that battle he did not lose more than fifty men (more men than fifty [are many]). That is more easily imagined than [it is easily] described. I saw a being of [dignity] greater than human dignity [is great]. SUBSTITUTES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. A noun and a participle (nominative absolute) may be employed instead of a subordinate proposition; as, “Virtue being lost, all is lost "= "When virtue is lost all is lost." = A gerund may take the place of a finite verb, the subject of the finite verb being put in the possessive case before the gerund; as, "I am not sure of his having paid the debt"="I am not sure that he has paid the debt." Instead of the nominative with a finite verb the objective with an infinitive may sometimes be used; as, "I believe him to be honest"= I believe that he is honest." "I heard him speak"="I heard him as he spoke." (For another view of "I heard him speak" see p. 220.) 66 The action, instead of being asserted, is sometimes merely named, an infinitive being employed for a finite verb; as, "To confess the truth, I was in fault"="That I may confess the truth, [I must say] I was in fault;" "He knows when to be silent"="He knows when he should be silent;" "This is a subject on which to show your powers"= "This is a subject on which you may show your powers;" "The difficulties were so great as to deter him ""The difficulties were so great that they deterred him;" "I requested him to attend"-"I requested him that he would attend;" "He was commanded to go"="He was commanded that he should go." Remark. The preceding passages are not elliptical; but the verb is employed in an unlimited form, like the Latin "historical infinitive" occurring in such passages as hostes tela conjicere, the enemy threw (to throw) their javelins. The Latin infinitive in such passages does not, as some say depend on cæpit or cœperunt understood; but the verb is employed in its unlimited form, the context being considered sufficient to point out the limitations. The imperative mood is often employed to express conditions, suppositions, etc.; as, "Let it be ever so humble, there is no place like home;" "Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home"="Though it may be ever so humble, there is no place like home." "There is no place like home, [be it] however humble it may be." Let sage or cynic prattle as he will, These hours, and these alone, repay life's years of ill.”—Byron. What may be employed in the sense of Is the implied action always directly asserted? How is the imperative mood often employed? The subject is sometimes placed before a verb to which it does not logically belong, what is declared of the object being in reality expressed by the infinitive following; as, "The man is said to be honest"="It is said that the man is honest." Remark.-Here it is not the man that is said; what is said is that the man is "The boy is believed to have stolen it" does not mean that the boy is believed, but that the boy has stolen it is believed. honest. Some part of the verb do is sometimes omitted before than, and the infinitive following changed in form and employed instead of the omitted part of do; as, "He has more than atoned for his fault"="He has done more than [to] atone for his fault [is much]." Here a comparison is made between what he has done and what to atone for his fault amounts to, and the infinitive atone is transformed to a participle, which is employed instead of the omitted participle done. "He more than atones for his fault"-"He does more than atone for his fault." A noun in the objective case after the adverb like and some other words is sometimes equivalent to a proposition; as, "He walks like a duck""He walks as a duck walks." "This is the forest primeval; but where are the hearts that beneath it Leaped like the roe when he hears in the woodland the voice of the huntsman?"-Longfellow. When in this passage is a conjunctive adverb, and it should modify two verbs. Leaped is one of the verbs; the other is leaps, implied in like the roe as the roe leaps. An interjection is sometimes employed in the sense of a whole proposition; as, "O that those lips had language!”—Cowper. (See p. 142, Rem. 4.) For such transformed propositions as "It is to this place that gulls resort" (attraction), see p. 161, Rem. 4. For such transformed propositions as "He marched with what forces he had" (incorporation), see p. 161, Rem. 5. EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS. Directions. In analyzing a passage take, without regard to the punctuation, as much as makes complete sense. This is a complete sentence (unless something is added to form a compound sentence). Point out the logical subject and the logical predicate. Point out the grammatical subject; then its modifiers, if it is modified. If the words which modify the grammatical subject are themselves modified, point out the modifiers; then the modifiers of those modifiers, etc. Explain the construction in "The man is said to be honest. In "He has more than atoned for his fault." | Explain the construction in "He walks like a duck." Explain the construction in "O that those lips had language." Point out the grammatical predicate; then its modifiers, if it is modified. If the words which modify the grammatical predicate are themselves modified, point out the modifiers; then the modifiers of those modifiers, etc. Analyze the subordinate propositions of the logical subject and the logical predicate. SIMPLE SENTENCES. 