1 1 2 3 3 non 4 5 5 7 6 8 8 7 7 VERSIO VULGATA (Cle- CODEX BEZAE ment.) CODD. AMIATI Codex PALATINUS CODEX BRIXIANUS (a). (b). (c). (a). NUS, FULDENSIS, FORO(e). (f). JULIENSIS. invenerunt corpus te consternatae essent de pidem revolutum a mo- nerunt lapidem revolu- tum est dū mente con- nerunt corpus iesu 4 et su et factum est dum et et crucifigi et die tertia cutus sit cui adhuc esset vobis cum adhuc esset in num et crucifigi et tertia tet filium hominis tradi fuld.) in galilaea esset quia oportet firum horum 9 et reversae ratae sunt verborum ho- oportet filium hominis tet filium hominis tradi ratae sunt verborum ho- catorum et crucifigi et lium hominis tradi in et regressae l'e- tradi in manus hominum in manus hominum et rū..' et regressae renun. tertia die resurgere set manus hominum pecca- a monumento nuntiave- die resurget fur.) et monumento nuntia- verba ista et non crede- iohanna et maria iacobi apostolos haec 11 et pa- mentum verba ista et bant ad apostolos haec magdalene (-nae for.) et et visa sunt coram illos iohanna et maria iacobi ad apostolos ista 11 et vi- rum quasi derisus verba quasi deliramentum ver- et ceterae quae cum eis sae sunt apud illos quasi haec et non credebant ba illarum et non crede- erant quae dicebant ad N.B. Cod. Monacensis (9) apud Tischend. N. T. deliramenta verba ista et eis bant illis 12 petrus autem apostolus haec li et visa ed. 7ma cum be consentit in et ecce v. 4, haec dice- non credebant illis 12 pe surgens cucurrit ad mo- sunt ante illos sicut (om. bant ad apostolos v. 10. trus autem surgens cu numentum et procum- sicut for.) deliramentum currit ad monumentuin bens videt linteamina verba ista et non crede. et procumbens videt lin sola posita et abiit mi- bant (crediderunt clem.) teamina sola posita et rans secum quod factum illis petrus autem surabiit secum mirans quod fuerat gens cucurrit ad monu- mentum et procumbens 9 9 run 10 11 scereut 17 18 19 13 et ecce duo erant ex 13 et ecce duo ex illis 13 et ecce duo ex illis 13 erant autem duo abe. 13 fuerunt autem duo ex 13 et ecce duo ex ipsis 13 et ecce duo ex illis illis euntes in municipi. ibant in ipsa die in cas- euntes in ipsa die in cas- untes ex eis in ipsa die illis euntes ipsa die in ibant eadem die in cas- ibant ipsa (hoc fuld.) die um stadios habentem la tellum quod aberat sta- tellum quod abest ab in castellum iter habentis castellum quod est ab tellum quod aberat spa. in castellum quod erat in ab hierusalem cui nomen dia sexaginta ab hieru- ierosolymis stadia sexa- stadios sexaginta ab hie hierosolymis stadia sep. tio stadiorun. Lx ab hie- spatio stadiorum sexa 14 et ipsi trac- salem nomine cleofas et ginta nomine emmaus rusalem nomine ulam- tem nomine ammaus et rusalem nomine emmaus ginta (CLX fuld.) ab hietabant de omnibus quae ammaus et ipsi fabu- 14 fabulabantur autem ad maus 14 fabulabantur au- cleopas 14 fabulabātur 14 et ipsi loquebantur ad rusalem nomine emmaus et factum omnibus quae contige- nibus quae accederant quae acciderant 15 et fac- invicem de his omnibus 16 oculi autem eorum te- quans i sibat cum illis 16ocu- et ait ad illos for. clem.) tenebantur pe 17 ad ille rant ne eù cognosce et confertis ad invicem am- ait ad illos qui sunt hi bulantes et estis tristes sermones quos conferiis vos ambulantes tristes mones quos refertis ad et respondens unus ex ad invicem ambulantes peregrinus es in hieru- peregrinus es in hieruza- autem unus cui nomen dixit ad illum tu solus ofas et dixit illi tu solus estis tristes 18 respondit 18 respondens autem unus invicem et steterunt tri ipsis cui nomen cleophas et estis tristes 18 et reex eis cui nomen cleopas stes respondit