dancing, where the motion is continuous and the music not of a trivial character but charged with the spirit of festal pleasure, "the very grandest form of passionate sadness which can belong to any spectacle whatever." Wordsworth is treating of presentiments when he says that

"The laughter of the Christmas hearth

With sighs of self-exhausted mirth

They feelingly reprove."

And of such is Currer Bell too treating in a passage that tells of the writer's fancy budding fresh and her heart basking in sunshine; only these feelings "were well kept in check by the secret but ceaseless consciousness of anxiety lying in wait on enjoyment, like a tiger crouched in a jungle. The breathing of that beast of prey was in my ear always." 'E ἡδονῆς γὰρ φύεται τὸ δυστυχεῖν.

"Who knows what that low sullen murmur means,

The river's fall sends up to blast life's fairest scenes ?"

The happiest, as Pope's Homer has it, "taste not happiness sincere, but find the cordial draught is dashed with care." What biography of successful ambition but has its parallel passage to one in Prescott's history of the conqueror of Peru: "Amidst this burst of adulation the cup of joy commended to Pizarro's lips had one drop of bitterness in it that gave its flavour to all the rest"! As M. Ampére's Cleopatra owns,— "Oui, parmi les plaisirs, la joie et les festins,

Je médite du sort les arrêts incertains."

How apt, at a bright banquet, is the thought of death to flash across the mind, is trite among the truisms of experience. It was at Belshazzar's feast, while they drank wine out of the golden vessels of the temple, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone, when the revelry was at its height and the revellers at their best, that in the same hour there came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaster of the wall of the king's palace; and then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his

lords were astounded. In Hawthorne's allegory of the Maypole at Merry Mount, the lord and lady of the May are abruptly overcome with a shadow of sadness, just when the minstrelsy of pipe, cittern, and viola is pealing forth in such a mirthful cadence that the boughs of the maypole quiver to the sound; and just then too, as if a spell had loosened them, down comes a little shower of withering roseleaves from the maypole. There is sometimes, says Fielding, a little speck of black in the brightest and gayest colours of fortune, which contaminates and deadens the whole.

"In every joy there lurks

An impulse of decay;

With silent speed it works,
While all without is gay :"

-with silent speed, like the worm at Jonah's gourd. "Fleurs, vous aussi," so Béranger apostrophizes them,

66 vous avez vos souffrances.

Le ver est là; le vent peut accourir."

Le ver, as the worm prepared for Jonah's gourd; le vent, as the vehement east wind to wither Jonah's strength.

"While blooming love assures us golden fruit,

Some inborn poison taints the secret root;

Soon fall the flowers of joy."

But Jonah's gourd must have a section apart.

THE SPREADING GOURD AND THE SPEEDING

WORM.

JONAH iv. 6-8.

S Elijah the Tishbite sat down in the wilderness under a juniper-tree, heavy-hearted, and fleeing for his life from the grasp of Jezebel, yet requesting for himself that he might die; as he said, "It is enough; now, O Lord, take away my life," yet anon found rest and refreshment under the juniper

As a

tree, and did eat and drink, and lay down again, and went in the strength of that rest and that meat, forty days and forty nights, unto Horeb the mount of God; so Jonah the son of Amittai, displeased exceedingly, and very angry, prayed in bitterness the same prayer, "O Lord, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live." Did he well to be angry? Did Elijah well to despair? Under a juniper-tree Elijah recovered strength, took heart, and became of good courage. For Jonah there was preparing a gourd. A gourd; and a worm to make short work of the gourd.

Jonah left the city in wrath, and made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city-the city which he had doomed and God had spared. Under the burning sun he awaited the judgment of Nineveh. "And the Lord God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd.

"But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered."

