Mixture of 0.645 gm. of

Duration

KNO, and 0.130 gm. of

of

of residue in

charcoal made from: Combustion. gramme.

Pithecolobium dulce

16 secs.

0.388

Sesbania grandiflora

Hibiscus tiliaceus

clusively in evening classes, the course should, as a rule, be carried on for three evenings a week during the school session. These courses are classified as follows:

(i) Senior, adapted to the needs of students who have completed satisfactorily a junior part-time course. of two years' duration, or have had full-time continuous education up to the age of 15 or 16. Senior courses must extend over at least three years; and should include, in addition to Chemistry, suitable Physics and Mathematics as cognate subjects. Certificates relating to senior courses will be termed" Part-time Course Certificates in Chemistry (Ordinary).”

(ii) Advanced, adapted to the needs of students who have completed satisfactorily a senior part-time course or are otherwise suitably qualified (see paragraph 5), and aim at reaching, within the limits of the subjects covered by them, the standard of university work. Advanced courses must extend over at least two years; and should include, in addition to Chemistry, suitable cognate subjects. They may include the study of the application to chemical practice of scientific principles with which the students have become familiar.* Certificates relating to advanced courses will be termed Parttime Course Certificates in Chemistry (Higher).'

As a rule, the whole of a part-time course must be taken by the student at one school, but subject to previous approval by the Institute and the Board different years

* With the approval of the Institute and the Board this study may, in certain subjects, be commenced in the third year of a

senior course.

of the course may be assigned to different schools with suitably co-ordinated curricula; and the courses of instruction previously taken by a student who has migrated from one area to another, or by a student who has received satisfactory instruction in science at a secondary school or elsewhere, may be accepted in lieu of such portion of a part-time course, other than the final year, as may be approved previously by the Institute and the Board in each case.

The Part-time Course Certificates (Ordinary and Higher) will record the subjects constituting the course.

FULL-TIME COURSES.

3.-Courses for the purpose of a full-time course certificate under these Rules are classified as follows:

(i) Full-time Course in Chemistry, suitable for students who have attended a secondary school up to the age of 16. Full-time courses in Chemistry must extend over at least three years, and should include, in addition to Chemistry, suitable Physics, Mathematics, and one or more modern languages, and may include other cognate subjects. Certificates relating to full-time courses in Chemistry will be termed "Full-time Course Certificates in Chemistry."

(ii) Full-time Course in Applied Chemistry, restricted to students who have completed satisfactorily a full-time course. in Chemistry, or an advanced part-time course in Chemistry, or other course approved by the Institute and the Board. Full-time courses in Applied Chemistry must extend over at least one year; and should include, in addition to Chemistry, suitable cognate subjects, one of which involves the study of the application to chemical practice of scientific principles with which the students have become familiar. Certificates relating to fulltime courses in Applied Chemistry will be termed Full-time Course Certificates in Applied Chemistry."

66

As a rule, the whole of a full-time course must be taken by the student at one school, but the Institute and the Board may approve, exceptionally, arrangements for assigning portions of the course to different schools.

The Full-time Course Certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry will record the subjects constituting the course. APPROVAL OF SCHEMES.

4.-Schemes for the joint approval of the

Institute and the Board must be submitted in accordance with the instructions of paragraph 13. Before approving a scheme, the Institute and the Board will require to be satisfied, for the purposes of the courses under these Rules, as to the equipment of the school, the qualifications of the staff, and the curriculum and syllabuses of instruction in the several subjects.

The approval of a school in respect of equipment, staffing, etc., for the purposes of the courses under these Rules will not necessarily imply that the school may be recognised under the Institute's Regulations as suitable for the training of candidates for the examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute; nor will recognition of a school for grant under the Board's Regulations for Technical Schools, etc., necessarily imply that the conditions in regard to equipment, staffing, etc., are such as the Institute and the Board can accept for the purposes of the award of national certificates.

5.-Steps must be taken to secure that students are not admitted to the courses unless they are qualified to profit by them. For the present, evidence of having passed an approved preliminary examination prior to admission to a senior part-time course will not be required. For students in an advanced part-time course who have not completed a senior part-time course, evidence satisfactory to the Institute and the Board as to the attainment of the standard of the Part-time Course Certificate (Ordinary) must be produced. Normally, evidence of having passed an approved preliminary examination prior to admission to a full-time course will be required, except for students who have completed an advanced part-time course.

