1 CODEX VERONENSIS (b). una autem sabbati ve- 8 et rememo ratae sunt verborum ho runi 9 et regressae re- bant illis N.B. Cod. Monacensis (q) apud Tischend. N. T. 1 CODEX COLBERTINUS (c). uno autem sabbati ve- non CODEX BEZAE (d). una autem sabbati ma- invenerunt CODEX PALATINUS (e). 4 una autem sabbati ve- corpus domini iesu 4 et sum nazarenum 6 rexit a mortuis comme- 8 reversae sunt et renun tiaverunt omnia ista un- 6 mortuis mementote au tem quanta locutus est in 8 manus hominum et 1 una autem sabbati val- 9 8 13 fuerunt autem duo ex 13 et ecce duo ex ipsis batur cum illis 16 oculi nos autem spe- scerent 17 sunt in ea in diebus istis 20 sacerdotes et principes n stri in damnationem ex bis ad monumentum et v. 17 illos pro eos s. m. In the Acts of the Apostles all the elder Latin versions fail us: we have, however, to compare with d, the Vulgate Latin in its best manuscripts (am. fuld.), and e the parallel Latin version of Act. Cod. E (Laud. 35), about a century younger than Cod. D. 2 ACT. VI. VERSIO VULGATA. 1 In diebus autem illis crescente numero discipulorum factum (factus fuld.) est murmur graecorum adversus hebraeos eo (om. eo fuld.) quod despicerentur (disp. am.) in ministerio cotidiano viduae eorum convocantes autem duodecim multitudinem discipulorum dixerunt non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum dei et ministrare mensis 3 considerate ergo fratres, viros ex vobis boni testimonii septem plenos spiritu sancto (om. sancto am. fuld.) et sapientia quos constituamus super hoc opus nos vero orationi et ministerio verbi instantes erimus 5 et placuit sermo 4 COD. BEZAE (d) primâ manu. In diebus autem istis multiplicantibus discipulis facta est murmuratio quae ex grecis erant adversus aebraeos quia discupiuntur in ministerio diurno viduae ipsorum in ministerio haebreorum 2 Convocantes itaque xii multitudinem discipulorum dixerunt ad eos non enim placet nobis derelicto verbo di ministrare mensis 3 quid ergo est fratres prospicite itaque ex vobis viros testimonio b no vii. plenos spu et sapientia quos constituamus in negotio hoc 4 nos autem sumus oratione et ministerio berbi perseveramus 5 et placuit sermo hic in conspectu omni coram omni multitudine et elegerunt ste- multitudini discipulorum et elegerunt ste- rum plenum fidei et spiritu sancto et phanum (stef. fuld.) virum plenum fide et spiritu sancto et philippum et procorum et (om. proc. et fuld.) nicanorem et timonem (timotheum fuld.) et parmenam et 9 nicolaum advenam antiochenum (anthiocenum fuld) hos statuerunt ante conspectum apostolorum et orantes imposuerunt eis manus 7 et verbum domini (dei am.) crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus discipulorum in hierusalem valde multa etiam turba sacerdotum oboediebat fidei stephanus autem plenus gratia et fortitudine faciebat prodigia et signa magna in populo surrexerunt autem quidam de synagoga quae appellatur libertinorum et cyrenensium et alexandrinorum et eorum qui erant a cilicia et asia disputantes cum stephano 10 et non poterant resistere sapientiae et spiritui qui loquebatur 11 tunc summiserunt viros qui dicerent se audisse eum dicentem verba blasphemiae in moysen (mosen am.) et [in]deum (addit et fuld.) 12 commoverunt itaque plebem et seniores et scribas et concurrentes rapuerunt eum et adduxerunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt testes falsos dicentes (qui dicerent am.) homo iste non cessat loqui verba adversus locum sanctum et legem 14 audivimus enim eum dicentem quoniam iesus nazarenus hic destruet locum istum et mutabit traditiones quas tradidit nobis moyses (moses et intuentes eum omnes am. fuld.) qui sedebant in concilio viderunt faciem ejus tamquam faciem (om. faciem am.) angeli. 15 phanum virum plenum fidei et spiritu sancti et philippum et prochorum et nica 6 9 sur norem et timonem et permenan et nicholaum proselytum antiocensem quos statuerunt in conspectu apostolorum cumque orassent superposuerunt eis manus 7 et verbum dni crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus discipulorum in hierusalem nimis multaque turba sacerdotum oboediebant fidei 8 stephanus vero plenus gratia et virtute faciebat portenta et signa magna in populo per nomen dni ihu xpi rexerunt autem quidam qui erant de synagoga quae dicitur livertinorum et cyrenensium et alexandrinorum et eorum qui sunt a cilicia altercantes cum stephano 10 qui non poterant resistere sapientiae quae erat in eo et spo sancto in quo loquebatur quoniam probatur illis ab illo cum omni fiducia non potentes autem resistere veritati 11 tunc summiserunt viros qui dicerent quia audivimus eum loquentem verba blasphema in moysen et in dum 12 commoveruntque populum et seniores et scri philippum et p. ochorum et nicanorem et timonem et parmenam et nicolaum ad venami antiochensem 6 quos statuerunt in conspectu apostolorum et orantes inposuerunt eis manus 7 et verbum domini crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus discentium in herusalem vehementer multa vero turba sacerdotum obaudiebat fidei 8 stephanus autem plenus gratia et fidei ac virtute faciebat signa et prodigia magna in populo in nomine domini ihesu christi 9 adversus quem surrexerunt quidam de conventione que apellatur livertinorum et curinensium et alexandrinorum et a cilicia et asia disputantes cum stefano et non poterat resistere sapientientiae quae erat in eo et spiritu sancto quo loquebatur 10 propter quod redarguerentur ab eo cum omnei fiducia cum ergo non possent contradicere veritati 1 tunc summiserunt viros dicentes quia audivimus eo loquente verba blasfema iu mousem et in deum 12 et haec dicentes commoverunt quoque plebem et seniores et scribas et concurrentes rapuerunt eum et duxerunt bas et adgressi adrripuerunt eum et ad- in concilio 13 statuerun autem testes falsos duxerunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt testes falsos adversum eum dicentes homo hic non cessabit verba loquens adversus locum sanctum et legem 14 audivimus enim eum dicentem quia ihs nazoraeus hic destruet locum istum et mutavit iterum quos tradidit nobis moyses et intuiti in eum omnes qui sedebant in concilio et viderunt faciem ejus quasi faciem angeli stans in medio eorum. 15 14 dicentes homo hic non cessat verba blasfema loquens adversus locum sanctum et legem audibimus enim eo dicente quia ihesus nazoraeus hic dissolvet locum hunc et mutavit consuetudines quas tradidit nobis mouses 15 et intendentes in eum omnes qui sedebant in concilio viderunt vultum ejus velut vultum angeli. Of these translators d and e seem quite independent of each other, and there is no appearance that either had access to the other's performance; the Vulgate is plainly the groundwork of e, and 4 it probably lay before the writer while engaged on his task; even d was familiar with it, whether he retained it in memory (e. g. quos constituamus v. 3), or only referred to it occasionally: hence e has more of the characteristic diction of the Vulgate than d (e. g. vv. 1; 4; 5 fin.; 12 fin.). Both d and e aimed at representing the peculiarities of their respective Greek texts, which the Vulgate was obviously unable to accomplish for them; and e frequently quits his model in the attempt to render the Greek more strictly and literally, in the same spirit as we have observed with regard to Cod. Bezae, though not carried out on the same plan. Thus in v. 1 the translator e seems to think that πληθυνόντων των μαθητων depends on γογγυσμος, while on the contrary the really dependent genitives after aкnкоaμev in vv. 11, 14 are treated as absolute and rendered by eo loquente, eo dicente. He follows the Vulgate in representing #poonλvтov v. 5 by advenam, which is true to the derivation but not to the technical meaning, so that here d is preferable: while for pantov v. 7 e alone has discentium, but then his Greek is Tov μavlavovтwv. In v. 7 σpodpa is differently rendered by all three, d being quite wrong (nimis), though he has always valde in the other nine places where the word occurs. In v. 1 discupiuntur of d has already been noticed as an error for dispiciuntur (p. xxxiv). Of the various readings found in d and e throughout Acts vi. we will speak in the next Chapter: but there seems nothing in the diction of d as here contrasted with the only other two forms of the ancient Latin extant in this portion of Scripture which would lead us to modify the judgement arrived at on fuller evidence in the case of Luke xxiv; namely, that the parallel translation in Codex Bezae was made directly from its Greek or from a text almost coinciding with it, by one who had full acquaintance with (though he made no formal use of) the labours of his predecessors, especially the revision executed by Jerome about a century before his time. Though on the whole disposed to advocate this view, as best satisfying the facts of the case, we must not forget that it is encumbered with one considerable difficulty; namely, that the Greek and Latin texts in the parallel columns of Codex Bezae differ from each other, as regards the readings they follow, in little less than two thousand places. As the result of a minute examination of the whole manuscript, undertaken with a view to this single point, it may be stated that the Latin (without taking account of its own taking account of its own clerical errors) is at variance with the Greek in 1919 instances (in S. Matthew 251, S. John 229, S. Luke 428, S. Mark 380, Acts 631), being less than the whole number of places (1981)' in which the Greek Codd. FG of S. Paul (which no one doubts to be separate transcripts from the same prototype) differ in but the first thirteen of the Pauline Epistles. And it must be added furthermore that the vast majority of these 1919 divergencies relate to matters so insignificant that they would be utterly overlooked