they might take him themselves, if they could, &c.' b. See B. 113, a. c. Usu venire to happen. d. Puer is always 'a slave,' no matter how old; but the word generally expresses a slave who fills a confidential situation. Join prospiciens ab januá*. e. Se peti,' that he was aimed at ;''that the attack was against him.' See page 26, line 6. CLXXV. a. Suspensa exspectatio is an undecided waiting,' to see what turn affairs would take this indecision (or undecided expectation) he turned (in favorem sui) into expressed goodwill to him. b. Dedissent subj., because it belongs to Perseus's demand, which he said they had given,' &c. c. In ordinary cases, which province each consul should take was determined by lot. In extraordinary cases this custom was dispensed with. CLXXVI. a. Conspiratio universarum

all united.'

'the league by which they were

CLXXVII. a. Pugn. cop. host. fecit = 'offered the enemy battle.' b. See CVII. b.

CLXXIX. a. Coss. is for consulibus: and instead of 'A. and B. being consul,' translate, 'in the consulship of A. and B.' b. Put in an 'and' before the last word or clause in enumerations of this kind. CLXXX. a. A few years being interposed' (= after the interposition of a few years) 'a few years afterwards.' b. Recipere se (to take himself back =) to withdraw, retire, retreat, &c. c. Nollet, would not. The abl. conditionibus should be construed by 'on.' CLXXXI. a. B. 127: propter se, 'for his sake.'

CLXXXIII. a. 'The thing was carried on successfully'

'a victory was

gained.' b. 'It was fought' (i. e. by the Romans) = 'they fought.' See 44. C. CLXXIX. a.

CLXXXIV. a. 'Having been born nine years' = 'when he was nine years old.' b. CLXXX., C. c. Ut Hannibali mandaretur,' that Hannibal might be charged.' B.

CLXXXV. a. Cos. = consul. b. armed with arms in their hands.
CLXXXVI. a. On these conditions;' ne, that he should not, &c.

CLXXXVII. a. As lieutenant' i. e. lieutenant-general, or the second in command.

CXCIV. a. What case do verbs of threatening govern? [B. 106.] b. What case of the person from whom do verbs of taking away govern? [B. 133.]

cxcv. a. Id quod. See B. 12, b.

CXCVI. a. See cxcv. b.

CXCVII. a. To proscribe a person was to write down his name as doomed to die. Lists of the proscribed, whose goods were to be confiscated, and their children declared incapable of bearing honours, were posted up in the public places of the city. b. B. p. 13, note 1, c. Triumphavit de Mithridate = triumphed for his victories over Mithridates. d. Consulares, prætorii, ædilitii =

* Some wish to join puer ab januá, the 'porter;' as in 'servus a pedibus,' &c.

(respectively) men who had borne the offices of consul, prætor, ædile : which were the great Roman magistracies.

CXCIX. a. Ludus gladiatorius, a school of gladiators. Gladiators were slaves, compelled to fight for life and death, in the amphitheatre, on certain festivals.

cc. a. See cxciv. b.

CCII. a. In what case is the thing of which another is deprived, put? B. 129. Pecunia is a sum of money. b. See B. 116, c. Construe donavit, presented. c. (These things being carried on =) by these

successes.

CCIII. a. Quidem, it is true: audax is used in a bad sense.

CCVI. Quem quum aliqui deferrent, and when some were for conferring it upon him; contradictum est (iis) a Pompeio et aliis, they were opposed by Pompey and others.

CCVII. a. Nec must be construed 'not,' as it is followed by et. b. Great forces being engaged on both sides: with great forces engaged on both sides.

CCVIII. a. B. 72.

CCIX. a. Stare a partibus to belong to (a man's) party; to be on the side of, &c. b. Cæsari may be construed by the gen. it is really the dat. after fuerat.

ccx. a. Ita (thus, =) on these conditions.

:

CCXI. a. Uxorem duxit, married. Uxorem ducere, to lead home a wife: the bride being conducted to her new home by her husband, and a procession of his friends.

CCXII. Whom he suspected of aiming at the throne. b. The prætorian prefect the prefect of the prætorian guards (or household troops). CCXIII. a. From the caliga, or kind of half boots, worn by the soldiers. CCXIV. a. To cover his left side = to walk on his left hand. b. Supply fecit.

as being one who, &c. simply for.' d. Ac

CCXVII. a. B. 72. b. Ita = yet so. c. Ut qui It may be construed 'so much so, that;' or cessit was added. e. Profluvium ventris an attack of cholera.

RULES FOR CONSTRUING.

1. The name of a town, island, &c. in apposition, generally takes ' of' in English.-Urbs Roma, the city of Rome: nomen Athēnas, the name of Athens: so campus Marathon [B. 45, a].

2. The adverb 'partim' may often be construed by 'some of them,' &c.

PARTICIPLES [page 69, Bröder].
(1) Not in abl. absol.

Participles with their dependent words may be construed by adverbial or adjective sentences.

a. By an adjective sentence.

3. A participle with its tail may often be translated by a relative

sentence.

The trees planted by me the trees which were planted by me. (6) By an adverbial sentence of time, condition, &c.

4. A participle with its tail may express a condition, and be translated by a sentence with 'if' or 'when *'

5. A participle with its tail often expresses a cause or reason, and may be translated by a sentence introduced by 'since,' 'as ;' or by 'by,' 'from,' &c. with the participial substantive.

