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CODEX VERONENSIS (b).

una autem sabbati ve-
nerunt valde tempore ad
monumentum portantes
quae paraverant 2 et in-
venerunt lapidem revo-
lutum 3 ingressae autem
non invenerunt corpus
4 et factum est dum men-
te consternatae essent de
facto et ecce duo viri
steterunt secus illas in
veste fulgente 5 cum ti-
merent autem et decli-
narent vultum in terram
dixerunt ad illas quid
quaeritis viventem cum
mortuis 6 rememoramini
qualiter locutus est vo-
biscum cum adhuc in ga-
lilaea esset 7 dicens quia
oportet filium hominis
tradi in manus hominum
et crucifigi et die tertia
resurgere

8 et rememo

ratae sunt verborum ho

runi

9

et regressae re-
nuntiaverunt haec omnia
illis xi et ceteris omni-
bus 10 erat autem maria
magdalenae et iohanna
et maria iacobi et ceterae
quae cum ipsis fuerant
haec dicebant ad aposto
los 11 et visa sunt ante
illos sicut delirramentum
verba ista et non crede-

bant illis

N.B. Cod. Monacensis (q) apud Tischend. N. T.
ed. 7ma cum be consentit in et ecce v. 4, haec dice-
bant ad apostolos v. 10.

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CODEX COLBERTINUS (c).

uno autem sabbati ve-
nerunt ad monumentum
diluculo, ferentes quae-
cunque paraverant cogi-
tabant autem inter se
quisnam esset qui revol-
veret lapidem 2 et cum
venissent invenerunt la-
pidem revolutum a mo-
numento 3 cum venissent
autem

non

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CODEX BEZAE (d).

una autem sabbati ma-
ne diluculo veniebant ad
monimentum adferentes
quae paraverunt et qui-
dam cum illis cogitabant
autem intra se quis uti-
que revolveret lapidem
2 venientes autem inve-
nerunt lapidem revolu-
tum a monumento 3 in-
troeuntes autem non in-
venerunt corpus Et
factum est dum aporia-
rentur de eo ecce duo viri
adsisterunt eis in amictu
scoruscanti 5 in timore
autem factae inclinave-
runt vultos suos in terra
ad illi dixerunt ad eas
resur- quid quaeritis vivum cum

invenerunt

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CODEX PALATINUS (e).

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una autem sabbati ve-
nerunt valde tempore ad
monumentum portantes
quae paraverant 2 et in-
venerunt lapidem revolu-
tum a monumento 3 in-
gressae autem non in-
venerunt corpus et fac-
tum est du mente con-
sternatae sunt de isto et
ecce duo viri steterunt
secus illas in veste ful-
gente 5 cum timerent au-
tem et declinarent vul-
tum in terram dixerunt
ad illas quid quaerites
vivětem cum mort....
6 ac memo......quali....
utus est......cum adh...
in galilaea esset 7 dicens
quia oportet filium homi-
nis tradi in manus homi-
num et crucifigi et tertia
die resurgere et rememo
ratae sunt verborum ho-
ru..9 et regressae renun-
tiaverunt haec omnia illis
undecim discipulis et ce-
teris....nibus
et commemoratae
sunt verborum ejus 9 et

corpus domini iesu 4 et
factum est dum stuperent
de hoc ecce duo viri asti-
terunt secus illas in veste
fulgente 5 conterritae au-
tem inclinaverunt faciem
in terram illi autem dix-
erunt quem quaeritis je-

sum nazarenum

6

rexit a mortuis comme-
moramini quae vobis lo-
cutus sit cum adhuc esset
in galilaea 7 quoniam
oportet filium hominis
tradi in manus hominum
peccatorum et cruci af-
figi et tertia die resur-
gere

8

reversae sunt et renun

tiaverunt omnia ista un-
decim apostolis et omni-
bus reliquis 10 erant au-
tem maria magdalene et
iohanna et maria iacobi
et reliquae quae dicebant
ad apostolos ista 11 et vi-
sae sunt apud illos quasi
deliramenta verba ista et
non credebant illis 12 pe-
trus autem surgens cu-
currit ad monumentum
et procumbens videt lin-
teamina sola posita et
abiit secum mirans quod
factum fuerat