And when the sun arose, there arose too another thing of God's preparing. As He had prepared the gourd, and prepared the worm to smite the gourd, so, at sunrise, "God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die." And not only so, but again expressed the wish, with the old bitterness and even increasing wrath. Did he well to be angry for the gourd? "I do well to be angry, even unto death," he exclaimed. The gourd was so gladdening a creation, it made even that morose spirit exceeding glad. But scarcely had he time to congratulate himself on this relief, in complacent assurance of its continuance, when the sheltering gourd was eaten to the heart by a speeding worm, and what came up in a night, perished in a night; and this also was vanity, vanity and vexation of spirit. A perverse fate seems to lie in wait for man,

"And though he in a fertile climate dwell,

Plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy,

Yet throw such charges of vexation on't,
As it may lose some colour."

In the words of another of Shakspeare's dramas, "joy cannot show itself modest enough without a badge of bitterness." Inter delicias semper aliquid sævi nos strangulat, says the Latin adage; the aliquid sævi answering to the aliquid amari of Lucretius, quod in ipsis floribus angat; or again to the aliquid solliciti of Ovid,

"Nulla est sincera voluptas;

Sollicitique aliquid lætis intervenit."

Why, Byron asks himself, in his diary (at Ravenna), why, at the very height of desire and human pleasure, does there mingle a certain sense of doubt and sorrow-a fear of what is to come-a doubt of what is—a retrospect of the past, leading to a prognostication of the future? Mrs. Browning has penned a suggestive sonnet to which the title is superscribed of Pain in Pleasure:

"A thought lay like a flower upon my heart,

And drew around it other thoughts like bees
For multitude and thirst of sweetnesses,-
Whereat rejoicing, I desired the art

Of the Greek whistler, who to wharf and mart
Could lure those insect swarms from orange-trees,
That I might hive me with such thoughts, and please
My soul so, always. Foolish counterpart

Of a weak man's vain wishes! While I spake,
The thought I called a flower, grew nettle-rough-
The thoughts called bees, stung me to festering,
Oh, entertain (cried reason, as she woke,)
Your best and gladdest thoughts but long enough,
And they will all prove sad enough to sting."

As Shakspeare words it in one of his sonnets,

"Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud ;

Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud,"

and every gourd has its worm. So again Cowper:

"Here every drop of honey hides a sting;

Worms wind themselves into our sweetest flowers."

On the same text moralizes the meditative sire of the Cid, in Corneille's tragedy:

"Jamais nous ne goûtons de parfaite allégresse :
Nos plus heureux succès sont mêlés de tristesse ;
Toujours quelques soucis en ces événements
Troublent la pureté de nos contentements."

Semper amari aliquid. It is like Johnson's reflections on his first transports at Ranelagh. When first he entered those festive gardens, it gave, he tells Boswell, an expansion and gay sensation to his mind, such as he never experienced anywhere else. But, as Xerxes wept when he reviewed his immense army, and considered that not one of that great multitude would be alive a hundred years afterwards, so it went to the doctor's heart to consider that there was not one in all that brilliant circle but was afraid to go home and think; that "the thoughts of each individual there would be distressing when alone." Boswell approves the reflection as "experimentally just," and appends a commonplace of his own, upon the feeling of langour, which succeeds the animation of gaiety, being itself a very severe pain.

It was in the mid hey-day of military triumph that Paulus Æmilius astonished his encircling admirers by, first, a prolonged silence, and next, a sombre homily on the vicissitudes of fortune, and of human affairs. What time for confidence can there be to man, he asked, when in the very instant of victory he must necessarily dread the power of fortune, and the very joy of success must be mingled with anxiety-aliquid solliciti-from a reflection on the course of unsparing fate, which humbles one man to-day, and to-morrow another! Gladdening is the gourd, with its pleasant promise of protection against the arrow that flieth by day from a burning sun; but only him can it make, like Jonah, exceeding glad, who knows not, or makes a point of forgetting, what a worm can do, between a setting and a rising sun.

The night thoughts of man in general are one with the Night Thoughts of Young in particular, when he exclaims,