autem dixit ei tu solus peregri- spondens unus cui nomen salen nescis quae gesta lem non cognovisti quae erat cleophas et dixit ad dixit ad eum tu solus ad- unus ad eum cui nomen sunt in illa in diebus facta sunt in illa in his illum tu solus peregri es in hierusalem erat cleopas et dixit ad nus es in hierusalem et cleopas (-phas for.clem.) istis qui ait illis quae diebus 19 quibus ille dixit naris ab ierosolyma non pescisti quae facta sunt illum tu solus peregri- non agnovisti quae facta dixit ei tu solus peregriet ipsi dixerunt de iesu quae et dixerunt de iesu cognovisti facta nazareno qui fuit pro- nazareo qui fuit propheta sunt in illa in istis die- in ea in diebus istis 19 ad naris ab hierusalem non sunt in ea in diebus istis nus es in hierusalem et pheta potens in opere et potens in opere et ser- bus 9 ille autem dixit illis ille dixit ei quae de ihu cognovisti quae facta quibus ille dixit quae non cognovisti quae facta sunt istis diebus 19 ille at illi dixerunt de iesu sunt in illa his diebus verbo coram deo et omni mone coram deo et omni quae illi autem dixerunt nazoreo qui fuit vir pro autem dixit illis quae illi nazoreno qui fuit pro- quibus ille dixit quae populo 20 quomodo hunc plebe 20 quomodo hunc de iesu nazareno qui fuit pheta potens in verbo et pontifices tradiderunt principes sa- vir potens in factis et in opera in conspectu dei antem dixerunt de ihm pheta potens in opere et et dixerunt de iesu nazatradiderunt sermone coram deo et reno qui fuit vir propheta potens in factis 20 nostri in iudicio mortis et cerdotum et omnes po- dictis in conspectu dei et omnis populi co sicut hunc fazareno qui fuit air pret omni populo 2° quomodo potens in opere et sercrucifixerunt illum 21 nos pulus in damnationem universi populi quo- tradiderunt principes sa eum tradiderunt summi mone coram deo et omni dictis in conspectu di et sacerdotes et principes populo 20 et quomodo nos vero spera- universi populi quo- n stri in damnationem eum tradiderunt (tradid. sacerdotes et magistratus eum nos autem spe- dotes (-tum Am.) et prin- fixerunt 21 nos autem spe- nunc super haec omnia runt eum autem ramus quia ipse fuit qui tertia dies est hodie quod sperabamus quia ip e es- hel simul autem cum his mulieres quaedam ex no- for.) israhel et nunc su- ante lucem fuerunt ad facta sunt 22 et mulieres 22 sed et mulieres quae- tertium diem agit hodie stris terruerunt nos quae per haec omnia tertia ex quo facta sunt 24 sed ante lucem fuerunt ad dies (add. est clem.) ho- mulieres quedam ex monumentum et non die quod haec facta sunt vidisse qui dicunt eum visionem angelorum vi- monumentum quae invenissent corpus eius nobis commemoraverunt invento corpore eius ve 22 sed et mulieres quaenos cum fuissent ante nerunt dicentes se etiam dam ex nostris terruedam ex nostris ad monuet abierunt qui- pus eius advenerunt di nem angelorum vidisse vivere 24 et abierunt qui- disse qui dicunt eum vi- cum non invenissent cor: venerunt dicentes visio lucana ad monumētum visionem angelorum vi- runt nos quae ante lucem mentum et invenerunt dam ex nostris ad monu- centes angelorum visio qui dicunt etiam vivere 23 et cum nö invenis. disse qui dicunt eum vi- fuerunt ad monumentum et abierunt qui- 3 et non invento corpore erunt quidam de nobis in monimentum et inve- dice- mentum et ita invenerunt etiam visionem angeload monumentum et in- nerunt sic sicut dixerunt bant illum vivere 4 et sicut mulieres dixerunt rum vidisse qui dicunt abierunt quidam de no- ipsum vero non viderunt eum vivere 24 et abierunt quidam ex nostris ad mo- numentum et ita inveneerunt mulieres ipsum au runt sicut mulieres dixetem non vidimus runt