1. 10, described as 'dried up,' as the corn is wasted,' and the yitzhar 'languisheth.'

2. 19, promised by God along with corn and yitzhar.

2. 24, said to 'overflow' (or abound in) the press, together with yitzhar, as the floors are full of wheat.'

yayin, as olives, when trodden, yield shemen (oil).

HAGGAI.

I. II, joined with corn and yitzhar as suffering from drought.

ZECHARIAH.

9. 17, said to make the virgins cheerful (or to grow), as corn the young

men.

and yitzhar nineteen times, with corn

Obs. 1. Tirosh is connected with corn

alone eleven times, with the vine three times, and is otherwise named five times; in all, thirty-eight times.

Obs. 2. Tirosh is translated in the A. V. twenty-six times by 'wine,' eleven times by new wine (Neh. 10. 39; 13. 5, 12; Prov. 3. 10; Isa. 24. 7; 65. 8; Hos. 4. 11; 9. 2; Joel 1. 10; Hag. I. II; Zech. 9. 17), and once (Micah 6. 15) by 'sweet wine,' where the margin has new wine.'

CHALDEE.-The general rendering of tirosh in the Targum is by khamar, or khamrah, thus making no distinction between yayin and tirosh. But in Numb. 18. 12, Jonathan's rendering khamar inbah, 'wine of the grape,' indicates a perception of the relation of tirosh to the grape while ungathered and unexpressed. The Targum on Hos. 4. II tirosh by ravyethah, 'drunkeninterprets ness,' or 'satiation,' but in Joel 1. 10 by 'vines.'

GREEK.-The LXX. renders tirosh in

every case but twice by oinos, the generic name for yayin; the exceptions being Isa. 65. 8, where rhox, 'grape-stone,' is given, and Hos. 4. 11, where the renAquila's version in Deut. 7. 13 has dering is methusma, 'strong drink.' opōrismon, autumnal fruit,' and in Isa. 26. 7, parōrismos, fruit out of season'; but very possibly paror is a transcriber's error for apōr, the reading in Deut.

7. 13.

LATIN. The Vulgate, though as a rule translating tirosh by vinum, 'wine,' has some exceptions :-Deut. 7. 13, vin"demia, vintage-fruit'; Neh. 10. 37, vindemia; Isa. 24. 7, vindemia; Isa. 65. 8, granum, 'a grain,' young grape; 6. 15, said when trodden to produce Hos. 4. 11, ebrietas, ‘drunkenness.'

MICAH.

·

3. KHEMER (Hebrew, kh-m-r, pronounced khěměr) is a word descriptive of the foaming appearance of the juice of the grape newly expressed, or when undergoing

fermentation. It occurs but nine times in all—including once as a verb, and six

times in its Chaldee form of khamar or khamrah.

8. 2, applied to 'the juice' of the pome- lent to ahsis is given; but in the other granate.

LATIN.-In Cant. 8. 2 and Isa. 49. | 26 the Vulgate has mustum, and in the other passages dulcido, 'sweetness.'

5. SOVEH (sometimes written sobe, sobhe) denotes a luscious, and probably boiled wine (Latin, sapa). It occurs three times.

6. MESEK (sometimes written mesech) is used with its related forms mezeg and mimsak to denote some liquid compounded of various ingredients. These words occur as nouns four times, and in a verbal shape five times.

ISAIAH.

mixture'-i. e. a house where a mixed drink is provided; in Cant. 7. 2 mezeg is lost in a cloud of allegory; in Isa. 65. II the T. has 'who have mixed for their

gods a goblet.' In Prov. 9. 2, 5, the verbal form is mezagath, 'mixed'; and in Isa. 5. 22, le-aithrevath, to make drunk (or drench) themselves.'

GREEK.-Psa. 75. 8, the LXX. has kerasma, ' mixture ; Symmachus has

65. 11, mimsak, ‘dring-offering' (A. V.). ekchutheis, poured out." Prov. 23. 30,

The verbal form occurs

PROVERBS.

the LXX. has potoi, drinkings'; Theodotion has kerasmata, 'mixtures.' Cant.

9. 2, 5, wisdom has mingled' her wine. 7. 2, the LXX. krama, ‘mixed-liquor;'

ISAIAH.

5. 22, men mighty 'to mingle' strong drink.

Also in Psa. 102. 9; Isa. 19. 14.

CHALDEE.-In Psa. 75. 8 the Targum reads mezagath merarthah, a mixture of bitterness'; in Prov. 23. 30 mimsak is paraphrased baith mizgah, a house of

Isa. 65. 11, kerasma, mixture.' In Prov. 9. 2, 5, and Isa. 5. 22, the Lxx. uses inflections of the verb kerannumi, 'to mingle.'