6. A participle with its tail often expresses the time; and then a present participle may be translated by 'when,' 'as,' 'whilst :' a past participle by after.'

7. A participle with its tail often marks a concession, or stands in an adversative relation to the principal sentence, and may be translated by' though,'' although.'

8. The part. in rus often expresses a purpose, and must be translated by the infinitive present.

a. It may often be translated by 'with a view to ;' 'for the purpose of· &c.

9. The part. in dus often expresses the purpose (after verbs of giving, receiving, sending, &c.), and may be translated by the infinitive either act. or pass., but more commonly the former.

'When,' though an adverb of time, is often used to express a

condition.

a. Faciendum curare is, to cause to be made; to have (a thing)

made.

10. It is often convenient to translate participles by substantives, governed (if necessary) by prepositions,

(This is often almost necessary when the participle and its substantive depend on a preposition. The substantive to be used is often the participial subst. in 'ing.')

[To Rome built to the building of Rome. From Jerusalem destroyed from the destruction of Jerusalem. These deeds recited the recital of these deeds. Born on its birth.] 11. When a negative stands before a participle, it is often conveniently translated by 'without' and the participial substantive.

(Lat.) He read it, not understanding what he read.

(Eng.) He read it, without understanding what he read. 12. After video and audio the part. present is often construed by the infinitive.

13. A participle may often be translated by a verb of the same tense, &c. as the principal verb, to which it must be joined by 'and.' (Lat.) He flayed the killed sheep.

(Eng.) He killed the sheep, and flayed it.

a. Sometimes the participle should be the latter of the two verbs.
(Lat.) I will keep this, the other being thrown away.
(Eng.) I will keep this, and throw away the other.

(2) Ablative Absolute [B. 134].

14. An abl. absol. often stands as an adverbial sentence of time, and then a present participle may be resolved by 'when,' 'as,' 'whilst :' a past participle by 'when,' &c. or ' after.'

15. An abl. absol. often marks a condition, and may be resolved by 'if',' 'when.'

16. An abl. absol. often marks a concession, or stands in an adversative relation to the principal verb, and may be resolved by though,' ' although.'

17. An abl. absol. often marks a cause or reason, and may be resolved by 'since,'' because,'' as,' 'for.'

18. An abl. absol. marking the cause or reason, may also be often translated by 'from' with the participial substantive.

19. An abl. absolute may often be translated by a verb of the same tense, &c. as the principal verb to which it must be joined by 'and.'

a. If the abl. absol. is connected with a preceding verb by 'and,' this 'and' is generally better omitted.

20. The participle of an abl. absol. is often conveniently translated by a substantive, conveying (substantively) the same notion as the

verb.

a. The substantive used is often the participial subst. in ing. Quibus visis, on seeing this: quo audito, on hearing this.

Paucis annis interjectis, after the interval (or lapse) of a few years.

Mortuo rege, on the death of the king.

Naso abscisso, after cutting off his nose.

21. A negative abl. absol. may often be translated by without, with the verbal substantive.

(Lat.) He went away, nobody being saluted.

(Eng.) He went away without saluting anybody.

22. The participle of an abl. absol. may often be translated by the part. of the perf. active governing the substantive it agrees with. 23. The part. of an abl. absol. may often be translated by the part. of the present active governing the substantive it agrees with.

24. The partic. 'being' must often be supplied in an abl. absolute; and in this construction a word denoting the doer of the action is often turned into the word that denotes the thing done.

[Hence guide, commander, suggester, adviser, consul, king, must be turned respectively into guidance, command, suggestion, advice, consulship, reign; which will be governed by prepositions.]

25. Quum with the subj. may often be translated by the participle; the perf. partic. (with 'having') must generally be used for perf. and pluperf. subj.

26. But 'quum' with imperf. and pluperf. subj. may sometimes be translated by a present participle in consequence of the principle stated in Bröder, 190, c.

27. After an expression of time, 'quam' must be construed 'after,' if time after is meant; or 'before,' if time before is meant.

(a) If post or ante precede, no other notice need be taken of them. (b) After plus, amplius, minus, the word quam is often omitted; and of course 'than' must be put in, in construing. Plus semel, more than once.'

28. Quis, after nē, must be construed 'no.' If no subst. is expressed, quis, quid are respectively, nobody,' or 'no one,' and 'nothing.' Ne will then be construed' that.'

29. Ac or atque, after words of likeness, difference, identity, &c. are 'as' or 'than.' After words of difference they may be translated by 'from what.'

30. Time how long is sometimes put in the ablat. B. 151, c.

31. Qui, when it follows a full stop or colon, should generally be translated by the personal or demonstrative pronoun: to which any suitable conjunction may be prefixed, if necessary.

a. If a case of qui is followed by quum, begin with the quum (when), even though it stands after several other words.

32. Historians, in lively narration, often use the present for the perfect. The perf. should generally be used in English.

33. A governed genitive is often to be construed by 'in,' 'for.' B. 43, b.

34. In questions for assent, the pres. subj. must be translated by would, can, shall, will [B. 198].

35. Nec (or neque) is often to be construed by 'and not;' sometimes by 'not' only.

a. Especially in neque vero.

36. The first of two alii's is 'some.'

37. 'Post' is used adverbially (afterwards') between an adjective and its substantive in the abl.; but it is often construed in English by 'after' governing the subst.