ipsum vero non in venerunt (viderunt for.) v. 17 illos pro eos s. m. 21 vere 24 In the Acts of the Apostles all the elder Latin versions fail us: we have, however, to compare with d, the Vulgate Latin in its best manuscripts (am. fuld.), and e the parallel Latin version ) of Act. Cod. E (Laud. 35), about a century younger than Cod. D. 2 2 3 4 5 mus 5 6 6 8 ACT. VI. VERSIO VULGATA. Cod. BEZAE (d) primâ manu. CoD. LAUDIAN. Act. (e) primâ manu. 1 In diebus autem illis crescente numero 1 In diebus autem istis multiplicantibus ! In diebus autem istis multiplicantium discipulorum factum (factus fuld.) est discipulis facta est murmuratio quae ex discipulorum factus est murmratio graemurmur graecorum adversus hebraeos eo grecis erant adversus aebraeos quia dis- corum ad hebraeos equod despicerentur (om. eo fuld.) quod despicerentur (disp. cupiuntur in ministerio diurno viduae ip- in ministerio cotidiano viduae eorum am.) in ministerio cotidiano viduae eorum sorum in ministerio haebreorum Con- 2 Vocantes autem duodecim multitudinem convocantes autem duodecim multitudi- vocantes itaque .xii multitudinem dis- discipulorum dixerunt non placitum est nem discipulorum dixerunt non est aequum cipulorum dixerunt ad eos non enim relinquentes nos verbum dei ministrare nos derelinquere verbum dei et minis- placet nobis derelicto verbo di ministrare mensis 3 considerate igitur fratres viros trare mensis 3 considerate ergo fratres, mensis 3 quid ergo est fratres prospicite ex vobis testificationem habentes septeni viros ex vobis boni testimonii septem ple- itaque ex vobis viros testimonio b no plenos spiritu sancto et sapientiae quos nos spiritu sancto (om. sancto am. fuld.) et .vii. plenos spu et sapientia quos constituamus in usum hunc 4 nos autem consti. sapientia quos constituamus super hoc orationi et ministerio verbi instantes erituamus in negotio hoc 4 nos autem sumus opus nos vero orationi et ministerio oratione et ministerio berbi et placuit verbum coram universa perseveramus verbi instantes erimus 5 et placuit sermo multitudine et elegerunt stephanum vicoram omni multitudine et elegerunt ste- multitudini discipulorum et elegerunt ste- rum plenum fidei et spiritu sancto et phanum (stef. fuld.) virum plenum fide et phanum virum plenum fidei et spiritu philippum et p.ochorum et nicanorem et spiritu sancto et philippum et procorum sancti et philippum et prochorum et nica- timonem et parmenam et nicolaum adet (om. proc. et fuld.) nicanorem et timonorem et timonem et permenan et nicho venani antiochensem 6 quos statuerunt in nem (timotheum fuld.) et parmenam et laum proselytum antiocensem quos sta- conspectu apostolorum et orantes inponicolaum advenam antiochenum (anthio suerunt eis manus tuerunt in conspectu apostolorum cumque 7 et verbum domini cenum fuld ) hos statuerunt ante conorassent superposuerunt eis manus 7 et crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus disspectum apostolorum et orantes imposui- verbum dni crescebat et multiplicabatur centium in herusalem vehementer multa erunt eis nianus 7 et verbum domini (dei numerus discipulorum in hierusalem nimis vero turba sacerdotum obaudiebat fidei am.) crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus multaque turba sacerdotum oboediebant 8 stephanus autem plenus gratia et fidei discipulorum in hierusalem valde multa fidei 8 stephanus vero plenus gratia et ac virtute faciebat signa et prodigia magna etiam turba sacerdotum oboediebat fidei virtute faciebat portenta et siuna magna in populo in nomine domini ihesu christi stephanus autem plenus gratia et forti- in populo per nomen dni ihu xpi' sur 9 adversus quem surrexerunt