except by a reader who was narrowly watching for them. In 75 the Latin scribe silently corrects plain transcriptural mistakes of the Greek text; in 104 Proper Names are spelt with some slight variation; in 59 small particles are interchanged, e. g. Se is rendered by enim, or yap by autem; in 133 singular nouns are made plural, and vice versa, the sense being completely unaffected; in no less than 514 cases a similar change is made in the tenses of verbs, (which however are sometimes carefully distinguished) or a finite tense is substituted for a participle; 318 are transmutations in the order of the words, a few (e.g. Matth. xvi. 20; xx. 19; John vii. 5; Mark ii. 1; vii. 22; Acts iii. 20; iv. 10; xxi. 13), and but a few, being of the least consequence. The residue (716) are real various readings, 1 Not 1982 as stated in my Plain Introduction, p. 137, for in Rom. xvi. 7 Tregelles now tells me that he read vuar in Cod. G at Dresden, not nuar as edited by Matthaei in 1791. in S. Matthew 78, in S. John 72, in S. Luke 135, in S. Mark the higher proportion of 146; in the Acts (whose primitive text both Latin and Greek was left in a very rude condition, and has been largely corrected in later times) they amount to as many as 285; yet even these are of no great moment, many the manifest result of mere negligence, while in some of the more considerable our translator d adopts the very expression of the Vulgate Latin: e. g. Acts i. 4 (with am. fuld.); ii. 3; iv. 14 (without rono ai n, but yet habebant in d, poterant Vulg.); v. 8; vii. 7; xv. 37; xvii. 11; xviii. 2; xix. 23. 2 III. We must now state our reasons for believing that the Latin translator executed his work in some remote province, where the language, though still vernacular, had far progressed in its decline; most probably in Gaul, about the time of the Frankish invasion, and in the dialect then employed in general speech (for the rustic Latin was commonly spoken in Southern Gaul up to the close of the seventh century'), rather than in that more correct manner which Church writers like S. Gregory of Tours would of course preserve even at a later period. Its provincial character and growing corruption are abundantly manifested in the gross violations of grammatical propriety which prevail throughout every portion, to a far greater extent than is found in any other Old Latin translation of Scripture. Such especially are those perpetual errors in the government of prepositions, of which, however, we find many examples in the Cod. Palatinus (e) and some in other copies, (e.g. f supra p. xxxvi, Luke xxiv. 11, not v. 19). Thus a or ab takes an accusative in d, Matth. xxvii. 24; John xxi. 9; Luke iv. 1; ix. 8; xii. 36; xiii. 29 (mixed with ablative); xx. 42; xxiv. 27; Mark i. 9; xiii. 27 (mixed); Acts v. 15; x. 23 (so Greek p. m.); xiii. 8; 14; xvi. 18; 38; xvii. 9; xviii. 16; xxi. 21. Also ad with an ablative Matth. xvii. 19; Luke ii. 52 (mixed); xi. 51; Mark xiv. 34; Acts xv. 22: aput or apud with an ablative Matth. xix. 26 (mixed): circa with abl. Acts x. 9; xiii. 13: cum with accus. Luke i. 39; xxii. 11; Mark i. 29 (mixed); ix. 4; xiv. 54; Acts i. 26; iii. 4 (so Greek, p. m.); v. 26 (mixed); vii. 19; 45; xi. 20; xii. 21; xiv. 20; xvi. 4; xviii. 17; xix. 38: de with accus. Matth. iv. 25 (mixed); Mark vi. 33; Acts ii. 30; xii. 23; xv. 5; xviii. 15 (mixed); e or ex with accus. Acts i. 18; v. 3; xviii. 2: prae with accus. Luke xiii. 2; 4 (so prae turbam Cod. e, Mark ii. 4): per with abl. Matth. ii. 14; xxviii. 13; Acts v. 19; xi. 2; xx. 19: post with abl. Acts xx. 7?: propter with abl. Matth. v. 10; Mark vi. 26 (mixed): secundum with abl. Acts ii. 30: sine with accus. Mark iv. 19: supra with abl. Matth. xiv. 11: sub is found Mark iv. 21 with both cases in the same sense. The significations of in with its two cases are confounded 39 times in S. Matthew, 8 times in S. John, only 5 times in S. Luke, 32 in S. Mark, 28 in the Acts. This unequal distribution of the most notable peculiarities in the style and grammatical construction we have had occasion to point out before. The preposition de, moreover, is employed at least twice in the Acts as a substitute for the genitive: thus de praecordia (Tηo κapdiao) ii. 30; de ecclesiam (rno EKKλnoιaσ) XX. 17, look more like French than Latin: though ex in x. 25; (τησ εκκλησιασ) xvii. 12; xxi. 39 (with genit.) is of course correct enough, though not indispensable. It is worth while to note besides the variations from the common forms both in regard to omnem castellum (vid. p. xli infra), omnem olus; qui for quis, vocitus for vocatus, -es for is in dicites, diligites; the putting of b for p (scribtura, corbus), d for t (capud), q or c for qu (secuntur), r for 1 (ficurnea); o interchanged with u (hoc, huc), i with y, t with th, 7 with ll, b with u the oftenest of all. In these respects d and e closely resemble each other. |