6. The conditions of a scheme with respect to home work, laboratory work and records, and examinations (see paragraph 7) prior to the final year of the course, must be submitted for the approval of the Institute and the Board.

7.-Examinations,

including practical tests in appropriate subjects, upon the courses of study detailed in the syllabuses constituting part of the approved scheme must be held in each year of the course. These examinations must be held by the teachers, or by an examining body duly approved for the purpose by the Institute and the Board; and for the examination in the final year of the course the examiners must be associated with assessors appointed by the Institute (see paragraph 9).

When a common examination is held in connection with the award both of national certificates and of school or college certificates or diplomas, it will be a condition of approval of a scheme that no candidate shall be awarded a school or college certificate or diploma on the result of such examination in any year in which he has failed to obtain a national certificate.

EXAMINATIONS.

8. A memorandum prepared by the Institute and the Board as to the conduct and supervision of the final examinations under these Rules can be obtained from the Board, and arrangements in conformity therewith must be made by the school or college authorities. The examinations will be open to inspection by His Majesty's Inspectors.

The final practical examinations should be conducted, so far as possible, under such conditions as to time allowance and library facilities as would obtain in ordinary chemical practice.

9. To satisfy the Institute and the Board in respect both of the standard of the questions set and of the marking of the examination scripts, the Institute will appoint assessors who will act under the joint control of the Institute and the Board.

The assessors will revise the examination papers set at the end of the final year of the course, and will have the option of substituting questions up to 40 per cent. of the total number of questions set. They may make any questions compulsory, provided that the number so made compulsory shall not exceed about 40 per cent. of the number to be answered.

The marking by the examiners of the scripts worked in the final examination will be subject to revision by the assessors, and the marks as accepted or revised by them will be taken into account as explained below for the purpose of awarding certificates, and, in respect o advanced part-time courses and of full-time courses, for the purpose of awarding distinctions in accordance with the conditions of paragraph 11. The assessors may also satisfy themselves with regard to the amount and standard of the laboratory work done by each student throughout the course, as recorded in the laboratory notebooks (see paragraph 19).

CONDITIONS OF AWARD OF CERTIFICATES. 10. To qualify for the award of a certificate a candidate must have:

(i) made not less than 60 per cent. of

the possible attendances in each year of the course;

(ii) fulfilled the conditions of the approved scheme with respect to examinations, home work, and laboratory work and records in each year of the course prior to the final year;*

(iii) obtained not less than 40 per cent. of the possible marks in each subject in the final examination;

(iv) obtained in the final year not less than 40 per cent. of the possible marks for home work and for laboratory work and records respectively in each subject for which such marks are to be awarded under the approved scheme;

(v) obtained in the final year not less than 50 per cent. of the grand total of possible marks. The possible marks in the final theoretical examination should constitute 40 per cent., and in the final practical examination 30 per cent. of this grand total; the remaining 30 per cent. should be the possible marks for home work and for laboratory work and records for the final year.

The Institute and the Board may require the submission of the school or college records of attendance, the testimonies of studies, the laboratory notebooks, and the worked papers of any candidate to whom the issue of a certificate is desired.

11.-Distinction may be awarded to any candidate qualified to receive a Part-time Course Certificate in Chemistry (Higher), or a Full-time Course Certificate in Chemistry, or a Full-time Course Certificate in Applied Chemistry, who gains not less than 80 per cent. of the possible marks in the final examination in any subject of the final year of the course. Subject to the previous approval of the Institute and the Board, a candidate may take in such final examination any branch of chemistry or of applied chemistry studied in an earlier year of the course, but not in the final year, and may be awarded distinction in any branch so taken, provided the conditions of this paragraph have been fulfilled. The certificate will record any award of distinction.

12. For the present the Institute and the Board may decide to issue certificates in

A candidate failing to obtain the approved minimum percentage marks for home work, or for laboratory work and records, or for examinations, in any class of a year prior to the final year of the course must be required to attend such class again.

respect of a course taken by students who have not fulfilled completely the prescribed conditions, subject to the fulfilment of such conditions in regard to the last year of the

course.

SUBMISSION OF SCHEMES.