quidam de tudine faciebat prodigia et signa magna rexerunt autem quidam qui erant de conventione qure apellatur livertinorum in populo surrexerunt autem quidam et curinensium et alexandrinorum et a synagoga quae dicitur livertinorum et de synagoga quae appellatur libertinocyrenensium et alexandrinorum et eorum cilicia et asia disputantes cum stefano et rum et cyrenensium et alexandrinorun, et qui sunt a cilicia altercantes cum stephano non poterat resistere sapientientiae quae eorum qui erant a cilicia et asia dispu- 10 qui non poterant resistere sapientiae erat in eo et spiritu sancto quo loquetantes cum stephano 10 et non poterant batur 10 propter quod redarguerentur ab quae erat in eo et spo sanctoin quo loquebaresistere sapientiae et spiritui qui loque eo cum omnei fiducia cum ergo non postur quoniam probatur illis ab illo cum omni batur 11 tunc summiserunt viros qui sent contradicere veritati 11 tunc sumfiducia non potentes autem resistere vedicerent se audisse eum dicentem verba miserunt viros dicentes quia audivimus eo ritati 11 tunc summiser unt viros qui diceblasphemiae in moysen (mosen am.) et loquente verba blasfema iu mousem et rent quia audivimus eum loquentem verba [in]deum (addit et fuld.) 12 commoverunt in deum 12 et haec dicentes commoverunt itaque plebem et seniores et scribas et blasphema in moysen et in dum 12 com moveruntque populum et seniores et scri- quoque plebem et seniores et scribas et concurrentes rapuerunt eum et adduxe concurrentes rapuerunt eum et duxerunt bas et adgressi adrripuerunt eum et adrunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt testes in concilio 13 statuerun autem testes falsos duxerunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt falsos dicentes (qui dicerent am.) homo dicentes liomo hic non cessat verba blastestes falsos adversum eum dicentes homo iste non cessat loqui verba adversus locum fema loquens adversus locum sanctum et hic non cessabit verba loquens adversus sanctum et legem 14 audivimus enim eum legem audibimus enim eo dicente quia locum sanctum et legem audivimus dicentem quoniam iesus nazarenus hic ihesus nazoraeus hic dissolvet locum hunc destruet locum istum et mutalit tradi- enim eum dicentem quia ihs nazoraeus et mutavit consuetudines quas tradidit hic destruet locum istum et mutavit tiones quas tradidit nobis moyses (moses nobis mouses 15 et intendentes in eum iterum quos tradidit nobis moyses et ini uentes eum omnes et am. fuld.) omnes qui sedebant in concilio viderunt qui sedebant in concilio viderunt faciem intuiti in enm omnes qui sedebant in con vultum ejus velut vultum angeli. ejus tamquam faciem (om. faciem am.) cilio et viderunt faciem ejus quasi faciem ( angeli stans in medio eorum. angeli, 9 9 14 14 15 15 Of these translators d and e seem quite independent of each other, and there is no appearance that either had access to the other's performance; the Vulgate is plainly the groundwork of e, and it probably lay before the writer while engaged on his task; even d was familiar with it, whether he retained it in memory (e. g. quos constituamus v. 3), or only referred to it occasionally: hence e has more of the characteristic diction of the Vulgate than d (e. g. vv. 1; 4; 5 fin.; 12 fin.). Both d and e aimed at representing the peculiarities of their respective Greek texts, which the Vulgate was obviously unable to accomplish for them; and e frequently quits his model in the attempt to render the Greek more strictly and literally, in the same spirit as we have observed with regard to Cod. Bezae, though not carried out on the same plan. Thus in v. 1 the translator e seems to think that