6

mortuis mementote au

tem quanta locutus est
vobis cum adhuc esset in
galilaea 7 quoniam opor-
tet filium hominis tradi

in

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manus hominum et
crucifigi et tertia die re-
surgere et memoratae
sunt vervorum ejus 9 et
reversae nuntiaverunt
omnia haec illis undecim
et omnibus reliquis 10 ma-
ria magdalena et ioana
et maria iacobi et cete-
rae cum eis dicebant ad
apostolos haec 11 et pa-
ruerunt in conspectu eo-
rum quasi derisus verba
haec et non credebant
eis

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1 una autem sabbati val-
una autem sabbati val-
de diluculo venerunt ad de diluculo venerunt ad
monumentum portantes monumentum portantes
quae paraverant aromata quae paraverant aromata
et aliae simul cum eis 2 et invenerunt lapidem
2 et invenerunt lapidem revolutum a monumento
revolutum a monumento 3 et ingressae non inve-
3 et ingressae non inve- nerunt corpus domini ie-
nerunt corpus iesu et su et factum est dum
factum est dum haesita- mente consternatae es-
rent de hoc ecce viri duo sent de isto ecce duo
adstiterunt juxta illas in viri steterunt secus illas
veste fulgenti cum ti- in veste fulgenti cum
merent autem et decli- timerent autem et decli-
narent vultum in terram narent vultum in terram
dixerunt ad illas quid dixerunt ad illas quid
quaeritis viventem cum quaeritis viventem cum
mortuis non est hic sed mortuis 6 non est hic sed
surrexit recordamini qua- resurrexit (surrexit for.
liter locutus est vobis clem.) recordamini qua-
cum adhuc in galileam liter locutus est vobis
esset 7 dicens quia opor- cum adhuc (autem athuc
tet filium hominis tradi fuld.) in galilaea esset
in manus hominum pec- 7 dicens quia oportet fi-
catorum et crucifigi et lium hominis tradi in
et manus hominum pecca-
tertia die resurgere
recordatae sunt verbo- torum et crucifigi et die
rum ejus 9 et regressae tertia resurgere (tertia
a monumento nuntiave- die resurget for.) et
runt haec omnia illis un- recordatae sunt verbo-
decim et ceteris omnibus rum ejus et regressae
10 erat autem maria mag-a monumento nuntia-
dalene et iohanna et ma- verunt haec omnia illis
ria iacobi et ceterae quae undecim et ceteris omni-
cum eis erant quae dice- bus 10 erat autem maria
bant ad apostolos haec magdalene (-nae for.) et
11 et visa sunt coram illos iohanna et maria iacobi
quasi deliramentum ver- et ceterae quae cum eis
ba illarum et non crede- erant quae dicebant ad
bant illis 12. petrus autem apostolos haec et visa
surgens cucurrit ad mo- sunt ante illos sicut (om.
numentum et procum- sicut for.) deliramentum
bens videt linteamina verba ista et non crede-
sola posita et abiit mi- bant (crediderunt clem.)
rans secum quod factum illis
12 petrus autem sur-
fuerat
gens cucurrit ad monu-
mentum et procumbens
vidit linteamina sola (om.
sola Am.) posita et abiit
(abiens for.) secum mi-
rans quod factum fuerat

9

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13 fuerunt autem duo ex
illis euntes ipsa die in
castellum quod est ab
hierosolymis stadia sep-
tem nomine ammaus et
cleopas 14 fabulabātur
autem ad invicem de om-
nibus
accederant