1. Analyze the following sentences: "A night of storm followed a day of sunshine." Logical subject, a night of storm; logical predicate, followed a day of sunshine. Grammatical subject, night, modified by the adjective a and the adjunct of storm. Grammatical predicate, followed, modified by the objective day, day being modified by the adjective a and the adjunct of sunshine. "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight." Logical subject, the glimmering landscape; logical predicate, now fades on the sight. Grammatical subject, landscape, modified by the adjectives the and glimmering. Grammatical predicate, fades, modified by the adverb now and the adjunct on the sight, sight being modified by the adjective the. The following arrangement presents to the eye the relation of the words to each other. A perpendicular line shows that the word before it is modified by what immediately follows it. The grammatical subject and grammatical predicate are distinguished by lines drawn under them. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." Logical subject, the curfew; logical predicate, tolls the knell of parting day. Grammatical subject, curfew, modified by the adjective the. Grammatical predicate, tolls, modified by the adjective knell; knell is modified by the adjective the and the adjunct of parting day. *The adjective the really modifies the complex expression glimmering landscape; but it is not necessary to make the young pupil attend to such distinctions. The relation of the words may be represented in a diagram thus, landscape | glimmering | the; which shows that landscape is first modified by glimmering, and then glimmering landscape is modified by the. "All bad books are pernicious." Books | bad | all. "A contented mind is a continual feast." Logical subject, a contented mind; logical predicate, is a continual feast. Grammatical subject, mind, modified by the adjectives a and contented. Grammatical predicate is, modified by the predicate - nominative feast; feast is modified by the adjectives a and continual. "That boy is intelligent and modest." Logical subject, that boy; logical predicate, is intelligent and modest. Grammatical subject, boy, modified by the adjective that. Grammatical predicate, is, modified by the predicate-adjectives intelligent and modest. "Aristides was called just by the Athenians." Logical subject, Aristides; logical predicate, was called just by the Athenians. Grammatical subject, Aristides; grammatical predicate, was called, modified by the predicate-adjective just and the adjunct by the Athenians. Boy that is and modest. Aristides just by the Athenians. "Pestilence and famine followed the war." Logical subject, pestilence and famine; logical predicate, followed the war. The compound subject consists of the two simple subjects, pestilence and famine, which are not modified. Grammatical predicate, followed, modified by the objective war; war is modified by the adjective the. "The winds roar around the house and whistle at the door.” Logical subject, the winds; logical predicate, roar around the house and whistle at the door. Grammatical subject, winds; modified by the adjective the. The compound predicate consists of the two simple predicates, roar around the house and whistle at the door. Roar is modified by the adjunct around the house, and whistle is modified by the adjunct at A night of storm followed a day of sunshine. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. A contented mind is a continual feast. That boy is intelligent and modest. Pestilence and famine followed the war. The winds roar around the house and whistle at the door. Wealth often produces misery. Evil communications corrupt good manners. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. A guilty conscience needs no A good cause makes a strong arm. The owner of that estate is a fortunate man. Idleness is the parent of many vices. Thus passes the glory of the world. Procrastination is the thief of time. accuser. Time and tide wait for no man. The devils believe and tremble. Alexander and Cæsar were great conquerors. Demosthenes and Cicero were celebrated orators. Beasts and birds have gone to rest. The princes of that day flourished and faded. The time for action came and passed. The rain fell on the grass and restored its freshness. Exercise and temperance strengthen the constitution. The spirit of religion and the spirit of chivalry concurred to exalt his dignity. 2. Arrange all the preceding sentences after the manner of the diagrams. 3. Point out the subject and predicate and the modifications, as they are presented in the following diagrams: Men two Stone a rolling walked | with three boys. gathers | moss | no Man the waits for the boy. *The brace after leaves, flowers, and fruit is to show that they are all modified by the and of that tree. |