13.-Applications for the joint approval of the Institute and the Board of new and revised schemes must be submitted by the correspondent of the school or college in the first instance to the Board, from whom the necessary forms of application and all other forms required under these Rules may be obtained. Applications in respect of parttime courses should be made on Form 285 T. in duplicate, and those in respect of full-time courses on Form 286 T. in triplicate, not later than 30th September in the school year for which approval is desired. In subsequent years, unless alterations of an approved scheme are proposed by the school or college, or are required by the Institute and the Board, a renewed application for approval need not be submitted.

DUTIES OF EXAMINATIONS OFFICERS. 11. Each school or college must appoint an examinations officer to conduct on behalf of the school or college the necessary correspondence with the Institute or with the Board in connection with the examinations. The name and address of this officer must be notified to the Institute and to the Board.

15. The examinations officer must advise the Institute on Form 287 T., not later than 31st January in the final year of each course, of the probable number of candidates expected to take the final examination in that year.

16. Not less than two months before the date of the commencement of the examinations, the examinations officer must submit to the Institute for transmission to the assessors, draft examination papers for the examinations in the final years of the courses, and syllabuses of the work which will be completed during the year.

17.-At least one month before the date of the commencement of the examinations, the examinations officer must inform the Institute on Form 288 T. of the number of candidates entered for the examinations to be held in the final years of the courses, and must forward the fees to the Institute (see paragraphs 21 and 22).

18.-The examinations officer will be responsible for the conduct and supervision of

the final examinations in conformity with these Rules and with the memorandum mentioned in paragraph 8, and for the safe custody of the examination papers as vised by the assessors and of the worked examination scripts.

re

As soon as possible after the scripts of the examination of the final year have been marked by the examiners, the examinations officer must forward them to the Institute, together with schedules of marks on Forms 289 T. and 290 T.

These schedules of marks will exhibit the records of the candidates for the several years of their courses in respect of (i) attendance;

(ii) marks for home work, and for laboratory work and records;

(iii) examination marks.

The number of marks awarded in connection with each paper set, or in respect of home work and of laboratory work and records, will be stated on the schedules in each instance as a percentage of the maximum marks severally obtainable. Provision will be made on the schedule forms for any recommendations or remarks the teachers may wish to make.

19. If required, the examinations officer must transmit immediately to the Institute, at any time within three months from the last day of the final examination, any candidate's laboratory notebooks for each year of the course, such notebooks to be attested duly by the teacher of each subject. During the same period he must be prepared to produce for the information of His Majesty's Inspector any such laboratory notebooks not in the custody of the Institute. In due course, any notebooks requisitioned by the Institute will be returned to the examinations officer.

20. The Institute will issue to the examinations officer a list of the results showing the names of the successful candidates and any awards of distinction; and as soon as possible thereafter the certificates will be sent to the examinations officer. The school or college authorities must keep a register containing the names of the students of the school or college to whom certificates have been awarded. The Institute and the Board will keep registers of all certificates awarded by them under these Rules.

FEES AND CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE
INSTITUTE.

21. For the present the following scale of fees has been adopted:

LOWEST TEMPERATURE YET
OBTAINED.

The lecture by Professor Dr. H. Kamerlingh Onnes on the Lowest Temperature yet Obtained, which is given in the Transactions of the Faraday Society for December, 1922, deals with a subject of very great interest. As soon as the efforts to liquefy helium had succeeded, it was of course investigated whether it could be solidified also. This was even tried on the same day on which helium had for the first time been seen as a liquid. The method used was that of evaporation under reduced pressure.

After describing the apparatus and preliminary experiments, Professor Onnes gives the following account of the crucial experiment.

66

com

Early in the morning the preparation of 24 litres of liquid hydrogen was menced, the previous day having been spent, on the one hand, in evacuating the apparatus and further putting it in working order, and, on the other hand, in preparing a sufficient quantity (more than 50 litres) of liquid air. Meanwhile, the following preparations were carried out: the helium circulation was further put in order; the pump, which had to remove the hydrogen from the helium liquefier at reduced pressure, was started; the space reserved for the liquid air used in cooling the hydrogen was next filled, and the liquid hydrogen space filled, after having been first cooled with dry cold hydrogen gas. At 12 o'clock the liquid helium could be syphoned over into the cryostat, after which we proceeded to cool this bath further by evaporation and refilling by means of the helium circulation. At 1 o'clock the condensation of the helium into the evaporation apparatus could be commenced, and the bottom part of the