13 et ecce duo ex ipsis
ibant eadem die in cas-
tellum quod aberat spa
tio stadiorum LX ab hie-
rusalem nomine emmaus
14 et ipsi loquebantur ad
invicem de his omnibus
et fac-
acciderant
quae
15 et factum est du fa- tum est dum fabularen-
bulabātur et conquire- tur et secum conquire-
rent ad invicem ihs ad- rent et ipse iesus adpro-
propinquavit et comita-pinquans ibat cum eis
16 oculi autem eorum te-
nebantur ne eum agno-
et ait ad illos
qui sunt hi sermones quos
confertis ad invicem am-
bulantes et estis tristes
18 et respondens unus ex
ipsis cui nomen cleophas
dixit ei tu solus peregri-
nus es in hierusalem et
non agnovisti quae facta

batur cum illis 16 oculi
autem eorum gravati e-
scerent eum 17 ad ille rant ne eu cognosce-
dixit quae sunt ista verba rent 17 ille autem dixit
haec quae conferitis ad ad eos qui sunt hii ser-
vos ambulantes tristes mones quos refertis ad
18 respondens autem unus invicem et steterunt tri-
ex eis cui nomen cleopas stes respondit autem
dixit ad eum tu solus ad- unus ad eum cui nomen
erat cleopas et dixit ad
illum tu solus peregri-
naris ab hierusalem non
cognovisti quae facta
sunt istis diebus 19 ille
autem dixit illis quae illi
autem dixerunt de ihm
nazareno qui fuit vir
feta potens in factis et
pro-
dictis in conspectu di et
quo-
univer-i populi 20
modo hune tradiderunt
sacerdotes et magistratus
nostri in dam damnatio-
nem mortis et cruci eum
fixerunt

nos autem spe-
ramus quia ipse fuit qui
redempturus erat isdra-
hel simul autem cum his
tertium diem agit hodie
ex quo facta sunt 22 sed
mulieres

scerent

17

sunt in ea in diebus istis
19 quibus ille dixit quae
at illi dixerunt de iesu
nazoreno qui fuit pro-
pheta potens in opere et
sermone coram deo et
quomodo
omni populo
eum tradiderunt summi

20

sacerdotes et principes

n stri in damnationem
mortis et crucifixerunt
eum 21 nos autem spe-
rabamus quia ipse esset
redempturus israhel et
nunc super haec omnia
tertia dies est hodie quod
haec facta sunt 22 sed et
mulieres quaedam ex no-
stris terruerunt nos quae
ante lucem fuerunt ad
monumentum et non
nobis commemoraverunt invento corpore eius ve-
nos cum fuissent ante nerunt dicentes se etiam
lucana ad monumētum visionem angelorum vi-
23 et cum no invenis- disse qui dicunt eum vi-
sent corpus eius venerunt
vere 24 et abierunt qui-
dicentes visionem ange-dam ex nostris ad monu-
lorum se vidisse qui dice- mentum et ita invenerunt
bant illum vivere 4 et sicut mulieres dixerunt
abierunt quidam de no- ipsum vero non viderunt

ex

bis ad monumentum et
invenerunt ista sicut dix-
erunt mulieres ipsum au-
tem non vidimus

v. 17 illos pro eos s. m.

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In the Acts of the Apostles all the elder Latin versions fail us: we have, however, to compare with d, the Vulgate Latin in its best manuscripts (am. fuld.), and e the parallel Latin version of Act. Cod. E (Laud. 35), about a century younger than Cod. D.

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ACT. VI. VERSIO VULGATA.

1 In diebus autem illis crescente numero discipulorum factum (factus fuld.) est murmur graecorum adversus hebraeos eo (om. eo fuld.) quod despicerentur (disp. am.) in ministerio cotidiano viduae eorum convocantes autem duodecim multitudinem discipulorum dixerunt non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum dei et ministrare mensis 3 considerate ergo fratres, viros ex vobis boni testimonii septem plenos spiritu sancto (om. sancto am. fuld.) et sapientia quos constituamus super hoc opus nos vero orationi et ministerio verbi instantes erimus 5 et placuit sermo

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COD. BEZAE (d) primâ manu.

COD. LAUDIAN. ACT. (e) primâ manu.

