the adjective inconsistent is modified by the adjunct with the character, the noun character is modified by the adjunct of a man, and man is modified by the adjunct of honor.

This is inconsistent

with the character

of a man

of honor.

6

The adjunct may be placed out of the natural order to which preceding in the definition refers; as, “To John the book will be useful." This is always the case when the object of the preposition is a relative or an interrogative pronoun, because these pronouns are placed as near as possible to the beginning of their propositions; as, "This is the man to whom he spoke." Here to whom is an adjunct to spoke.

The preposition may be separated from the object, especially in colloquial style; as, "This is the man whom he spoke to;" "This is the man that he spoke to." The relative that never has the preposition before it.

The same preposition may have more than one object; as, "He went to London and Paris." Here to has two objects, the action expressed by the verb went being directed to two places. To London and Paris may be regarded as one adjunct modifying went.

The meaning of betwixt and between is such as to require two objects when the nouns are in the singular number; as, “He sits between James and Thomas." The two objects may be denoted by one plural term; as, "He sits between them."

There may be more than one antecedent term; as, "Be just and kind to all men." Here the adjunct to all men modifies both just and kind.

The adverbs forth and out are sometimes made to change places with the preposition from, so that from forth and from out are used instead of forth from and out from; as, "Risest from forth thy silent sea of pines."-Coleridge. "Such as press the life from out young hearts."-Byron.

Any thing performing the office of a noun may be the object of a preposition:

1. Gerund; as, “He is engaged in cutting wood.”

2. Infinitive mood; as, "He is about to go."

Give an example in which the noun in
an adjunct is modified by another ad-
junct.

Give an example in which the adjunct
is placed out of the natural order.
May the same preposition have more
than one object?

|

Give an example in which there are more than one antecedent term.

What adverbs are sometimes made to change places with the preposition from?

Give an example in which a gerund is used after a preposition. An infinitive.

3. Proposition; as, "The result depends on who is to be the judge;" "This afforded time for the others to come up."

4. Adverb used in the sense of a noun; as, “Wait till then" (that time); "I will try for once" (one time); "We shall live for ever” (all time).

5. Adjunct used as a noun; as, "He ran from under the tree." Here from and under do not form a compound preposition, as some say, but under the tree denotes the place, like a noun, and is the object of from. From where did he run? This construction is analogous to that of the preposition and adverb, the adjunct being equivalent to an adverb. The average income of these small land-holders is estimated at between sixty and seventy pounds."-Macaulay. Similar to this construction is that contained in such sentences as, "They [Judgment and Reason] have been jurymen since before Noah was a sailor," the proposition Noah was a sailor taking the place of a noun after the preposition before, and the adjunct thus formed being the object of the preposition since.

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.

About, above, across, adown, after, against, along, amid, amidst, among, amongst, around, at, athwart; before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, betwixt, beyond, by; down; ere; for, from; in, into; mid; of, off, on, over; past; round; since; through, throughout, till, to, toward, towards; under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon; with, within, without.

Remarks.-1. A, formed from on, was once used separately as a preposition; as, "The world runs a wheels."-Ben Jonson. It is now joined to the noun; as, ashore (on shore), aboard (on board). It is, however, separated from the gerund, or participial noun; as, "He met her once a maying."-Milton. In modern usage a hyphen is often (unnecessarily) placed between the preposition and the gerund; as, "Life went a-maying."-Coleridge.

2. Aboard (on board) is generally regarded as a preposition; as, "He went aboard the ship." But on board is used in exactly the same manner; as, "He went on board the ship."-Johnson. In both cases there is an ellipsis of the preposition of, which is often expressed with aboard as well as with on board; as, "He went aboard (on the deck) of the vessel." If aboard is regarded as a preposition, many similar words must be placed in the same class; as, astride, alongside, despite, inside, outside; for the preposition of is sometimes omitted after them. The same principle would make prepositions of left hand and either end in the following passages: "The mound left hand the town."-Scott. "Fastened ourselves at either end the mast."-Shakespeare. The full construction is, On the left hand of the town; At either end of the mast.

Some absurdly place the whole expression aboard of, as well as because of and instead of, in the list of prepositions. If aboard of is a preposition, on board of is

Give an example in which a gerund is | Give a list of the prepositions beginning used after a proposition.

After an adverb.

After an adjunct.

with a. With b. With d. With e. With f. With i. With m. With o. With p. With r. With s. With t. With u. With w.

also a preposition; if instead of is a preposition, we must regard in place of and in lieu of as prepositions.

