb in the passive. Say, "A book was handed to me," not "I was handed a book;" "The office was promised to me," not "I was promised the office." A London correspondent of one of the New York journals writes, "As a lady was being shown through the show." This makes the lady a part of the show.

If it is desired to place the indirect object at the beginning of the proposition, the form may be changed; as, "He had a seat allowed him;" "He had the promise of the office."

14. Some object to such expressions as "You are mistaken," because, they say, "You are mistaken" means that you are misunderstood, not that you misunderstand; and they say the proper form is the active, "You mistake." But mistaken in such expressions means taken (led) amiss, led astray. "He was taken out of his way."

EXERCISES.

1. Point out the object of each transitive verb:

They met me in the day of success. I see them on their winding way. A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy his crimes. He who tells a lie is not sensible of how great a task he undertakes; for he must be forced to invent twenty more to maintain one. Among the base merit begets envy; among the noble, emulation.

[Remark 2.] George desires to learn. James said that he would go. Eliza loves to read. I know how you have struggled with misfortune. John has discovered whose book that is. You wish that she would stay. I prefer working in the garden.

[Remark 3.] Me he restored to mine office, and him he hanged. Thee have I always before my eyes. That man I have never seen before. Him who has offended you should punish, not me who am innocent. What book did you buy?

[Remark 4.] Whom have you seen? The lady whom we loved so much has left us. The book that I bought is very interesting. The bird that we saw on that tree has flown away. I should like to know

whom he saw.

[Remark 5.] admire so much. [Remark 6.] an unhappy life.

Here is the book you wished. That is the man you
I wish to see the passage you mentioned.

Let us run the race that is set before us. He lived Who is willing to die the drunkard's death? Sleep the sleep that knows not waking.

[Remark 8, second paragraph.] Often fineness compensated size.— Tennyson. The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries.-Prior.

What forms can be employed instead of | What is said of the expression “You are "I was promised the office"?

mistaken"?

[Remark 11.] The soldiers proclaimed Otho emperor. The priest anointed him king of Israel. Some one calls a blush the color of virtue. I consider you my friend. He has appointed me his agent. Make God's law the rule of thy life. You have made our home a desolation. God created you men, and you have made yourselves beasts.

[Remark 12.] Forgive us our trespasses. Give us this day our daily bread. I give you dominion over the beasts of the field. John showed me a beautiful picture. Tell me a tale of the olden time. Heaven send you the choicest blessings.

2. Correct the errors:

Who did he see? He that is idle and mischievous reprove sharply. They that honor me I will honor. Who do you think I saw? Who did he marry? The man who he raised from obscurity betrayed him. He who committed the crime you should punish, not I who am innocent. Leave Nell and I to toil and work.

[Remark 8, first paragraph.] The stable caught on fire. Resolved, That a special committee be appointed to investigate into the truth of said rumors.-Resolution adopted by the Legislature of New Jersey.

[Remark 12.] She was bought a book. He was shown her letter. He was promised the privilege. He was told this fact some time ago. I was offered the employment. He was offered an opportunity. You were paid a high compliment.

RULE VI.

The object of a preposition must be in the objective case; as, "He spoke to me."

Remarks.-1. Any thing performing the office of a noun may be the object of a preposition. (See p. 121.)

2. About is the only preposition that at present is followed by the infinitive. Formerly other prepositions, especially for, were followed by the infinitive; as, "What went ye out for to see?"-English Bible. "These things may serve for to represent."-Bacon. "Which for to prevent."--Shakespeare.

The reason why other prepositions are not followed by the infinitive is that they are followed by the gerund, which has the same sense. Spenser's "Each the other from to rise restrained "="Each the other from rising restrained."

"We

3. "By being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee.”—Shakespeare. spoke of why we came."- -Tennyson. The question as to what were the actual first utterances.”—Prof. Whitney. These are instances of noun-propositions employed for nouns in the objective case.

4. The prepositions after, before, ere, since, till, until, sometimes take nounpropositions as their objects; as, "He came after you had gone;" "He left us

What is the rule for the object of a prep- | osition?

What preposition has sometimes the infinitive for its object?

Why are not other prepositions followed by the infinitive?

Give examples of noun-propositions as objects of prepositions.