In diebus autem istis multiplicantium discipulorum factus est murmuratio graecorum ad hebraeos equod despicerentur in ministerio cottidiano viduae eorum Vocantes autem duodecim multitudinem

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In diebus autem istis multiplicantibus discipulis facta est murmuratio quae ex grecis erant adversus aebraeos quia discupiuntur in ministerio diurno viduae ipsorum in ministerio haebreorum 2 Convocantes itaque xii multitudinem dis- discipulorum dixerunt non placitum est cipulorum dixerunt ad eos non enim relinquentes nos verbum dei ministrare placet nobis derelicto verbo di ministrare mensis 3 considerate igitur fratres viros mensis 3 quid ergo est fratres prospicite ex vobis testificationem habentes septeni itaque ex vobis viros testimonio b no plenos spiritu sancto et sapientiae quos vii. plenos spu et sapientia quos constituamus in negotio hoc 4 nos autem sumus oratione et ministerio berbi perseveramus 5 et placuit sermo hic in conspectu omni

constituamus in usum hunc 4 nos autem orationi et ministerio verbi instantes eriet placuit verbum coram universa multitudine et elegerunt stephanum vi

mus

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coram omni multitudine et elegerunt ste- multitudini discipulorum et elegerunt ste- rum plenum fidei et spiritu sancto et

phanum (stef. fuld.) virum plenum fide et spiritu sancto et philippum et procorum et (om. proc. et fuld.) nicanorem et timonem (timotheum fuld.) et parmenam et

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nicolaum advenam antiochenum (anthiocenum fuld) hos statuerunt ante conspectum apostolorum et orantes imposuerunt eis manus 7 et verbum domini (dei am.) crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus discipulorum in hierusalem valde multa etiam turba sacerdotum oboediebat fidei stephanus autem plenus gratia et fortitudine faciebat prodigia et signa magna in populo surrexerunt autem quidam de synagoga quae appellatur libertinorum et cyrenensium et alexandrinorum et eorum qui erant a cilicia et asia disputantes cum stephano 10 et non poterant resistere sapientiae et spiritui qui loquebatur 11 tunc summiserunt viros qui dicerent se audisse eum dicentem verba blasphemiae in moysen (mosen am.) et [in]deum (addit et fuld.) 12 commoverunt itaque plebem et seniores et scribas et concurrentes rapuerunt eum et adduxerunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt testes falsos dicentes (qui dicerent am.) homo iste non cessat loqui verba adversus locum sanctum et legem 14 audivimus enim eum dicentem quoniam iesus nazarenus hic destruet locum istum et mutabit traditiones quas tradidit nobis moyses (moses et intuentes eum omnes am. fuld.) qui sedebant in concilio viderunt faciem ejus tamquam faciem (om. faciem am.) angeli.

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phanum virum plenum fidei et spiritu sancti et philippum et prochorum et nica

6

9

sur

norem et timonem et permenan et nicholaum proselytum antiocensem quos statuerunt in conspectu apostolorum cumque orassent superposuerunt eis manus 7 et verbum dni crescebat et multiplicabatur numerus discipulorum in hierusalem nimis multaque turba sacerdotum oboediebant fidei 8 stephanus vero plenus gratia et virtute faciebat portenta et signa magna in populo per nomen dni ihu xpi rexerunt autem quidam qui erant de synagoga quae dicitur livertinorum et cyrenensium et alexandrinorum et eorum qui sunt a cilicia altercantes cum stephano 10 qui non poterant resistere sapientiae quae erat in eo et spo sancto in quo loquebatur quoniam probatur illis ab illo cum omni fiducia non potentes autem resistere veritati 11 tunc summiserunt viros qui dicerent quia audivimus eum loquentem verba blasphema in moysen et in dum 12 commoveruntque populum et seniores et scri

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stephanus autem plenus gratia et fidei ac virtute faciebat signa et prodigia magna in populo in nomine domini ihesu christi 9 adversus quem surrexerunt quidam de conventione que apellatur livertinorum et curinensium et alexandrinorum et a cilicia et asia disputantes cum stefano et non poterat resistere sapientientiae quae erat in eo et spiritu sancto quo loquebatur 10 propter quod redarguerentur ab eo cum omnei fiducia cum ergo non possent contradicere veritati 1 tunc summiserunt viros dicentes quia audivimus eo loquente verba blasfema iu mousem et in deum 12 et haec dicentes commoverunt quoque plebem et seniores et scribas et concurrentes rapuerunt eum et duxerunt

bas et adgressi adrripuerunt eum et ad- in concilio 13 statuerun autem testes falsos

duxerunt in concilium 13 et statuerunt testes falsos adversum eum dicentes homo hic non cessabit verba loquens adversus locum sanctum et legem 14 audivimus enim eum dicentem quia ihs nazoraeus hic destruet locum istum et mutavit iterum quos tradidit nobis moyses et intuiti in eum omnes qui sedebant in concilio et viderunt faciem ejus quasi faciem angeli stans in medio eorum.

