occasions repeated the ceremony of his own Coronation, the principal object of the solemnity was crowning the Queen, he having himself been crowned before.

Henry III. was unmarried when, at his accession in 1216, and afterwards in 1220, he was crowned. On the 14th January, 1236, he married Eleanor of Provence, and six days after she was crowned alone, as appears by the Red Book in the Exchequer. He attended, wearing his crown, as we there learn, but he was only a spectator; and M. Paris relates that the sword of St. Edward, called the curteine, was borne before him by the marshal, “in token of his right to restrain the King if he should do amiss" (in signum quod Regem si oberret habeat de jure potestatem cohibendi): So entirely was the Queen the principal personage at this solemnity.

Edward I. was crowned, August 19, 1274, with his Queen Eleanor; in 1291 he married Margaret of France, at Canterbury, where, in all probability, she was crowned. There being no evidence of the event, is no argument against its having happened, when the regularity with which queens were crowned on their marriage, is considered; and in Henry the Seventh's time, it was distinctly asserted, and never contradicted, that no Queen, since the Conquest, had ever been debarred of this right.

* Page 355. Ed. 1684.

Edward II. and his Queen Isabella, were crowned together, July 25, 1308; and Edward III. being unmarried, was crowned alone, July 26, 1326; but a year after he married Philippa, who was crowned alone, in April, 1327. A proclamation is preserved in the Close Roll in the Tower, summoning the barons of the cinque ports, to attend and perform the canopy service, as they were wont at other coronátions. This is the same proclamation which issues to summon the barons at the coronation of Kings alone, or of Kings with their Consorts.

Richard II. was crowned, July 16, 1377, and he married, January 14, 1382, his first wife, Anne, who was crowned on the 22d of the same month. In the twentieth year of his reign, (1397) he married Isabella, who was then crowned alone, as appears from the Close Roll in the Tower. An order is there preserved, to the sheriffs of London, to make proclamation, summoning "all persons who, by reason of their tenures or otherwise, were bound to perform any services on the days of the coronation of Queens of England, to do the same at the coronation of the King's Consort as usual." -In the Cott. MS. in Brit. Mus. Tib. E. 8. 37, is an account of the duties of officers at the coronation, temp. Ric. 2. The duty of keeper of the wardrobe is there set forth: "Idem custos eodem modo in coronatione reginæ, si sit coronata cum rege, sive sola sit coronata," &c.*

*The same keeper in like manner in the Coronation of the

Henry IV. was crowned, October 13, 1399, his first wife, Mary of Bohun, having died in 1394. He afterwards married Joanna, who was crowned in 1403. His son and successor, Henry V. was crowned in 1413; but having, in 1421, married Katherine of France, he came over to England for the purpose, among other things, of attending her coronation. She was crowned alone, as appears from the Close Roll in the Tower, where a summons remains to all persons to attend and perform services "at the coronation of Katherine Queen of England, the King's Consort."

Henry VI. having succeeded his father when an infant of a few months old, was first crowned in his 9th year, 1429, and afterwards at Paris in 1431. In 1445 he married Margaret, who was crowned alone on the 30th of May, with the usual pomp.

The materials of the Scottish history, do not enable us to trace the coronation of the Queen Consort with such precision; but there can be no doubt that it was as punctually and solemnly performed as that of the Sovereign. This may safely he inferred from the peculiar provisions of the law of Scotland, touching the Queen's privileges. She has by statute there, the right to an oath of allegiance from all the prelates, and barons. Such is the provision of the act 1428, c. 109. made in the eighth parliament of James I. and four years after his return from captivity in England. It is entitled

Queen, if she be crowned with the King; or if she be crowned alone, &c.-ED.

"Aith to be made to the Queen be the Clergie, and the Baronnes," and is as follows, being, like all the old statutes of Scotland, extremely concise:" Quo die Dominus Rex, ex deliberatione et consensû totius concilii statuit, quod omnes et singuli successores prelatorum regni quorumcunque necnon omnes et singuli hæredes futuri comitum, baronum, omniumque libere tenentium Domini Regis, teneantur facere consimile juramentum Domina Nostræ Reginæ. Nec ullus prelatus de cetero admittatur ad suam temporalitatem aut hæres cujusvis tenentis Domini Regis ad suas tenendrias, nisi prius præstet Regina illud juramentum." Now that an

argument may be drawn to the rights of the King and his Consort in Great Britain, since the union of the crowns, from their rights in Scotland, before the union, is manifest both upon principle, and also upon the authority of the Houses of Parliament, which, in 1788, ordered Scottish precedents to be examined as well as English, touching the Regency.

Edward IV. having been crowned in 1461, when he was unmarried, afterwards married Elizabeth Woodville, in 1465, and her coronation took

* In which day, our Lord the King, in deliberation, and by the consent of all his council, hath decreed, that all, and each of the successors of the prelates of the kingdom whatsoever; and all and each likewise of the heirs that shall be of the earls, barons, and of all freely holding of our Lord the King, shall be bound to take a like oath to our Lady the Queen. Nor shall any prelate hereafter be admitted to his own possessions, or heir of any one holding of our Lord the King to occupy his own, unless he hath first taken that oath to the Queen.-ED.

place immediately. In the Cotton collection, (Tib. E. 8.) there remains an Ordo Coronationis Regis, Ed. IV. et Regina Angliæ, with a memorandum, "Pro unctione Reginæ, quando sola coronanda sit." * Richard III. and his Queen Anne were crowned together in 1483. The proceedings of a usurper are not, in a question like the present, to be overlooked; for he is likely to be peculiarly scrupulous in the observance of all the ancient usages connected with the title to the throne.

Henry VII. took the crown by three titles; descent, conquest, and marriage; and although as Lord Coke remarks, his best title in law was his marriage, yet it is certain that he preferred the title by descent, which upon all occasions he was anxious to put forward, placing it (to use the language of Lord Bacon), as his main shield, and the other two as its supporters only. The country, as far as its opinion can be collected from the declaration of Parliament, viewed it in the same light; and in the intendment of law this is sufficient, whatever may have been the sentiments of the York party. The crown was by statute entailed upon him and his issue; being limited to the heirs of his body generally, without any reference to the Princess Elizabeth, to whom he was not then married. But before this act recognised him as King de jure, and immediately after the battle of Bosworth had given him possession of the crown, he

* For the anointing of the Queen, when she shall be crowned.-ED. L. D. F