LATIN. Psa. 75. 8, the V. has mixtum; Prov. 23. 30, calices; and Cant. 7. 2, pocula, cups'; Isa. 65. 11, libatis, 'have made libations.' In Prov. 9. 25 and Isa. 5. 22 the verb miscuo, 'to mix,' is used.

7. ASHISHAH (sometimes written eshishah) signifies some kind of fruit-cake, probably a cake of pressed grapes or raisins. It occurs four times, and in each case is associated by the A. V. with some kind of drink.

and in the other two places the paraphrase does not follow the text.

GREEK.-In 2 Sam. 6. 19 the LXX. has leganon apo teeganou, 'a cake-cookedwith-oil from the frying-pan': = a pan

cake or fricassee. In I Chron. 16. 3, amoriteen, a cake'; in Cant. 2. 5, murois, 'with perfumes'; Symmachus, anthei, ' on a flower'; Aquila, oinanthōn, 'with vine-flowers.' In Hos. 3. I the Lxx. has pemmata meta staphidos (Codex A, staphidōn), 'cakes made with raisins.'

LATIN. -In 2 Sam. 6. 19 and 2 Chron. 16. 3 the Vulgate has similam frixam oleo, a cake-of-fine-flour fried in oil.' In Cant. 2. 5, floribus, with flowers.' In Hos. 3. I, vinacea uvarum, ‘husks of grapes.

8. SHEMARIM (pronounced shemahrim) is derived from shamar, 'to preserve,' and has the general signification of things preserved. It occurs five times. In Exod. 12. 42, the same word, differently pointed, is twice translated as signifying to be kept (observed).

PSALMS.

75. 8, said to be sucked up by the wicked; 'dregs' (A. V.), rather the

parts of the mixture preserved from solution the insoluble drugs.

9. MAMTAQQIM is derived from mahthaq, to suck,' and denotes 'sweetnesses.'

It is applied to the mouth (Cant. 5. | 16) as full of sweet things. In Neh. 8. 10 it is said, 'Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the sweet' mamtaqqim, 'sweetnesses' sweet drinks. The Lxx.

has glukasmata, 'sweet things,' and the V. mulsum, 'drink sweet as honey.' [Mathaq is most probably allied to the Saxon metheg and metheglin, liquid preparations from honey.]

10. SHAKAR (sometimes written shechar, shekar) signifies 'sweet drink,' expressed from fruits other than the grape, and drunk in an unfermented or fermented state. It occurs in the Old Testament twenty-three times.

I. 15, its use disclaimed by Hannah.
PSALMS.

69. 12, the drinkers of it (A. V.,
'drunkards') mocked the Psalmist.
PROVERBS.

20. I, pronounced 'raging.'

31. 4, forbidden to princes.

CHALDEE. In the Targum shakar is usually rendered khamar attiq, 'old wine,' a rendering indubitably erroneous; but other renderings are as follows:Marvai, 'strong drink,' in Lev. 10. 9;

31. 6, the use of, by those ready to Psa. 69. 12. Khamar bekhir, Jerusalem

Targum of Numb. 28. 7, where Onkelos and Jonathan have khamar attiq. Marath, 'pure,' or 'neat,' Jonathan's rendering in Deut. 29. 6; and sikrah, in Prov. 20. I. GREEK. The Lxx. gives shakar the Greek garb of sikera (except in Judg. 13. 4, where Codex B, methusma, 'strong drink'): methusma, 1 Sam. 1. 15; Micah 2. II: oinon, wine,' Psa. 69. 12; Prov. 31. 4: methee, 'strong liquor,' or 'drunkenness,' Prov. 20. 1; 31. 6; Isa. 27. 8 (once, but Codex A has sikera thrice).

Of other Greek versions preserved, the usual renderings are methusma, 'strong |

drink,' except Theodotion, Isa. 28. 7; methee (once), 56. 12 [a verse absent from the LXX. version].

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LATIN. The common rendering of the Vulgate is sicera, an adaptation from the Hebrew or Greek, except omne quod inebriare potest, whatever is able to inebriate,' in Lev. 10. 9; Numb. 6. 3; 1 Sam. 1. 15: qualibet alia potio, any other drink,' in Numb. 6. 3 (second clause): potre, 'drink,' in Isa. 24. 9: vinum, wine,' in Numb. 28. 7; Psa. 69. 12: ebrietas, 'drunkenness,' in Prov. 20. 1; 31. 4; Isa. 5. II; 5. 12; 28. 7 (thrice); 29. 9; 56. 12.