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Of these translators d and e seem quite independent of each other, and there is no appearance that either had access to the other's performance; the Vulgate is plainly the groundwork of e, and

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it probably lay before the writer while engaged on his task; even d was familiar with it, whether he retained it in memory (e. g. quos constituamus v. 3), or only referred to it occasionally: hence e has more of the characteristic diction of the Vulgate than d (e. g. vv. 1; 4; 5 fin.; 12 fin.). Both d and e aimed at representing the peculiarities of their respective Greek texts, which the Vulgate was obviously unable to accomplish for them; and e frequently quits his model in the attempt to render the Greek more strictly and literally, in the same spirit as we have observed with regard to Cod. Bezae, though not carried out on the same plan. Thus in v. 1 the translator e seems to think that πληθυνόντων των μαθητων depends on γογγυσμος, while on the contrary the really dependent genitives after aкnкоaμev in vv. 11, 14 are treated as absolute and rendered by eo loquente, eo dicente. He follows the Vulgate in representing #poonλvтov v. 5 by advenam, which is true to the derivation but not to the technical meaning, so that here d is preferable: while for pantov v. 7 e alone has discentium, but then his Greek is Tov μavlavovтwv. In v. 7 σpodpa is differently rendered by all three, d being quite wrong (nimis), though he has always valde in the other nine places where the word occurs. In v. 1 discupiuntur of d has already been noticed as an error for dispiciuntur (p. xxxiv). Of the various readings found in d and e throughout Acts vi. we will speak in the next Chapter: but there seems nothing in the diction of d as here contrasted with the only other two forms of the ancient Latin extant in this portion of Scripture which would lead us to modify the judgement arrived at on fuller evidence in the case of Luke xxiv; namely, that the parallel translation in Codex Bezae was made directly from its Greek or from a text almost coinciding with it, by one who had full acquaintance with (though he made no formal use of) the labours of his predecessors, especially the revision executed by Jerome about a century before his time.

Though on the whole disposed to advocate this view, as best satisfying the facts of the case, we must not forget that it is encumbered with one considerable difficulty; namely, that the Greek and Latin texts in the parallel columns of Codex Bezae differ from each other, as regards the readings they follow, in little less than two thousand places. As the result of a minute examination of the whole manuscript, undertaken with a view to this single point, it may be stated that the Latin (without taking account of its own taking account of its own clerical errors) is at variance with the Greek in 1919 instances (in S. Matthew 251, S. John 229, S. Luke 428, S. Mark 380, Acts 631), being less than the whole number of places (1981)' in which the Greek Codd. FG of S. Paul (which no one doubts to be separate transcripts from the same prototype) differ in but the first thirteen of the Pauline Epistles. And it must be added furthermore that the vast majority of these 1919 divergencies relate to matters so insignificant that they would be utterly overlooked except by a reader who was narrowly watching for them. In 75 the Latin scribe silently corrects plain transcriptural mistakes of the Greek text; in 104 Proper Names are spelt with some slight variation; in 59 small particles are interchanged, e. g. Se is rendered by enim, or yap by autem; in 133 singular nouns are made plural, and vice versa, the sense being completely unaffected; in no less than 514 cases a similar change is made in the tenses of verbs, (which however are sometimes carefully distinguished) or a finite tense is substituted for a participle; 318 are transmutations in the order of the words, a few (e.g. Matth. xvi. 20; xx. 19; John vii. 5; Mark ii. 1; vii. 22; Acts iii. 20; iv. 10; xxi. 13), and but a few, being of the least consequence. The residue (716) are real various readings,

1 Not 1982 as stated in my Plain Introduction, p. 137, for in Rom. xvi. 7 Tregelles now tells me that he read

vuar in Cod. G at Dresden, not nuar as edited by Matthaei in 1791.

in S. Matthew 78, in S. John 72, in S. Luke 135, in S. Mark the higher proportion of 146; in the Acts (whose primitive text both Latin and Greek was left in a very rude condition, and has been largely corrected in later times) they amount to as many as 285; yet even these are of no great moment, many the manifest result of mere negligence, while in some of the more considerable our translator d adopts the very expression of the Vulgate Latin: e. g. Acts i. 4 (with am. fuld.); ii. 3; iv. 14 (without rono ai n, but yet habebant in d, poterant Vulg.); v. 8; vii. 7; xv. 37; xvii. 11; xviii. 2; xix. 23.