πληθυνoντων των μαθητων depends on γογγυσμος, while on the contrary the really dependent genitives after aknkoajev in vv. 11, 14 are treated as absolute and rendered by eo loquente, eo dicente. He follows the Vulgate in representing tpoon\vtov v. 5 by advenam, which is true to the derivation but not to the technical meaning, so that here d is preferable: while for uaOntwv v. 7 e alone has discentium, but then his Greek is twv pavdavovrwv. In v. 7 opodpa is differently rendered by all three, d being quite wrong (nimis), though he has always valde in the other nine places where the word occurs. In v. 1 discupiuntur of d has already been noticed as an error for dispiciuntur (p. xxxiv). Of the rarious readings found in d and e throughout Acts vi. we will speak in the next Chapter : but there seems nothing in the diction of d as here contrasted with the only other two forms of the ancient Latin extant in this portion of Scripture which would lead us to modify the judgement arrived at on fuller evidence in the case of Luke xxiv; namely, that the parallel translation in Codex Bezae was made directly from its Greek or from a text almost coinciding with it, by one who had full acquaintance with (though he made no formal use of) the labours of his predecessors, especially the revision executed by Jerome about a century before his time. Though on the whole disposed to advocate this view, as best satisfying the facts of the case, we must not forget that it is encumbered with one considerable difficulty ; namely, that the Greek and Latin texts in the parallel columns of Codex Bezae differ from each other, as regards the readings they follow, in little less than two thousand places. As the result of a minute examination of the whole manuscript, undertaken with a view to this single point, it may be stated that the Latin (without taking account of its own clerical errors) is at variance with the Greek in 1919 instances (in S. Matthew 251, S. John 229, S. Luke 428, S. Mark 380, Acts 631), being less than the whole number of places (1981)' in which the Greek Codd. FG of S. Paul (which no one doubts to be separate transcripts from the same prototype) differ in but the first thirteen of the Pauline Epistles. And it must be added furthermore that the vast majority of these 1919 divergencies relate to matters so insignificant that they would be utterly overlooked except by a reader who was narrowly watching for them. In 75 the Latin scribe silently corrects plain transcriptural mistakes of the Greek text; in 104 Proper Names are spelt with some slight variation ; in 59 small particles are interchanged, e.g. de is rendered by enim, or yap by autem ; in 133 singular nouns are made plural, and vice versá, the sense being completely unaffected; in no less than 514 cases a similar change is made in the tenses of verbs, (which however are sometimes carefully distinguished) or a finite tense is substituted for a participle; 318 are transmutations in the order of the words, a few (e.g. Matth. xvi. 20; xx. 19; John vii. 5; Mark ii. 1; vii. 22; Acts iii. 20; iv. 10; xxi. 13), and but a few, being of the least consequence. The residue (716) are real various readings, 1 vuao in Cod. G at Dresden, not muao as edited by Mat 1 Not 1982 as stated in my Plain Introduction, p. 137, for in Rom. xvi. 7 Tregelles now tells me that he read thaei in 1791. ز 2 in S. Matthew 78, in S. -John 72, in S. Luke 135, in S. Mark the higher proportion of 146; in the Acts (whose primitive text both Latin and Greek was left in a very rude condition, and has been largely corrected in later times) they amount to as many as 285; yet even these are of no great moment, many the manifest result of mere negligence, while in some of the more considerable our translator d adopts the very expression of the Vulgate Latin : e. g. Acts i. 4 (with am. fuld.); ii. 3; iv. 14 (without monoai n, but yet habebant in d, poterant Vulg.); ) . V. 8; vii. 7 ; xv. 37; xvii. 11; xviii. 