II.

HEBREW WORDS DESCRIPTIVE OF VINEYARD, VINE, ETC. [VINEYARD] KEREM (pl. KERAHMIM). A term applied at first to cultivated land appropriated to the growth of fruit-bearing plants, and at length specifically to ground set apart for the culture of the vine, though probably down to a late period the more general meaning was not absent from the word. It is translated vineyard' in the A. V. in Gen. 9. 20; Exod. 22. 5 (twice); 23. 11; Lev. 19. 10 (twice); 25. 3; 25. 4; Numb. 16. 14 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 20. 17 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 21. 22 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 22. 24; Deut. 6. 11; 20. 6; 22. 9 (twice); 23. 24; 24. 21; 28. 30; 28. 39; Josh. 24. 13; Judg. 9. 27; II. 33; 14. 5; 15. 5; 21. 20; 21. 21; I Sam. 8. 14; 8. 15; 22. 7; 1 Kings 21. 1; 21. 2 (twice); 21. 6 (twice); 21. 7; 21. 15; 21. 16; 21. 18; 2 Kings 5. 26; 18. 32; 19. 29; 1 Chron. 27. 27 (twice); Neh. 5. 3; 5. 4; 5. 5; 5. 11; 9. 25; Job 24. 6 (rendered vintage' in A. V.); 24. 18; Psa. 107. 37; Prov. 24. 30; 31. 16; Eccles. 2. 4; Cant. 1. 6 (twice); 1. 14; 2. 15 (twice, and both times 'vines' in the A. V.); 7. 12; 8. 11 (twice); 8. 12; Isa. I. 8; 3. 14; 5. I (twice); 5. 3; 5. 4; 5. 5; 5. 7; 5. 10; 16. 10; 27. 2; 36. 17; 37. 30; 65. 21; Jer. 12. 10; 31. 5; 32. 15; 35. 7; 35. 9; 39. 10; Ezek. 28. 26; Hos. 2. 15; Amos 4. 9; 5. II; 5. 17; 9. 14; Micah 1. 6; Zeph. 1. 13. [See SHEDAMOTH and KANNAH.] The A. V. includes kerem as part of a proper name in Neh. 3. 14, Beth-haccerem; Jer. 6. 1, Beth-haccerem [literally, baith-hak-kerem, a house of the vineyard']. From Kerem comes—

[VINEYARD-MAN] KORAM (pl. KoRAMIM), ‘a vineyarder,' a man employed about a vineyard. In the A. V. translated 'vinedresser' in 1 Kings 25. 12; 2 Chron. 26. 10; Isa. 61. 15; Jer. 52. 16; Joel 1. 11.

[VINE-FIELD] SHEDAMOTH, used apparently to designate fields planted with vines, in Deut. 32. 32; Isa. 16. 8; Hab. 3. 17.

KANNAH is translated 'vineyard' in Psa. 80. 15, but probably signifies 'a plant.' Gesenius translates it 'protect thou.'

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[VINE] GEPHEN (pl. GEPHANIM) strictly signifies 'a twig,' from gaphnan, 'to be bent,' and hence applied to the vine as the most valuable of flexile plants. It is so applied in the A. V. as follows:-Gen. 40. 9; 40. 10; 49. II; Numb. 6. 4; 20. 5 [Hebrew, 'the vine']; Deut. 8. 8 [Hebrew, the vine']; 32. 32 (twice); Judg. 9. 12; 9. 13; 13. 14; I Kings 4. 25; 2 Kings 4. 39 [gephen sadeh, a vine of the field' a wild vine]; 18. 31; Job 15. 33; Psa. 78. 47; 80. 8; 80. 14; 105. 33; 128. 3; Cant. 2. 13; 6. II; 7. 8; 7. 12; Isa. 7. 23; 16. 8; 16. 9; 24. 7; 32. 12; 34. 4; 36. 16; Jer. 2. 21; 5. 17; 6. 9; 8. 13; 48. 32; Ezek. 15. 2; 15. 6; 17. 6 (twice); 17. 7; 17. 8; 19. 10; Hos. 2. 12; 10. 1; 14. 7; Joel I. 7; 1. 12; 2. 22; Micah 4. 4; Hab. 3. 17; Hag. 2. 19; Zech. 3. 10; 8. 12; Mal. 3. II. [See also SORAQ and ZEMORAH.] Vine' is superadded in the A. V. in Lev. 25. 5, II.

SORAQ is supposed to be derived from saraq, 'to interweave'; hence soraq, a