It is easy to see that instead consists in reality of two words, which have been capriciously joined together; while in such expressions as in place of the noun and the preposition have been kept separate. Such words as aboard, instead, because (as used above, that is, by cause), may be called disguised adjuncts, the nouns included in them being followed by the preposition of expressed or understood. Compare the French à bord de, au lieu de.

3. The following also are generally included in the list of prepositions: According to, bating, concerning, during, except, excepting, notwithstanding, pending, regarding, respecting, save, saving, touching.

4. The form of most of these words shows them to be participles. According, bating, excepting, saving, withstanding, during, pending, concerning, regarding, respecting, and touching are participles belonging to nouns expressed or understood. Except is usually a participle; when followed by an objective it is a verb in the imperative mood. Save is a form of the adjective safe, or an apocopated participle for saved, the noun with which it is connected being in the nominative case absolute; when followed by an objective it is a verb in the imperative mood. But is a contraction of be out; be is a verb in the imperative mood, modified by the adverb out; the noun that follows being in the nominative case, subject of be.

ACCORDING TO.

5. "The sentinel, according (conforming) to command, stood before the gate.' According is a participle belonging to sentinel. "According (conforming) to his instructions, he proceeded on his journey." According is a participle belonging to he. "This course is not according (conforming, agreeable) to law." According is a participle belonging to course.

"Hast thou, according (conforming) to thy oath and bond,
Brought hither Henry Hereford ?"

"Our zeal should be according to knowledge."

Sometimes according may be regarded as belonging to a noun understood; as, "Welcome him [in a manner] according to his worth;" "I will use them [in a manner] according to their desert;" "I will praise the Lord [in a manner] according to his righteousness;" "Have mercy upon me [in a degree] according to thy lovingkindness;" "We will our celebration keep [in a manner] according to my birth;" "I love your majesty [in a degree] according to my bond."

In any case according to should never be regarded as one word. If according in the last examples is not a participle belonging to a noun understood, it is an adverb, and not part of a preposition. Thus according in the last example may be regarded as an adverb modifying love. If according to is to be considered a preposition, contrary to must also be placed in the list; for the latter expression is employed in precisely the same way as the former; as, "I will use them contrary to their desert;" "Though he pretends to act according to his instructions, he is acting directly contrary to them."

CONCERNING.

6. "He expounded the things which concerned himself." "He expounded the things concerning (regarding) himself." Concerning is a participle belonging to things. Something that nearly concerns yourselves " "Something nearly concerning yourselves." "The true judgment concerning (relating to) the power." "A discourse concerning (relating to) this point." "I am free from all doubt concerning it." "Is that nothing? Nothing concerning me." "A work concerning allegiance." "A man's judgment concerning actions." "Mistakes concerning the plan and conduct of the poem." "That the purpose might not be changed con

cerning (which concerned) Daniel." "What is the opinion of Pythagoras concerning wild fowl?” "Some things of weight concerning us and France." "No jealous toy concerning you." The speech among the Londoners concerning the French journey." In each of these examples concerning is a participle belonging to the noun in italics.

In such expressions as the following concerning may seem to be a preposition : "The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel;" "They speak concerning virtue;" "He told them concerning the swine;" "Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this."

Even in such cases concerning is a participle. Webster says: "This word has been considered as a preposition, but most improperly; concerning, when so called, refers to a verb, sentence, or proposition; as, in the first example, the word applies to the preceding affirmation. The Lord hath spoken good, which speaking good is concerning Israel. Concerning, in this case, refers to the first clause of the sentence." In this example it would be better to consider concerning as referring to the noun good. If, as Webster supposes, the primary sense of concern "is to reach or extend to, or to look to, as we use regard," another solution may be given. The Lord, looking to (regarding) Israel, hath spoken good. "Concerning this point, what can we decide?" WE concerning (looking at, regarding) this point; or what thing concerning this point. "He told them [the things] concerning the swine."

TOUCHING.

7. "Something that touches (relates to) the lord Hamlet." "Something touching (relating to) the lord Hamlet." "Socrates chose rather to die than renounce or conceal his judgment touching the unity of the godhead." "We may soon our satisfaction have touching that point." "Our late decree in parliament touching King Henry's oath." "Horatio will not let belief take hold of him touching this 'dreaded sight." "Touching our person seek we no revenge." "I have found no fault in this man touching these things.' "We have confidence in the Lord touching you." "Touching things which relate to discipline the church hath authority to make canons and decrees." "What [thing] have you to say touching this point?" "This paper is the history of my knowledge touching her flight." "And now forthwith shall articles be drawn touching the jointure that your king must make."