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III. We must now state our reasons for believing that the Latin translator executed his work in some remote province, where the language, though still vernacular, had far progressed in its decline; most probably in Gaul, about the time of the Frankish invasion, and in the dialect then employed in general speech (for the rustic Latin was commonly spoken in Southern Gaul up to the close of the seventh century'), rather than in that more correct manner which Church writers like S. Gregory of Tours would of course preserve even at a later period. Its provincial character and growing corruption are abundantly manifested in the gross violations of grammatical propriety which prevail throughout every portion, to a far greater extent than is found in any other Old Latin translation of Scripture. Such especially are those perpetual errors in the government of prepositions, of which, however, we find many examples in the Cod. Palatinus (e) and some in other copies, (e.g. f supra p. xxxvi, Luke xxiv. 11, not v. 19). Thus a or ab takes an accusative in d, Matth. xxvii. 24; John xxi. 9; Luke iv. 1; ix. 8; xii. 36; xiii. 29 (mixed with ablative); xx. 42; xxiv. 27; Mark i. 9; xiii. 27 (mixed); Acts v. 15; x. 23 (so Greek p. m.); xiii. 8; 14; xvi. 18; 38; xvii. 9; xviii. 16; xxi. 21. Also ad with an ablative Matth. xvii. 19; Luke ii. 52 (mixed); xi. 51; Mark xiv. 34; Acts xv. 22: aput or apud with an ablative Matth. xix. 26 (mixed): circa with abl. Acts x. 9; xiii. 13: cum with accus. Luke i. 39; xxii. 11; Mark i. 29 (mixed); ix. 4; xiv. 54; Acts i. 26; iii. 4 (so Greek, p. m.); v. 26 (mixed); vii. 19; 45; xi. 20; xii. 21; xiv. 20; xvi. 4; xviii. 17; xix. 38: de with accus. Matth. iv. 25 (mixed); Mark vi. 33; Acts ii. 30; xii. 23; xv. 5; xviii. 15 (mixed); e or ex with accus. Acts i. 18; v. 3; xviii. 2: prae with accus. Luke xiii. 2; 4 (so prae turbam Cod. e, Mark ii. 4): per with abl. Matth. ii. 14; xxviii. 13; Acts v. 19; xi. 2; xx. 19: post with abl. Acts xx. 7?: propter with abl. Matth. v. 10; Mark vi. 26 (mixed): secundum with abl. Acts ii. 30: sine with accus. Mark iv. 19: supra with abl. Matth. xiv. 11: sub is found Mark iv. 21 with both cases in the same sense. The significations of in with its two cases are confounded 39 times in S. Matthew, 8 times in S. John, only 5 times in S. Luke, 32 in S. Mark, 28 in the Acts. This unequal distribution of the most notable peculiarities in the style and grammatical construction we have had occasion to point out before. The preposition de, moreover, is employed at least twice in the Acts as a substitute for the genitive: thus de praecordia (Tηo κapdiao) ii. 30; de ecclesiam (rno EKKλnoιaσ) XX. 17, look more like French than Latin: though ex in x. 25; (τησ εκκλησιασ) xvii. 12; xxi. 39 (with genit.) is of course correct enough, though not indispensable.

It is worth while to note besides the variations from the common forms both in regard to

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omnem castellum (vid. p. xli infra), omnem olus; qui for quis, vocitus for vocatus, -es for is in dicites, diligites; the putting of b for p (scribtura, corbus), d for t (capud), q or c for qu (secuntur), r for 1 (ficurnea); o interchanged with u (hoc, huc), i with y, t with th, 7 with ll, b with u the oftenest of all. In these respects d and e closely resemble each other.

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