2; xix. 23. III. We must now state our reasons for believing that the Latin translator executed his work in some remote province, where the language, though still vernacular, had far progressed in its decline; most probably in Gaul, about the time of the Frankish invasion, and in the dialect then employed in general speech (for the rustic Latin was commonly spoken in Southern Gaul ( up to the close of the seventh century'), rather than in that more correct manner which Church writers like S. Gregory of Tours would of course preserve even at a later period. Its provincial character and growing corruption are abundantly manifested in the gross violations of grammatical propriety which prevail throughout every portion, to a far greater extent than is found in any other Old Latin translation of Scripture. Such especially are those perpetual errors in the government of prepositions, of which, however, we find many examples in the Cod. Palatinus (e)? and some in other copies, (e.g. f supra p. xxxvi, Luke xxiv. 11, not v. 19). Thus a or ab takes an accusative in d, Matth. xxvii. 24; John xxi. 9; Luke iv. 1; ix. 8; xii. 36; xiii. 29 (mixed with ablative); XX. 42; xxiv. 27; Mark i. 9; xiii. 27 (mixed); Acts v. 15; X. 23 (so Greek p.m.); xiii. 8; 14; xvi. 18; 38; xvii. 9; xviii. 16; xxi. 21. Also ad with an ablative Matth. xvii. 19; Luke ii. 52 (mixed); xi. 51; Mark xiv. 34; Acts xv. 22: aput or apud with an ablative Matth. xix. 26 (mixed): circa with abl. Acts x. 9; xiii. 13: cum with accus. Luke i. 39; xxii. 11; Mark i. 29 (mixed); ix. 4; xiv. 54; Acts i. 26; iii. 4 (so Greek, p. m.); v. 26 (mixed); vii. 19; 45; xi. 20; xii. 21; xiv. 20; xvi. 4; xviii. 17; xix. 38: de with accus. Matth. iv. 25 (mixed); Mark vi. 33; Acts ii. 30; xii. 23; xv. 5; xviii. 15 (mixed); e or ex with accus. Acts i. 18; v. 3; xviii. 2: prae with accus. Luke xiii. 2; 4 (so prae turbam Cod. e, Mark ii. 4): per with ; abl. Matth. ii. 14; xxviii. 13; Acts v. 19; xi. 2; xx. 19 : post with abl. Acts xx. 7?: propter with abl. Matth. v. 10; Mark vi. 26 (mixed): secundum with abl. Acts ii. 30: sine with . . accus. Mark iv. 19: supra with abl. Matth. xiv. 11: sub is found Mark iv. 21 with both cases in the same sense. The significations of in with its two cases are confounded 39 times in S. Matthew, 8 times in S. John, only 5 times in S. Luke, 32 in S. Mark, 28 in the Acts. This unequal distribution of the most notable peculiarities in the style and grammatical construction we have had occasion to point out before. The preposition de, moreover, is employed at least twice in the Acts as a substitute for the genitive: thus de praecordia (ano kapdiao) ii. 30; de ecclesiam (no ekkinoiao) xx. 17, look more like French than Latin: though ex in x. 25; xvii. 12; xxi. 39 (with genit.) is of course correct enough, though not indispensable. It is worth while to note besides the variations from the common forms both in regard to omnem castellum (vid. p. xli infra), omnem olus ; qui for quis, vocitus for vocatus, -es for -is in dicites, diligites; the putting of b for p (scribtura, corbus), d for t (capud), I or c for qu (secuntur), for 1 (ficurnea); o interchanged with u (hoc, huc), i with y, t with th, l with 11, b with u the oftenest of all. In these respects d and e closely resemble each other. |