The verb to touch has the signification of affect, concern, relate to; as, "Nothing can touch him further;" "It touches us not." The participle has precisely the same signification, and is no more a preposition than is the infinitive.

REGARDING, RESPECTING, ETC.

8. "His conduct that respects (relates to) us is commendable." "His conduct respecting (relating to) us is commendable." "There is but one opinion respecting his conduct." "He has a great deal to say regarding this thing." "Regarding (looking at, considering) this matter we say." "There is none worthy [we] respecting (considering) her that's gone." "I am mean indeed [we or men] respecting (considering) you." "Respecting man whatever [thing] wrong we call." "This allusion respects an ancient custom." "This allusion respecting an ancient custom is very striking." "Respecting a further appropriation of money it (this thing) is to be observed that the resources of the country are inadequate " [Or we respecting, looking at a further appropriation]. "Whether our daughter were legitimate [we, or men], respecting this our marriage with the dowager."

BATING, EXCEPTING, SAVING.

9. These words belong sometimes to words expressed, sometimes to words of general meaning, such as we, men, you, they, indicated by the context; their construction being the same as that of granting, admitting, etc., in such sentences as

the following: "Granting this to be true, he is not proved guilty;" "Admitting her innocence, she was very imprudent." (See Syntax, III.)

"We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, [we] bating (if we bate), perhaps, some faint ideas of hunger and thirst." "The king could not choose an advocate whom I would sooner hear on any subject, [we, or I] bating (if we bate) his love, than you." "[We] bating (if we leave out) the outward respect due to his birth, they treated him very hardly." Compare "Bate, I beseech you, widow Dido."-Shakespeare. "The prisoners were all condemned, [we] excepting three." "Excepting one, I would he were the best in all this presence.' "[We] excepting (if we except) the royal family, they get but little by it." "He ordered the baggage to be brought to one place, [they] excepting only such things as were very necessary." "None of them was cleansed, [we] saving (leaving out) Naaman the Syrian." "[We] saving (preserving, having due regard to) your reverence, he is the devil himself." "[We, I] saving (having due regard to). your merry humor, here's the note." "[We] saving your tale, Petruchio, let us speak too."

DURING, PENDING.

10. These participles are connected with nouns expressed, which, instead of being in the objective, are in the nominative case (nominative absolute). "I hold the property during life (life during; that is, while life dures, continues)." Compare the Latin durante vita. "Our office may, during his power (his power during, while his power endures), go sleep." 'During which time (which time during), he ne'er saw Syracusa." "During his childhood, he was under the care of his aunt." "Pending the suit (the suit pending, while the suit was pending, depending), he left the country.' "Pending the discussion of this subject (the discussion of this subject pending, while the discussion of this subject was pending), a memorial was presented."

The verb to dure was once in common use; as, "Dureth for a while."-English Bible. "This battle dured three parts of the night."-Stow. "Paul made a sermon during to midnight."-Tyndale. "To love hire while his lif may dure."-Chaucer. To endure has the same meaning; as, "For his mercies aye endure."-Milton.

The verb to pend is confined to the "progressive forms," or those which denote action continuing; as, "The suit is pending;" "The negotiations were pending;" "The suit will be pending." To depend has the same signification.

NOTWITHSTANDING.

11. Here we have two words, the adverb not and the participle withstanding, which can not be changed to one word by the stroke of a pen or the omission of a printer's space. It is the meaning of words, and not the way in which they may chance to be written, that determines their character. Withstanding is to be construed like during and pending, though it is not always placed before the noun, as they are. "This is a correct English idiom, Dr. Lowth's opinion to the contrary not withstanding." Here the participle withstanding is modified by the adverb not, and belongs to the noun opinion, which is in the nominative case (nominative absolute). "Their gratitude made them proclaim the wonders he had done for them, not withstanding his prohibition (his prohibition not preventing)." "He is rich, not withstanding his loss." "Not withstanding that [thing], the troops must be reviewed."

Mr. Goold Brown says, "The compound word notwithstanding is not a participle, because there is no verb to notwithstand. "But there is a verb to withstand, and Mr. Brown does not always regard as one word two words which happen to be written without a space between them. It is customary to write another as one word; but he separates them, writing an other. Can not may be often seen as one word, cannot; yet they are always regarded as two words. Mr. Brown quotes from